Name: PowerPoint Presentation
Uploaded: 2021-06-26
Duration: 8 min 8 s
Description: VEM video assignment. Ehrlichiosis Infection In Dogs ~ Dubai Vet Describes Signs & Symptoms.

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Ehrlichiosis Infection In Dogs ~ Dubai Vet Describes Signs &amp; Symptoms

What is Canine Ehrlichiosis? — River Landings Animal Clinic in Bradenton,  Florida

Canine Ehrlichiosis – from Acute Infection to Chronic Disease

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Is this organism classified as a virus/bacterium/fungus/rickettsia? What are the characteristic features of this organism and can it survive outside the host?

This organism is part of the family,  Anaplasmataceae  of the order  Rickettsiales Vector born disease, carried by ticks Gram negative bacteria Attracted to hematopoietic cells Infect the white blood cells of the host Distributed in warm climates, in tropical and temperate Difficult to remove – intracellular location Cannot survive outside host for long

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Given the characteristics of the causative organism, which types of samples would you take to send to the laboratory? How will you preserve and transport these samples?

TYPE OF SAMPLES: Blood samples should be taken PRESERVE AND TRANSPORT:   Whole blood can be stored at 4–8°C for up to 24 hours before the serum is separated. Serum should be stored at 4–8°C for a maximum of 7 days. Serum should be frozen at -20°C or below if kept for longer periods. For accurate results, test the sample as soon as possible. The sample should be kept upright and closed at all times. It should be transported on frozen ice packs.

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Antibody Testing The identifying of  Ehrlichia  antibodies with blood tests This test is not always very helpful because a positive test shows that the dog or cat has been exposed to  Ehrlichia  but it does not mean that it is always an active current infection. A negative test does not necessarily mean the patient does not have  Ehrlichia   canis . In an early case the animal might have not yet produce any antibodies If the patient is very ill, there is a possibility that the patient is too ill to produce antibodies This test is accurate, but it does not show the changing of the antibody level (no numeric value)

Which type(s) of laboratory tests can be performed to make a confirmed diagnosis of  Ehrlichia   canis  and why?

PCR Testing This type of testing is a new method that came available recently. A laboratory will regularly offer a tick panel, to screen for a group of classic tick-borne diseases by using PCR testing. PCR testing cannot differentiate between dead and live organisms and it takes time to destroy the dead organisms from the body. Therefore weeks after the infection, the test will still be positive.

These two methods of testing are performed because they are used together The antibody test screens the patient to identify those that have been infected After a few weeks, after the prescribed treatment is completed, the PCR test is used to check for any remaining  Ehrlichia  DNA to show that there is no infection anymore

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The host of  Ehrlichia   canis  can be wild animals, human or a pet For the transmission of  Ehrlichia , host to host, a tick (brown dog tick) is needed The microorganism, in the tick, spreads from the midgut to the  hemocele  and the      hemocytes to the salivary gland. The tick’s salivary secretion infects the host. Infected animals or humans do not transmit directly in normal circumstances.

How is the organism transmitted from one animal to the next?

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Life cycle in the vector : Ehrlichia  spp. and  Anaplasma  spp. reproduce as a vector in ixodid ticks Transmission is  transstadially Uninfected tick can become infected by feeding previously infected animals then they will be able to transmit that infection to mammals Ixodid tick feeds on the infected host then the pathogen enters the midgut epithelium where primary replication takes place Next the pathogen moves to the salivary glands of the tick to invade the epithelial cells In the salivary epithelial cells the bacteria will undergo a second replication, there after it enters the salivary gland secretion when the tick feeds on a mammalian host       Life cycle in the mammalian host  After a tick has fed on the mammalian host the pathogen will enter a cell through pathogenesis and then they inhibit phagolysosome fusion Phagolysosome fusion is important for  intracellular killing of microorganisms so if this gets inhibited the  Anaplasmataceae  will not be killed an then       it will be able to replicate and cause disease They prefer to infect leukocytes(white blood cells) The organisms grow within the membrane-bound phagosome and are released by cell lysis Inclusion bodies containing the organisms is called a morulae

Describe the life cycle of the Family  Anaplasmataceae   (in both the mammalian host and vector)

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Now that it has been confirmed as an intracellular bacterial infection, indicate how this microorganism differ from ( i ) other bacteria, but also from (ii) viruses and (iii) fungi with specific reference to classification, morphological characteristics, reproduction and laboratory identification techniques? A table can be used to indicate these similarities and/or differences.

