Biol 318 Lab 1

3D Rendering Of The Brain. [Virtual Presenter] This is the first slide of our presentation for Biol 318 Lab 1: Functional Anatomy of the Brain, Cranial Nerves, Spinal Cord and Histology of Nervous Tissue. Our training will focus on the complex structures and functions of the nervous system. We will go over the fundamental anatomy of the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and the histology of nervous tissue. Without delay, let us explore the intriguing realm of the nervous system..

[Audio] Slide number 2 out of 25 in our training video on the functional anatomy of the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and histology of nervous tissue will cover the pia mater and its important functions in the brain. The pia mater is a thin, transparent layer that covers and safeguards the surface of the brain. It is located beneath the arachnoid mater and adheres to the gyri and sulci, giving the brain a smooth appearance. The pia mater also aids in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid and provides oxygen, nutrients, and removes waste products. This protective layer is an essential part of the meninges, which not only protect but also support and stabilize the nervous tissue. It is worth noting that the pia mater is sensitive to damage and injuries, which can lead to serious neurological issues. In conclusion, the pia mater is crucial for maintaining the brain's health, despite its delicate structure. Thank you for watching and stay tuned for the next slide to explore the other layers of the meninges..

The Brain- Lobes. A screenshot of a cell phone Description automatically generated.

[Audio] We will now explore slide number 4 which delves into the structure and functions of the brain. The cerebellum, located at the back of the brain, plays a crucial role in integrating sensory information and coordinating muscle activities to maintain posture. The brain is divided into various functional areas, each with a unique role in our daily functioning. These areas work together to process and respond to the inputs we receive from our environment. Together with the other functional areas of the brain, the cerebellum helps in our ability to move, think, and understand the world around us. In the upcoming slides, we will further examine the specific functions and structures of the brain and how they contribute to our overall well-being. Let us continue our journey to unlock the mysteries of this complex and fascinating organ..

[Audio] This training video will cover the functional anatomy of the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and histology of nervous tissue. Our focus will be on the internal anatomy of the brain, specifically the pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The pons is located in the brainstem and helps regulate breathing and sleep. The medulla oblongata, located at the base of the brainstem, is responsible for transmitting impulses between the brain and spinal cord and controls autonomic functions such as blood pressure and heart rate. Moving on to the midbrain, it controls visual and auditory reflex centers for responding to stimuli and protecting sensory organs. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory impulses to be processed and sent to the appropriate areas of the brain. Lastly, the hypothalamus regulates homeostasis by linking the nervous and endocrine systems and controls body temperature, sleep, emotions, and the autonomic nervous system. In the next part of our presentation, we will discuss the cranial nerves..

[Audio] Slide number 6 of our Biol 318 Lab 1 presentation discusses the functional anatomy of the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and histology of nervous tissue. The labeled image on this slide provides a visual representation of the different brain structures and their functions. The brain is a complex and vital organ responsible for controlling and coordinating bodily functions such as movement, cognition, and emotions. It is divided into different regions, each with unique functions. The 12 pairs of cranial nerves emerge directly from the brain and play a crucial role in our ability to see, hear, taste, smell, and feel. The spinal cord acts as a pathway for messages between the brain and the rest of the body, as well as controlling reflexes and maintaining balance and coordination. The study of the microscopic structure of the nervous system, including neurons and supporting cells, known as histology, helps us understand the complex functions of the brain and its connection to the rest of the body. Understanding these aspects is crucial for healthcare professionals and scientists in their pursuit of understanding the human body and its functions. We hope you found this information helpful and informative, and we invite you to stay tuned for more in-depth discussions on the other slides in our Biol 318 Lab 1 presentation..

[Audio] This slide discusses the left and right cerebral hemispheres, the pineal gland, the superior and inferior colliculi, the cerebellum, and the spinal cord, all crucial components of the central nervous system responsible for controlling and coordinating voluntary and involuntary actions in the body. The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum and have specific functions - language, logic, and analytical thinking for the left hemisphere, and creativity, intuition, and spatial awareness for the right. The pineal gland produces melatonin, regulating the sleep-wake cycle. The midbrain contains the superior and inferior colliculi, which control sensory and motor functions such as visual and auditory reflexes. The cerebellum coordinates motor movements and plays a role in posture, balance, and cognitive function. Lastly, the spinal cord carries messages between the brain and the body, serving as a reflex center. Understanding these structures is vital for maintaining overall wellness..

