SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
COIMBATORE-641 035. DEPARTMENT OF ECE. 

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SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
COIMBATORE-641 035.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

FREQUENCY GENERATOR USING NCO FOR RF TESTING

SNS College of Technology/IV ECE C/ BATCH 03

GUIDED BY
 Mrs. P. UMA MAHESWARI  Assistant Professor - ECE

PRESENTED BY
 Mr. SANTHOSH KUMAR J      (713521EC108) Mr. SRINIVASAN S                   (713521EC123) Mr. STARWIN G                        (713521EC124) Mr. VIGNESH S                         (713521EC139) Mr. THIRUSELVAN I                (713521EC514)

20/11/2024. 2. SNS College of Technology/IV ECE C/ BATCH 03. 

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Design a VLSI-based frequency generator using a Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO).
  Achieve high frequency resolution for precise RF signal generation.
  Minimize phase noise to improve signal quality in RF testing.
  Reduce power consumption for efficient and scalable frequency generation.

20/11/2024. 3. SNS College of Technology/IV ECE C/ BATCH 03. 

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Introduction Literature Survey Existing Method Proposed Method  Results and Discussion Conclusion & Future work List of Publications References

20/11/2024. 4. SNS College of Technology/IV ECE C/ BATCH 03. 

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Accurate frequency generation is essential for RF testing in wireless communication systems.
 Traditional frequency synthesis methods face challenges like limited resolution, phase noise, and high power consumption. 
 This project proposes a VLSI-based frequency generator using a Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO).
 The aim is to improve frequency resolution, signal quality, and reduce power consumption for RF testing.

20/11/2024. 5. SNS College of Technology/IV ECE C/ BATCH 03. 

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SNS College of Technology/IV ECE C/ BATCH  03

SI.No. TITLE AND AUTHOR YEAR AND PUBLICATION INFERENCES 1 "High-Precision NCO for RF Spectrum Analysis in Testing Equipment“ Authors: S. Luo, J. Xu
  2022, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
 This paper presents a high-precision NCO designed for RF spectrum analysis, which is essential for RF testing measurement systems. 2 “An Efficient Digital NCO for RF Testing in 5G Communication Systems“ Authors: X. Hu, J. Chen
 2021, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I 
  Introduces an efficient NCO for 5G RF signal testing, highlighting improved performance in modern communication systems. 3 "Low-Jitter NCO Design for RF Applications“ Authors: S. D. Mitra, R. Zhang
 2019, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II
  Proposes a low-jitter NCO for RF frequency generation, crucial for minimizing errors during RF testing.

20/11/2024. 6. SNS College of Technology/IV ECE A/ BATCH 03. 

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SNS College of Technology/IV ECE A/ BATCH 03

SI.No. TITLE AND AUTHOR YEAR AND PUBLICATION INFERENCES 4 "Fast Switching NCO-Based Frequency Generator for RF Measurements“ Authors: V. Gao, K. L
 2021, IEEE Microwave Magazine
 Describes a fast-switching NCO-based frequency generator, enabling rapid and accurate RF signal measurements.
 5  "A Programmable NCO-Based Signal Generator for RF Signal Calibration“ Authors: A. Kumar, N. Singh
 2020, IEEE Access
  Presents an NCO-based programmable signal generator for RF signal calibration, with practical applications in RF testing.
 6 "High-Resolution DDS-Based Frequency Synthesis for Precision RF Testing“ Authors: L. Zhou, W. Fan 2018, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement Explores high-resolution frequency synthesis using DDS, applicable in precision RF testing

20/11/2024. 7. SNS College of Technology/IV ECE A/ BATCH 03. 

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SI.No. TITLE AND AUTHOR YEAR AND PUBLICATION INFERENCES 7 "A High-Performance NCO-Based Frequency Synthesizer for RF Signal Generation“ Authors: H. Liu, X. Zhang 2017, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters Discusses an NCO-based frequency synthesizer capable of generating high-quality RF signals. 8 "Numerically Controlled Oscillators for High-Speed Wireless RF Transceivers“ Authors: T. F. Duarte, M. Neves 2017, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I  Investigates high-speed NCOs designed for wireless RF transceivers, with implications for RF testing applications. 9 "High-Resolution DDS-Based Frequency Synthesis for Precision RF Testing“ Authors: L. Zhou, W. Fan 2016, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement Explores high-resolution frequency synthesis using DDS, applicable in precision RF testing.