Ehrlichia   canis  Compared to Other Bacteria Ehrlichia   canis Other Bacteria Weakly Gram-Negative Can be Gram-negative or Gram Positive Requires an intermediate host (Ticks) Not all require intermediate hosts Obligate intracellular parasites (require exogenous factors, such as ATP from the host) Not all are dependent on their host for survival Metabolic pathways are aerobic The metabolic pathways can be aerobic or anaerobic Divide by binary fission  Binary fission is most common, but some may have a singular developmental cycle Non-motile May be mobile (if flagella are present) or immobile Pleomorphic Some bacteria exhibit a single morphological stage which may either be cocci, bacilli or spirals Romanowsky stains Staining and preparation techniques depend on the type of bacteria, some examples are methylene blue, basic fuchsin, crystal violet, safranin, malachite green, Gram and  Ziehl   Neelsen  etc

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Ehrlichia   canis  Compared to Fungi Ehrlichia   canis Fungi Classified according to general taxonomy (Scientific classes) Classification is based on morphology and sexual reproduction  Binary fission is the main reproductive process Methods of reproduction include asexual means (budding, binary fission, fragmentation, and sporulation) or sexual means (sporulation) Pleomorphic in structure Can be single-celled (yeasts) or are a series of hyphae (moulds), some may be dimorphic too Metabolic pathways are aerobic Metabolic pathways are aerobic (some are strict aerobes) Romanowsky stains Identification through direct microscopy of wet preparation with lactophenol cotton blue stain For yeasts: methylene blue or Gram stain may be used

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Ehrlichia   canis  Compared to Viruses Ehrlichia   canis Viruses Classified according to general taxonomy (Scientific classes) Classified according to the dimensions of the virion and capsid, the symmetry of the capsid, the presence or absence of an envelope, and the type of nucleic acid present Reproduce through binary fission Produces building blocks for progeny viruses by synthesizing an mRNA strand from its genome which is translated by the infected cell’s ribosomes Obligate intracellular bacteria Obligate intracellular parasite Pleomorphic in structure Can be helical, icosahedral or complex in structure (capsid) Romanowsky stains under light microscopes Direct visualisation through electron microscopes with shadow casting, negative staining and positive staining methods or indirect methods by host system or serological tests

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References: Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2012. Collection, storage and shipment of specimens for laboratory diagnosis and interpretation of results. [online] Available at: & lt;https ://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143256/&gt; [Accessed 20 June 2021]. Cvbd.elanco.com. 2010. Canine Ehrlichiosis – from Acute Infection to Chronic Disease. [online] Available at: & lt;https ://cvbd.elanco.com/sites/g/files/adhwdz526/files/ CVBD_Easy - to-digest_no_7_ehrlichiosis.pdf&gt; [Accessed 20 June 2021]. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/ehrlichiosis-in-dogs https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/ehrlichiosis-in-dogs https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/ehrlichiosis-in-dogs https://cvbd.elanco.com/diseases/tick-borne-diseases/ehrlichiosis https://cvbd.elanco.com/diseases/tick-borne-diseases/ehrlichiosis https://cvbd.elanco.com/diseases/tick-borne-diseases/ehrlichiosis

PowerPoint Presentation

 References: Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2012. Collection, storage and shipment of specimens for laboratory diagnosis and interpretation of results. [online] Available at: & lt;https ://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143256/&gt; [Accessed 20 June 2021]. Cvbd.elanco.com. 2010. Canine Ehrlichiosis – from Acute Infection to Chronic Disease. [online] Available at: & lt;https ://cvbd.elanco.com/sites/g/files/adhwdz526/files/ CVBD_Easy - to-digest_no_7_ehrlichiosis.pdf&gt; [Accessed 20 June 2021]. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/ehrlichiosis-in-dogs https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/ehrlichiosis-in-dogs https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/ehrlichiosis-in-dogs https://cvbd.elanco.com/diseases/tick-borne-diseases/ehrlichiosis https://cvbd.elanco.com/diseases/tick-borne-diseases/ehrlichiosis https://cvbd.elanco.com/diseases/tick-borne-diseases/ehrlichiosis

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