[Audio] This training video discusses the functional anatomy of the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and histology of nervous tissue, specifically focusing on slide number 8 out of 25. We will cover the intermediate nerve located on the middle right of the facial nerve, which is one of 12 nerves that make up the facial nerve. It is important to identify the first 6 nerves on the sheep brain, but also crucial to understand the functions of all 12 nerves, including the intermediate nerve. The vagus nerve, which controls muscles in the neck and diaphragm and regulates vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion, runs from the brain to the vertebra on the spinal cord. Understanding the roles and functions of the facial and vagus nerves is key in comprehending the overall functioning of the brain and nervous system. Take the time to review the information on this slide and make sure to thoroughly understand these two important nerves. In the next segment, we will dive deeper into the functional anatomy of the brain and its complex network of nerves..

The Spinal Cord- Anatomy. A close up of a piece of paper Description automatically generated.

[Audio] We are now on slide 10 out of 25 in our presentation, where we will be discussing the posterior median sulcus and histology of the spinal cord. This groove divides the spinal cord into left and right halves, providing a visual separation between the dorsal and ventral aspects. Moving on, the histology of the spinal cord refers to the microscopic structure of its tissue. The gray matter in the center contains cell bodies and dendrites, while white matter in the outer layers is made up of axons. Examining the histology of the spinal cord can reveal valuable information about nerve damage and degenerative diseases. Understanding this anatomy is crucial in comprehending the functions and disorders of the nervous system. Our next slide will focus on the cranial nerves. Please continue to follow along with us on this journey through the functional anatomy of the brain..

[Audio] In this section, we will discuss the anatomy of nerves and tracts, specifically the different layers of a nerve and their functions. The outermost layer, the epineurium, protects the nerve and provides structural support. The perineurium surrounds a group of nerve fibers and acts as a barrier and maintains structural integrity. The innermost layer, the endoneurium, supports and nourishes myelinated axons. Nerves carry signals from the brain to the body, while tracts carry signals within the central nervous system. The organization of nerves and tracts is crucial for the nervous system's proper functioning. Understanding these structures is important in the study of functional anatomy. In the next section, we will explore the cranial nerves, spinal cord, and the histology of nervous tissue..

[Audio] Slide number 12 of our presentation focuses on nerve/tract histology. Histology, or microscopic anatomy, is the study of the microscopic structures of tissues and organs. It allows us to better understand the organization and composition of different tissues. In the context of the nervous system, histology helps us examine the structures and patterns that make up nerves and tracts. A cross section is a cut made perpendicular to the length of a nerve or tract. This allows us to view the different components, such as axons, myelin sheaths, and connective tissue. It also helps us identify any abnormalities or damage within the nerve/tract. A longitudinal section is a cut made parallel to the length of a nerve/tract, giving us a view of its entire length. This allows us to study the relationship between different parts of the nerve/tract and their connections with other structures in the nervous system. Studying nerve/tract histology is crucial for understanding the functional anatomy of the brain and spinal cord. It provides valuable insights into the structure and function of the nervous system, and can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders. Our presentation will continue in the following slides..

[Audio] In our exploration of the functional anatomy of the brain and nervous system, we will now focus on the different types of neurons. Neurons are responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals, and are the fundamental components of the nervous system. The most common type of neuron is the multipolar neuron, which is found in the brain and spinal cord and responsible for processing and relaying information within the central nervous system (CNS) and between the CNS and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Another type is the bipolar neuron, which has two branches extending from the cell body and is primarily found in sensory organs like the eyes, nose, and ears. The third type is the unipolar neuron, which has a single branch extending from the cell body and is mainly found in sensory neurons, transmitting signals from the PNS to the CNS. It is crucial to understand these different types of neurons in order to comprehend the complex functions of the nervous system. With this knowledge, we can better understand how our brain and body communicate and work together. In the following slide, we will further examine the histology of nervous tissue and its role in the functioning of the brain and nervous system. Let's continue our exploration and deepen our understanding of the intricate network of the nervous system..

