Name: GEOTECHNICAL HAZARDS IN AN UNDERGROUND COAL MINE
Uploaded: 2023-04-02
Duration: 10 min 13 s
Description: DESIGN OF A WATER- TREATMENT PLANT FOR RIVER GANGA IN INDIA.

DESIGN OF A WATER- TREATMENT PLANT FOR RIVER GANGA IN INDIA. 

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DESIGN OF A WATER- TREATMENT PLANT FOR RIVER GANGA IN INDIA

Group No. 7 members:. 1. Chatharaju , Shashi Kumar 2. Chen, Yani 3. Doshi, Harsh 4. Kumawat, Manan 5. Nivaashini V, Sruthi 6. Singh, Rahul 7. Wang, Zhanhang. 

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1.  Chatharaju , Shashi Kumar 2. Chen,  Yani 3. Doshi, Harsh 4. Kumawat, Manan 5.  Nivaashini  V, Sruthi 6. Singh, Rahul 7. Wang,  Zhanhang

INTRODUCTION. Ganga River flows through the northern and eastern part of India. Total length of the river is 2525 km that travels from Himalaya mountains to the Bay of Bengal. It is the third largest river in the world by discharge. It is an important source of water for millions of people in India and is one of the sacred river in India. Water quality of the river has been a major concern due to increasing pollution levels. Major industries along the river: 1. Industrial waste 2. Domestic sewage 3. Agricultural runoff 4. Religious practices. 

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Ganga River  flows through the northern and eastern part   of  India.  Total length of the river is 2525 km that travels from Himalaya mountains to the Bay of Bengal. It is the third largest river in the world by discharge. It is an important  source of water  for millions of people in India and is one of the sacred river in India. Water quality  of the river has been a major concern due to increasing pollution levels. Major   industries  along the river:  	1. Industrial waste 	2. Domestic sewage 	3. Agricultural runoff 	4. Religious practices

An important source of water but not suitable for direct consumption as drinking water due to its poor quality . A study conducted by CPCB, India found that the average fecal coliform count in the River Ganga was 5.8 × 10^4 CFU/ mL. Ganga water may be theoretically feasible as a drinking water source, it requires proper treatment to meet the drinking water standards.. 

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An important source of water but  not suitable for direct consumption  as drinking water due to its  poor quality . A study conducted by CPCB, India found that the average  fecal  coliform count  in the River Ganga was 5.8 × 10^4 CFU/ mL.   Ganga water may be theoretically feasible as a drinking water source, it  requires   proper treatment  to meet the drinking water standards.

MAJOR CONTAMINANTS IN RIVER GANGA. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Turbidity Total Coliform (TC) Total Hardness Chloride Nitrate High BOD and COD Heavy metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead) Fecal coliform bacteria. 

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Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Turbidity Total Coliform (TC) Total Hardness Chloride Nitrate High BOD and COD Heavy metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead) Fecal  coliform bacteria

HEAVY METALS PRESENCE IN RIVER GANGA AT VARANASI. 

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HEAVY METALS PRESENCE IN RIVER GANGA AT VARANASI

REAL TIME MONITORING OF RIVER GANGA. A picture containing graphical user interface Description automatically generated. 

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A picture containing graphical user interface

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EXISTING WATER TREATMENT METHODS. Clean Ganga Project-TrojanUV3000 Plus TrojanUV3000 plus is a Canadian technology that uses UV radiation to treat water. Though UV treated E.coli present in the water effectively, it failed to treat the industrial pollutants. Though the industrial discharge is only 15% of the total discharge, the toxicity is a cause for concern.. 

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Clean Ganga Project-TrojanUV3000 Plus TrojanUV3000 plus  is a Canadian technology that uses  UV radiation  to treat water.  Though UV treated  E.coli  present in the water effectively, it failed to treat the industrial pollutants. Though the industrial discharge is only 15% of the total discharge, the toxicity is a cause for concern.

In 2021, A20 technology (Anaerobic-Anoxic-Aerobic) was introduced. A20 technology is mainly used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from waste water. The figure represents the incorporation of A20 technology in an existing treatment plant. The disadvantage of this method was the fact that the characteristics of the outlet water were not stable and this process still required disinfection chemicals.. 

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In 2021, A20 technology (Anaerobic-Anoxic-Aerobic) was introduced. A20 technology  is mainly used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from waste water.  The figure represents the incorporation of A20 technology in an existing treatment plant.  The disadvantage of this method was the fact that the characteristics of the outlet water were not stable and this process still required disinfection chemicals.

EXISTING WATER TREATMENT METHODS (Contd.)

Anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic method (A20) method
Nitrogen and phosphorus elimination
Reaction tank
Anoxic tank Aerobic tank
Nitrified liquor (N03-) The secondary
Sedimentation
The first
Waste tank
clarifier
water
Raw sludge
Anaerobic
tank
...—1
Stirring
Nitrogen gas
N2
Stirring
Pump
Return sludge
Excess sludge
Sludge
thickener
tank
clarifier Disinfecting
facility
Discharge
KENKI DRYER
Dewatering
Drying

It is a water filtration process that uses water pressure to push tap water through a semi-permeable membrane to remove the contaminants. RO membranes include several thousand angstroms thick cast polymeric porous material. Commercial membranes are very semi-permeable and have high water permeability.. 

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It is a  water filtration  process that uses water pressure to push tap water through a  semi-permeable membrane  to remove the contaminants. RO membranes include several thousand angstroms thick cast polymeric porous material. Commercial membranes are very  semi-permeable  and have high water permeability.

REVERSE OSMOSIS CONTAMINANTS REMOVAL RATE. 

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REVERSE OSMOSIS CONTAMINANTS REMOVAL RATE

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REVERSE OSMOSIS. Most of the feed water is treated 95-99% removal rate of TDS Easy to clean Drastically improves the taste and colour Flexible design of membrane. 

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REVERSE OSMOSIS

Most of the feed water is treated  95-99% removal rate of TDS  Easy to clean  Drastically improves the taste and colour  Flexible design of membrane

High Energy input demand  Membrane Fouling  Disposal of brine and by-products

ADVANTAGES                                                 DISADVANTAGES

WHY RO?. Highly effective : a high removal efficiency for the dominant contaminants in Ganga River, including dissolved solids, minerals, salts, heavy metals, and pesticides. Most effective method to treat the brackish water that is present in the region. Low maintenance : the membrane can last for several years before needing replacement. Environmentally friendly : RO does not require chemicals or other additives, less hazardous waste water will be produced. Energy-efficient : more energy-efficient than other advanced treatment technologies, such as distillation or ion exchange.. 

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Highly effective : a high removal efficiency for the dominant contaminants in Ganga River, including dissolved solids, minerals, salts, heavy metals, and pesticides. Most effective method to treat the brackish water that is present in the region. Low maintenance : the membrane can last for several years before needing replacement. Environmentally friendly : RO does not require chemicals or other additives, less hazardous waste water will be produced. Energy-efficient : more energy-efficient than other advanced treatment technologies, such as distillation or ion exchange.

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS. The combination of reverse osmosis with other treatment units can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the water treatment process, resulting in high-quality, purified water. Use RO after pre-treatment methods (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation). These pre-treatment methods can help remove larger particles and contaminants, which can extend the life of the RO membrane and improve the overall efficiency of the system. RO can also be used in conjunction with other advanced treatment methods , such as ion exchange or nanofiltration, to remove specific contaminants that may not be effectively removed by the RO membrane (not being considered in this project).. 

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The  combination of reverse osmosis with other treatment units  can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the water treatment process, resulting in high-quality, purified water. Use RO after pre-treatment methods  (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation). These pre-treatment methods can help remove larger particles and contaminants, which can extend the life of the RO membrane and improve the overall efficiency of the system. RO can also be used in  conjunction with other advanced treatment methods , such as ion exchange or nanofiltration, to remove specific contaminants that may not be effectively removed by the RO membrane (not being considered in this project).

RO SYSTEM BASIC COMPONENTS. Feed water supply unit Pre-treatment system High-pressure pumping unit Membrane element assembly unit Instrumentation and control system Permeate treatment and storage unit Cleaning unit. 

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Feed water supply unit Pre-treatment system High-pressure pumping unit Membrane element assembly unit Instrumentation and control system Permeate treatment and storage unit Cleaning unit

Diagram, engineering drawing

Description automatically generated

WATER TREATMENT PLANT COMPONENTS. Diagram Description automatically generated. 

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Diagram

Description automatically generated

COAGULATION. The initial stage of water treatment is usually coagulation. Positively charged chemicals (coagulants) are added to the water during coagulation. The negative charge of impurities in the water is balanced by the positive charge. As this happens, the particles and chemicals bond together to create somewhat larger particles .. 

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The initial stage of water treatment is usually coagulation.  Positively charged chemicals (coagulants)  are added to the water during coagulation. The  negative charge of impurities  in the water is balanced by the positive charge.  As this happens, the particles and chemicals bond together to create somewhat  larger particles .

FLOCCULATION. Coagulation is followed by flocculation. Water is gently mixed to generate larger, heavier particles known as flocs through a process called flocculation.. 

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Coagulation is followed by flocculation. Water is  gently mixed  to generate larger, heavier particles known as  flocs  through a process called flocculation.

