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Introduction to Computers and Computing Systems

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Characteristics of each Computer Generation
Apart from developments on the computer hardware front, there were other
developments in each of the generations. A summary of the major developments
and characteristics of each generation is presented below.
First Generation (1951—1959)
o Computers powered by vacuum tubes
o The use of magnetic tape for external storage
o The use of punch cards for input and output
o Machine and assembly languages coming on the scene
Second Generation (1959—1965)
O
o
o
o
The use of transistors in computers
The use of magnetic tape and disks for external storage
The use of punch cards and magnetic tape for 1/0
High-level languages ( FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, etc.)
coming on the programming scene

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Third Generation (1965—1971 )
O
O
o
O
o
The use Of integrated circuits (ICs) in cornputers
The use Of roonitors and keyboards for input and output
More high—level languages developed
Operating systerns appearing on the scene
Minicornputers beginning to n•ake an irnpact cornrnercially
chip
Fourth Generation (1971—Present)
o Cornputers using chips based on LSI and VLSI
o Introduction Of rnicrocornputer
o Introduction of fourth—generation languages (4GLs)
Fifth Generation (Future)
o Sophisticated applications and application developrnent tools
o More advanced, powerful and • intelligent • cornputers
o Increasing rniniaturization Of IC chips

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Type: The majority of digital computers on the market are general-purpose
computers. Modern general-purpose digital computers can further be classified into
microcomputers (of which there are two main types: personal computers [PCsl and
Macintoshes), minicomputers, mainframe computers and supercomputers.
Excepting the microcomputers, all the others are multi-user computer systems;
meaning they can accommodate more than one user at a time. The processing
capacity or power of a given computer is directly linked to the type of computer.
For example, a mainframe computer has a higher processing power than a
minicomputer or a microcomputer.
Types of Dlgltal Computers
num-
computer
mainframe
computer
micro-
computer
Increasing Processing Power

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What Is a Computer?
The information processing cycle is...
Input
Process
Output
Storage
Communication

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The Components of a Computer
An input device is...
Hardware used
to enter data
and instructions
1-3

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The Components of a Computer
An output device is...
Hardware that
conveys
information
to one or more
people

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The Components of a Computer
The system unit is...
Case
containing
electronic
components
used to process
data
1-3

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The Components of a Computer
A floppy disk is a...
Thin, circular,
flexible disk
enclosed in rigid
plastic shell

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The Components of a Computer
A USB nash drive...
Provides much
greater storage
capacity than a
floppy disk or
Zip@disk
Small and
lightweight enough
to be transported
on a keychain or
in a pocket

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The Components of a Computer
A compact disc...
Flat, round, portable metal disc
CD-ROM
p 9%1-5
ntiVirus

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Networks and the Internet
A server...
manages the
resources on a
network
Clients access
the resources
on the server
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Networks and the Internet
What is the Internet?
Worldwide collection or networks that connects
millions of businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individuals
12Fg. 1-7

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Networks and the Internet
Why do users access the Internet?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Communications
Information
Shopping
Banking and Investing
Classes
Entertainment
12-13%.1-8

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Computer Software
A graphical Inser interface (GUI)...
Allows you to
interact with the
software using
graphics and icons
Controls how you
enter data and how
the screen displays
information
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Computer Software
Application software include...
Programs that perform
specific tasks for users
W'Yd
Gr*ics
1-11

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Personal Computers
A desktop computer is...
Designed so all or the components nt entirely on
or under a desk or table
IS-ZOFg. I-IS

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Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
Mobile devices are...
Small enough to carry in a
pocket
Internet-enabled
telephone is a
"smart phone"
21 I-Z

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Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What are smart phones and smart watches?
A smart phone is
an Internet-enabled
telephone that usually
provides PDA capabilities
1-21—1-2
A smart watch is
an Internet-enabled
watch that automatically
adjusts to time zone changes
and stores personal
information

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Servers
Types of servers include...
Midrange server: Powerful, large
computer that supports up to a few
thousand computers
Mainframe: Very powerful,
expensive computer that supports
thmlsands of computers
Supercomputer: 'Ihe fastest,
most powerful, most expensive
computer. Used for applications
requiring complex mathematical
calculations

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Computer Applications in Society
Some examples of
computer applications
in society include:
Education
Finance
Government
Healthcare
Science
Publishing
Travel
Industry

Introduction to Computers and Computing Systems

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