[Audio] We will now discuss Neuroglia and Neuron Anatomy, starting with slide number 14. Neuroglia are non-neuronal cells that support and protect the neurons, the basic functional units of the nervous system. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals for communication in the body. To understand the anatomy of a neuron, we will focus on the cell body, which contains the nucleus and other organelles, the dendrites that receive incoming signals, and the axon that transmits outgoing signals. The axon is covered in myelin, a fatty substance that speeds up signal transmission. This gives a better understanding of neuroglia and neuron anatomy. Moving on to the next slide for more detailed information..

[Audio] We will now discuss reflex arcs, an important aspect of the nervous system. These arcs play a crucial role in protecting our bodies from harm by quickly responding to external stimuli. For example, when we touch a hot stove, our body automatically pulls away without conscious thought. So how do reflex arcs work? The process begins with a sensory receptor, which detects the stimulus and sends a signal to the sensory neuron. The information then travels to the central nervous system for processing. Next, the motor neuron is activated and signals the effector, a muscle or gland, to respond to the stimulus. This all happens in a matter of milliseconds without conscious decision-making. The key components of a reflex arc include the sensory receptor, sensory neuron, central nervous system, and the effector. Understanding reflex arcs is crucial in understanding the nervous system and the functional anatomy of the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and histology of nervous tissue. Thank you for reviewing this concept with us. Join us on the next slide as we explore the different types of reflexes..

[Audio] Slide number 16 specifically focuses on Monosynaptic reflex arcs, which are characterized by having only one synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron. It is worth noting that these types of reflex arcs are only ipsilateral, meaning the response occurs on the same side of the body as the stimulus. Monosynaptic reflex arcs are commonly observed in quick and simple reactions, such as pulling your hand away from a hot surface. As we move on to discussing reflex arcs, we will now delve into the role of monosynaptic arcs in the overall functional anatomy of the body. These arcs play a crucial part in both voluntary and involuntary responses, serving to protect us from potential harm. A thorough understanding of the inner workings of monosynaptic reflex arcs is essential in comprehending the complexities of our nervous system. So, in the upcoming slides, we will continue our exploration of this important topic. Be on the lookout for further insights and information on the Functional Anatomy of the Brain, Cranial Nerves, Spinal Cord, and Histology of Nervous Tissue..

[Audio] The functional anatomy of the brain and nervous tissue is a topic that we will continue to explore. Specifically, we will now focus on reflex arcs, which are neural pathways that control reflex actions. These pathways involve sensory and motor neurons, as well as the spinal cord and brain. It is important to note that reflex arcs can occur on either the same side or opposite side of the body, depending on the specific connections involved. Additionally, reflex arcs are polysynaptic, meaning they involve multiple connections between neurons. This complexity allows for coordinated responses in the body. Understanding reflex arcs is essential in comprehending how the nervous system functions and communicates. In the following presentation, we will examine different reflex arcs and their role in maintaining homeostasis..

[Audio] Slide number 18 covers the Pupillary Reflex and its clinical importance. Changes in light intensity can cause both ipsilateral and contralateral contractions of the pupillary sphincter, leading to pupil dilation. This response is regulated by the optic nerve and the oculomotor nerve, responsible for sensory and motor information. The pupillary reflex can indicate oculomotor nerve damage and damage to the brain stem, specifically the superior colliculi. Depressant drugs like alcohol or benzodiazepines can also affect the pupillary reflex. This reflex is part of the larger reflex arc system responsible for automatic body responses. Understanding this reflex and its clinical significance is crucial in diagnosing and treating neurological conditions. Moving on, our next topic will focus on reflex arcs..