20/11/2024. 8. SNS College of Technology/IV ECE C/ BATCH 03. 

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A low-jitter NCO uses a high-resolution phase accumulator, stable clock, DAC, and phase dithering to reduce spurs.

High-Resolution Phase Accumulator and Stable Clock Source.

EXISTING METHOD DESCRIPTION. Use a high-bit-depth phase accumulator (32-48 bits) paired with a stable, low-jitter clock source to achieve fine frequency resolution and minimize phase noise. Employ a high-resolution DAC with a clock synchronized to the NCO to ensure smooth digital-to-analog conversion and reduce jitter. Use phase dithering to minimize spurs and apply a low-pass filter after the DAC to further reduce high-frequency noise and improve signal purity.. 

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Use a high-bit-depth phase accumulator (32-48 bits) paired with a stable, low-jitter clock source to achieve fine frequency resolution and minimize phase noise.
 Employ a high-resolution DAC with a clock synchronized to the NCO to ensure smooth digital-to-analog conversion and reduce jitter.
 Use phase dithering to minimize spurs and apply a low-pass filter after the DAC to further reduce high-frequency noise and improve signal purity.

20/11/2024. SNS College of Technology/IV ECE C/ BATCH 03. 

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Frequency generator using NCO for RF testing with phase accumulation, DAC conversion, and filtering.

PROPOSED METHOD DESCRIPTION. This Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) system generates precise RF signals by using a Frequency Control Word to set the desired frequency, which the Phase Accumulator converts to a digital phase signal. This phase is mapped to a waveform amplitude via a Sine/Cosine Lookup Table and converted to an analog signal by the Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC). A Clock System governs the timing, while a Low Pass Filter removes unwanted frequencies, producing a clean, stable RF Output Signal for communication and signal processing applications.. 

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This Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) system generates precise RF signals by using a Frequency Control Word to set the desired frequency, which the Phase Accumulator converts to a digital phase signal. 
 This phase is mapped to a waveform amplitude via a Sine/Cosine Lookup Table and converted to an analog signal by the Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC).
 A Clock System governs the timing, while a Low Pass Filter removes unwanted frequencies, producing a clean, stable RF Output Signal for communication and signal processing applications.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The NCO-based frequency generator offers high accuracy, low power consumption, and stable frequency outputs, making it ideal for portable RF testing. It produces minimal phase noise and spurious emissions, though some filtering may be needed for harmonic content. The generator supports various modulation schemes, making it versatile for communication system testing. Overall, it's an efficient solution, but further optimization may be required for sensitive applications with strict phase noise and emission needs.. 

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The NCO-based frequency generator offers high accuracy, low power consumption, and stable frequency outputs, making it ideal for portable RF testing.
 It produces minimal phase noise and spurious emissions, though some filtering may be needed for harmonic content.
 The generator supports various modulation schemes, making it versatile for communication system testing. Overall, it's an efficient solution, but further optimization may be required for sensitive applications with strict phase noise and emission needs.

RESULTS. Applications Eile Edit Places Waveform 1 - SimVision Waveform 1 - SimVision Explore Format Simulation Yindows Help Tue 13:18 • I Search Times: Value Search Names: Signal ooons 1 zoons Console 1400ns - SimVi„. 600ns L I Time laoons "Cursor-Bas4ne• = 21 Ins Name reset sir _OLt(7 I(S6) WhatsApp — Cursor zoons 0064 student@c2s:rtl Time oons toons 800ns 03zS zooons ODES cädence- 2400ns 1 object selected NCLaunch : /ho„. Design Browser Waveform 1. 