Mechanical Flocculators
Flow Velocity
0.5 — 1.5 ft/min
Horizontal Paddle-Wheel
Vertical Paddle-Wheel

SEDIMENTATION TANK. Sedimentation is done in order to remove the solids from the water. Due to their weight relative to water, flocs during sedimentation fall to the bottom of the water.. 

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Sedimentation is done in order to  remove the solids  from the water.  Due to their weight relative to water, flocs during sedimentation fall to the bottom of the water.

slu$e colkcting trough
deanting trough
(outfb.v)
sludge scraper am
net

FILTRATION TANK. The clean water on top is filtered to remove further solids from the water after the flocs have sunk to the bottom of the tank. The pure water goes through filters constructed of various materials and with various pore sizes during the filtration process such as sand, gravel, and charcoal.. 

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The clean water on top is filtered to remove further solids from the water after the flocs have sunk to the bottom of the tank.  The pure water goes through filters constructed of various materials and with  various pore sizes  during the filtration process such as sand, gravel, and charcoal.

DISINFECTION TANK. Water treatment facilities may add one or more chemical disinfectants such as chlorine, chloramine, or chlorine dioxide after the water has been filtered to get rid of any parasites, bacteria, or viruses that may still be present.. 

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Water treatment facilities may add one or more  chemical disinfectants  such as chlorine, chloramine, or chlorine dioxide after the water has been filtered to get rid of any parasites, bacteria, or viruses that may still be present.

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COAGULATION. 2 Flash Mixers Detention time: 1 min (60 sec) Depth : 3 m (Assume) Diameter of tank : 1.5 m Amount of Alum : 11275.2 kg/month Volume of Alum : 18.80 m3/month. 

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2 Flash Mixers Detention time: 1 min (60 sec) Depth : 3 m (Assume) Diameter of tank : 1.5 m  Amount of Alum : 11275.2 kg/month Volume of Alum : 18.80 m3/month

FLOCCULATION. 4 Flocculation Tanks Detention time: 30 minutes Depth : 4 m (Assume) Width of tank : 2.6 m Power of Paddles: P1: 505.47 W P2: 126.36 W P3: 31.59 W. 

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4 Flocculation Tanks Detention time: 30 minutes Depth : 4 m (Assume) Width of tank : 2.6 m  Power of Paddles: P1: 505.47 W P2: 126.36 W P3: 31.59 W

SEDIMENTATION. Alum or iron coagulation is considered. Weir overflow rate for heavy alum floc is considered, as it’s used for water with high turbidity. L:W is assumed as 6:1 Number of tanks(n) is assumed to be 3 From the flow obtained as .174m3/s, the following dimensions are obtained, Length: 27.422 m Width: 4.57 m Depth: 4.16 m Lweir : 25.05 m. 

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Alum or iron coagulation is considered. Weir overflow rate for heavy alum floc is considered, as it’s used for water with high turbidity. L:W is assumed as 6:1 Number of tanks(n) is assumed to be 3 From the flow obtained as .174m3/s, the following dimensions are obtained,      Length: 27.422 m      Width: 4.57 m         Depth: 4.16 m       Lweir : 25.05 m

Slow Sand filters have been used. 4 units in a row each of 3 m (Total L is 12m) Length: 5 m Width: 4 m Area of Laterals: 2.4 x 10 -3 sq.m Area of mainfolds : 4.8 x 10 -3 sq.m Total no. of laterals per unit is 50. 

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Slow Sand filters have been used. 4 units in a row each of 3 m (Total L is 12m)  Length: 5 m Width: 4 m Area of Laterals:  2.4 x 10 -3   sq.m Area of  mainfolds : 4.8  x 10 -3   sq.m Total no. of laterals per unit is 50

Chlorine Consumed: 5.4 kg/d Time: 30 minutes Volume: 312.5 cu.m Width: 6.25 m Velocity: 0.0034 m/s. 

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Chlorine Consumed: 5.4 kg/d Time: 30 minutes Volume: 312.5  cu.m Width: 6.25 m Velocity: 0.0034 m/s

Feed Water: 17361.11 m3/hr 25 Pressure vessels , 4 elements in each vessel. Number of modules: 2316 Standard module size: 8inches * 40 inches Number of Vessels: 579 Vessel Length: Diameter = 3:1 Vessel Diameter: 12.9 m Vessel Length: 38.7 m Type of RO : SWC4 MAX (Salt Rejection: 99.8%). 

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Feed Water: 17361.11 m3/hr 25 Pressure vessels , 4 elements in each vessel.  Number of modules: 2316 Standard module size: 8inches * 40 inches Number of Vessels: 579 Vessel Length: Diameter = 3:1 Vessel Diameter: 12.9 m Vessel Length: 38.7 m Type of RO :  SWC4 MAX (Salt Rejection: 99.8%)

CONCLUSION. The water quality of the Ganga River is poor and unsuitable for direct consumption as drinking water. Based on the water quality status and the polluting factors, a proper designed treatment plant make can make it safe for drinking purposes. REVERSE OSMOSIS as the advanced treatment unit for the design mostly target for the removal of heavy metals in the water source. Direct disposal of sewage in Ganga should be checked. The wastewater should at first be treated in Sewage Treatment Plants through necessary steps before discharging to improve the water quality of the source.. 