[Audio] Slide 19: Reflexes as a Diagnostic Tool" At this point in our training on Functional Anatomy of the Brain, Cranial Nerves, Spinal Cord, and Histology of Nervous Tissue, we will discuss the use of reflexes as a diagnostic tool for nerve and spinal damage. Testing a patient's reflexes can determine any damage to the nerves or spinal cord, which is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment of neurological conditions. We will review common reflexes and their corresponding vertebrae. The Patellar reflex, which involves tapping the knee tendon, tests for damage in the L2, L3, and L4 vertebrae. The Calcaneal reflex, which involves tapping the heel, tests for damage in the S1 and S2 vertebrae. The Biceps reflex, tested by tapping the bicep tendon, corresponds to the C5 and C6 vertebrae. The Triceps reflex, tested by tapping the tricep tendon, corresponds to the C7 and C8 vertebrae. Finally, the Plantar reflex, tested by scratching the sole of the foot, can reveal issues in the L5 and S1 vertebrae. These reflexes are a crucial part of a neurological examination and can provide valuable information for diagnosis and treatment. It is important to carefully document and interpret reflex results, as they can lead to important discoveries in a patient's condition. In our next slide, we will learn more about reflexes as they relate to the cranial nerves..

[Audio] In this section of our presentation on Biol 318 Lab 1, we will discuss plexuses. These are branching networks of nerves that play a crucial role in the nervous system by transmitting information throughout the body. The word "plexus" comes from the Latin word "plexus," meaning "braid," which accurately describes the intertwined branches of these structures. There are several types of plexuses in the body, such as the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses, each with their own specific functions. For example, the brachial plexus controls movement and sensation in the arms and hands, while the lumbar plexus is responsible for sensation and muscle control in the lower limbs. The sacral plexus controls muscles and organs in the pelvis and lower abdomen. These plexuses are crucial for the efficient communication between different parts of the body. Moving on to the next section, we will now discuss the histology of nervous tissue..

[Audio] Slide 21 will now focus on the cervical plexus, which controls skeletal muscles in the neck and upper torso and provides sensory information for the neck and shoulders. This complex network of nerves is vital for many functions of the body and is important to understand for those studying anatomy and physiology. The following slide will provide a closer examination of the cervical plexus..

[Audio] In this segment, we will be discussing slide number 22 out of 25, which focuses on the Brachial Plexus and its associated signals with the shoulders, arms, and hands. The Brachial Plexus, also known as the arm plexus, is responsible for providing motor and sensory innervation to these areas. It allows for the movement and sensation of the shoulders, arms, and hands, enabling us to perform daily activities. The presentation of slide 22 will provide a visual representation of the Brachial Plexus and its associated nerves, allowing for a better understanding of its anatomy and functionality. The Brachial Plexus and its associated signals are crucial for the overall function of these body parts and are essential for healthcare professionals and anyone interested in the workings of the human body..

[Audio] We have reached slide number 23 out of 25 in our exploration of the functional anatomy of the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and histology of nervous tissue. The title of this slide is "Biol 318 Lab 1" and it focuses on the lumbosacral plexus. This is a network of nerves responsible for sensory and motor functions in the lower limbs. The L component, or lumbar portion, controls the anterior thighs and genitals, allowing for sensation and movement. The S component, or sacral portion, is in charge of the posterior thighs, lower legs, and feet. Understanding the functions of this plexus is crucial for diagnosing and treating issues and injuries in these areas, and is also an important aspect of studying the functional anatomy of the nervous system. In conclusion, the lumbosacral plexus plays a vital role in the functional anatomy of the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and histology of nervous tissue. Let us now proceed to our final slide..

Cauda Equina.

[Audio] After completing our presentation on the functional anatomy of the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and histology of nervous tissue, it is important to review some key points. Quiz 1 will open on Friday, January 26th at 8 AM and will be available until February 2nd at 11:59 PM. It is important to be aware of this timeline and ensure that you are prepared to take the quiz within the given time frame. Additionally, before our next lab, please register for Visible Body, a valuable resource for our course. Lastly, please take the time to review all the material covered in the presentation and be fully prepared for Quiz 1. Thank you for listening and I hope this presentation has provided you with a strong understanding of the functional anatomy of the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and histology of nervous tissue. Have a great day!.