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Applications
Eile Edit
Places Waveform 1 - SimVision
Waveform 1 - SimVision
Explore Format Simulation Yindows Help
Tue 13:18 •
I Search Times: Value
Search Names: Signal
ooons
1 zoons
Console
1400ns
- SimVi„.
600ns
L I Time
laoons
"Cursor-Bas4ne• = 21 Ins
Name
reset
sir _OLt(7
I(S6) WhatsApp —
Cursor
zoons
0064
student@c2s:rtl
Time
oons
toons
800ns
03zS
zooons
ODES
cädence-
2400ns
1 object selected
NCLaunch : /ho„.
Design Browser
Waveform 1

RESULTS. Applications Places Waveform 1 - SimVision Eile Edit Yiew Explore Format Simulation Yindows Help Search Names. Signal Search Times: Value— TimeA. Ctnor-aaselne• 2575m Tue 13:17 • Waveform 1 - SimVision Name phase Sc [91 m-•ß• phase Sc [81 phase _"[71 . phase SC [61 phase [41 : phase_nc reset sin_outpl sin_outEl sin_out51 sin_outßl sin_outßl sin_outpl 1 j [(S6) WhatsApp rsor 1 oons student@c2s:rtl 300ns cons SOOns 600ns Design Browser 700ns eoons 118 Console goons -49 - SimVim 1000ns -so 1800 1 loons 1 zoons -49 0 2200 1300ns -so cädence- 1400ns 2S7Sns 10 objects selected NCLaunch tho Waveform 1 - Sim. 

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Applications Places Waveform 1 - SimVision
Eile Edit Yiew Explore Format Simulation Yindows Help
Search Names. Signal Search Times: Value—
TimeA.
Ctnor-aaselne• 2575m
Tue 13:17 •
Waveform 1 - SimVision
Name
phase Sc [91
m-•ß• phase Sc [81
phase _"[71
. phase SC [61
phase [41
: phase_nc
reset
sin_outpl
sin_outEl
sin_out51
sin_outßl
sin_outßl
sin_outpl
1 j [(S6) WhatsApp
rsor
1 oons
student@c2s:rtl
300ns
cons
SOOns
600ns
Design Browser
700ns
eoons
118
Console
goons
-49
- SimVim
1000ns
-so
1800
1 loons
1 zoons
-49 0
2200
1300ns
-so
cädence-
1400ns
2S7Sns
10 objects selected
NCLaunch tho
Waveform 1
- Sim

CONCLUSION. The NCO-based frequency generator delivers accurate and stable RF signals with precise frequency control, ideal for testing applications. The system ensures minimal phase noise, providing clean signals necessary for reliable RF component testing. It offers flexible frequency adjustment through digital controls, making it adaptable for various RF testing scenarios.. 

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The NCO-based frequency generator delivers accurate and stable RF signals with precise frequency control, ideal for testing applications.
 The system ensures minimal phase noise, providing clean signals necessary for reliable RF component testing.
 It offers flexible frequency adjustment through digital controls, making it adaptable for various RF testing scenarios.

FUTURE WORK. Develop higher-bit phase accumulators for more precise frequency control. Improve clock stability and use high-quality DACs to reduce phase noise. Implement advanced filtering techniques to minimize harmonic content and improve signal purity. Enhance accuracy and responsiveness in adjusting output frequencies in real-time.. 

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Develop higher-bit phase accumulators for more precise frequency control.
 Improve clock stability and use high-quality DACs to reduce phase noise.
 Implement advanced filtering techniques to minimize harmonic content and improve signal purity.
 Enhance accuracy and responsiveness in adjusting output frequencies in real-time.

20/11/2024. 17. SNS College of Technology/IV ECE C/ BATCH 03. 

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R. Staszewski, etZal., "All-Digital Phase-Locked Loop Based Frequency Synthesizer for RF Wireless Applications," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2005 – Discusses the limitations of traditional frequency synthesis methods in RF applications.
 H. Zhang, et al., "Design and Implementation of a High-Resolution Digital NCO for Software-Defined Radio," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II, 2006 – Explores the advantages of NCOs in achieving high frequency resolution and power efficiency.
  P. Andreani, et al., "A Study of Phase Noise in CMOS Oscillators," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2005 – Examines phase noise issues in RF oscillators and techniques to mitigate them.

20/11/2024. 18. SNS College of Technology/IV ECE C/ BATCH 03. 

SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION) COIMBATORE-641 035. DEPARTMENT OF ECE