[Audio] How vitamins and minerals/trace elements affect health/human body Week 7: Group Project Michelle Worsham & Veronica Romero Chamberlain University CHEM 120 Introduction to General, Organic & Biological Chemistry Professor Cynthia Dayton February 18, 2024.
[Audio] Vitamins Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients essential to the body to carry out a range of normal functions such as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and lactation. However, these micronutrients are not produced in our bodies and must be obtained from the food we eat. Vitamins are organic substances that are generally classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. The RDA is the amount of a nutrient considered to be enough to meet the needs of nearly all healthy individuals in each age and gender group. Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC.
[Audio] Classes of vitamins Fat Soluble Vitamins Stored in tissues Examples A D E K Water Soluble Vitamins Not stored in tissues Examples B, B1, B2, B6 & B12 Niacin Folic Acid C.
[Audio] Vitamin A Function: Vitamin A helps with the development of healthy skin and nerve tissue and aids in building up resistance to infection. Functions in eyesight and bone formation. Pregnant women need extra vitamin A for fetal growth and to support their own metabolism. Deficiency signs: Abnormal lung development, increased respiratory diseases, and risk of anemia. Sources: Dairy products, eggs, carrots, legumes, broccoli, mango, spinach, fish oil such as salmon and tuna..
[Audio] Vitamin E Function: Supports immune and reproductive system, a potent antioxidant that protects cells against damage from free radicals, helps prevent clots from forming, and keeps nerve and red blood cells healthy. According to Vitamin E beyond Its Antioxidant Label. Antioxidants 2021, “Vitamin E was shown to improve redox and inflammatory status in healthy, diabetic, and metabolic syndrome subjects. Deficiency signs: Poor growth, Muscular Dystrophy, immunity problems. Impaired coordination, and vision problems. Sources: cereal grains and wheat germ oil, green forages, protein concentrates, oil seeds (peanut, olive, coconut, sunflower, and soybean oil), collard greens, pumpkin, avocado. The main sources of vitamin E in human nutrition are plant-derived oils and the green parts of plants..
[Audio] Vitamin D Function: is essential for the proper utilization of calcium and phosphorus to produce normal, healthy bones. Deficiency signs: Fatigue, trouble sleeping, behavioral changes, hair loss, muscle weakness, osteoporosis, risk for bone fractures. Sources: Dairy products, sunlight, fish and beef liver oils, egg yolks, margarine, and mushrooms..
[Audio] Vitamin K Function: necessary for the maintenance of normal blood coagulation. It is a fat-soluble vitamin, therefore the body stores it in fat tissue and the liver. Osteocalcin is another protein that requires vitamin K to produce healthy bone tissue. Deficiency signs: The body’s ability to clot or the time needed for clotting is longer and serious hemorrhages can result from slight wounds or bruises. Poor bone development can occur and cause osteoporosis. Vitamin K deficiency also increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Sources: green leafy vegetables, fish, liver, soybeans, and meat.
[Audio] Vitamin C Function: Nutrient required by the body for the metabolism of calcium and collagen in bones, formation of blood vessels, cartilage, and muscle. Deficiency signs: scurvy (swollen and painful joints and bleeding gums) and brittleness of bones. Fatigue, easy bruising, and bumpy skin. Sources: citrus fruits, peppers, strawberries, broccoli, brussels sprouts, tomatoes, leafy vegetables and potatoes..
[Audio] Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Function: Heat-stable, water-soluble vitamin that is necessary for normal embryo development, important in the metabolism of amino acids, and metabolizes carbohydrates, fats, and protein into glucose for energy. Boost energy and functions as an antioxidant for the immune system, healthy skin, and hair. Deficiency signs: Poor reproduction, fatigue, swollen throat, blurred vision, and depression. Hyperemia, dermatitis around the mouth, and skin cracking. Sources: milk, yeast, whole grains, wheat bran, almond, eggs, salmon, liver.
[Audio] Minerals Minerals are substances naturally formed on the Earth. Minerals are typically solid, inorganic, have a crystal structure and are formed by geological processes naturally. A mineral may consist of a single chemical element or a compound more usually. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY.
[Audio] Macrominerals Calcium (Ca) Phosphorous (P) Potassium (K) Sulfur (S) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Magnesium (Mg) Scientific findings.
[Audio] Magnesium Function: Nutrient that regulates muscle and nerve function, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure. Makes protein, bone, and DNA. Deficiency signs: Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness, irregular heartbeat Sources: mineral supplements, almonds, spinach, bananas, and avocados. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY.
[Audio] Calcium Function: A major component of bones and teeth and essential in blood coagulation, nerve and muscle function. Assist in normal heart rhythms, milk, and egg production. Deficiency signs: Hypocalcemia, deformed bones (rickets), muscle spasms, cramps, tetany, numbness, and seizures. Sources: milk, Cheese, yogurt, sardines, almonds, nuts, calcium supplements. Scientific findings.
[Audio] Function: Major component of hemoglobin in the body. It is essential for the production of hemoglobin, a type of red blood cell that carries oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Deficiency signs: Dizziness, fatigue, pallor, palpitations, brittle nails, shortness of breath. Sources: liver, beans, fortified cereals, nuts, red meat, soybean flour, and dried fruit. Iron.
[Audio] Potassium Function: Potassium is a mineral that is essential for all of the body's functions. It helps your nerves, muscles and heart to function well, and also helps move nutrients and waste around your body's cells. Deficiency signs: constipation, fatigue, palpitations, fatigue, muscle damage, high blood pressure. Sources: Potatoes, avocados, bananas, prune juice, beets, squash, dairy spinach..
[Audio] Phosphurus Function: Phosphorus is needed for the growth, maintenance, and repair of all tissues and cells, and for the production of the genetic building blocks, DNA and RNA. Deficiency signs: Loss of appetite, anxiety, bone pain, fragile bones, stiff joints, fatigue, irregular breathing, irritability, numbness, weakness, and weight change. Sources: Dairy, beans, lentils, chicken, potatoes, nuts, eggs, salmon, and whole grains..
[Audio] Conclusion Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals needed by the body in very small amounts. However, their impact on a body’s health are critical, and deficiency in any of them can cause severe and even life-threatening conditions. They perform a range of functions, including enabling the body to produce enzymes, hormones and other substances needed for normal growth and development. Micronutrient deficiencies can cause visible and dangerous health conditions, but they can also lead to less clinically notable reductions in energy level, mental clarity and overall capacity. This can lead to reduced educational outcomes, reduced work productivity and increased risk from other diseases and health conditions. Many of these deficiencies are preventable through nutrition education and consumption of a healthy diet containing diverse foods, as well as food fortification and supplementation, where needed..
[Audio] References Imamura F, O'Connor L, Ye Z, et al. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2016;50:496-504. Malik VS, Li Y, Pan A, et al. Long-term consumption of sugarsweetened and artificially sweetened beverages and risk of mortality in US adults. Circulation 2019;139:2113-2125. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu. Semba RD. The discovery of the vitamins. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2012 Oct 1;82(5):310-5. Piro A, Tagarelli G, Lagonia P, Tagarelli A, Quattrone A. Casimir Funk: his discovery of the vitamins and their deficiency disorders. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;57(2):85-8 https://academic.oup.com/ckj/article/5/Suppl_1/i3/447534 Clinical Kidney Journal, Volume 5.