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The water quality of the Ganga River is poor and unsuitable for direct consumption as drinking water. Based on the water quality status and the polluting factors, a proper  designed treatment plant make can make it safe for drinking purposes. REVERSE OSMOSIS as the advanced treatment unit for the design mostly target for the removal of heavy metals in the water source. Direct disposal of sewage in Ganga should be checked. The wastewater should at first be treated in Sewage Treatment Plants through necessary steps before discharging to improve the water quality of the source.

Ali, S. Y., Sunar, S., Saha , P., Mukherjee, P., Saha , S., & Dutta, S. (2021). Drinking water quality assessment of river Ganga in West Bengal, India through integrated statistical and GIS techniques. Water Science and Technology , 84 (10–11), 2997–3017. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.293 Bagla, P., Kumar, K., Sharma, N., & Sharma, R. (2021). Multivariate Analysis of Water Quality of Ganga River. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B , 102 (3), 539–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-021-00555-z CPCB. (2013). Pollution Assessment : River Ganga Central Pollution Control Board. Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India , 1–122. Haritash , A. K., Gaur, S., & Garg, S. (2016). Assessment of water quality and suitability analysis of River Ganga in Rishikesh, India. Applied Water Science , 6 (4), 383–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0235-1 Kumar, M., Gupta, N., Ratn , A., Awasthi, Y., Prasad, R., Trivedi, A., & Trivedi, S. P. (2020). Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in River Ganga Water, Sediments, Plant, and Fishes of Different Trophic Levels. Biological Trace Element Research , 193 (2), 536–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01736-0 Kumari, A., Sinha, S. K., Rani, N., & Sinha, R. K. (2021). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in water, sediment, and fish of the river Ganga at Varanasi, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences , 14 (22). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08668-x. 

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Ali, S. Y., Sunar, S.,  Saha , P., Mukherjee, P.,  Saha , S., & Dutta, S. (2021). Drinking water quality assessment of river Ganga in West Bengal, India through integrated statistical and GIS techniques.  Water Science and Technology ,  84 (10–11), 2997–3017.  https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.293 Bagla, P., Kumar, K., Sharma, N., & Sharma, R. (2021). Multivariate Analysis of Water Quality of Ganga River.  Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B ,  102 (3), 539–549.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-021-00555-z CPCB. (2013). Pollution Assessment : River Ganga Central Pollution Control Board.  Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India , 1–122. Haritash , A. K., Gaur, S., & Garg, S. (2016). Assessment of water quality and suitability analysis of River Ganga in Rishikesh, India.  Applied Water Science ,  6 (4), 383–392.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0235-1 Kumar, M., Gupta, N.,  Ratn , A., Awasthi, Y., Prasad, R., Trivedi, A., & Trivedi, S. P. (2020). Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in River Ganga Water, Sediments, Plant, and Fishes of Different Trophic Levels.  Biological Trace Element Research ,  193 (2), 536–547.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01736-0 Kumari, A., Sinha, S. K., Rani, N., & Sinha, R. K. (2021). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in water, sediment, and fish of the river Ganga at Varanasi, India.  Arabian Journal of Geosciences ,  14 (22).  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08668-x

M. Sarai Atab , A.J. Smallbone , A.P. Roskilly , An operational and economic study of a reverse osmosis desalination system for potable water and land irrigation,Desalination,Volume 397, 2016,Pages 174-184,ISSN 0011-9164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.06.020 Meihong Liu, Zhenhua Lü , Zhihai Chen, Sanchuan Yu, Congjie Gao,Comparison of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes in the treatment of biologically treated textile effluent for water reuse, Desalination,Volume 281,2011,Pages 372-378,ISSN 0011-9164Zhai, Y., Liu, G., & van der Meer, W. G. (2022). One-Step Reverse Osmosis Based on Riverbank Filtration for Future Drinking Water Purification. Engineering , 9 , 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2021.02.015 Upadhyay, A. (2017). Water Quality Index of Ganga River Water, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology , V (XI), 2876–2880. Wang Y, Wang X, Li M, Dong J, Sun C, Chen G. Removal of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) from Municipal Waste Water with Integrated Membrane Systems, MBR-RO/NF. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 2018; 15(2):269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020269. 

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M. Sarai  Atab , A.J.  Smallbone , A.P.  Roskilly , An operational and economic study of a reverse osmosis desalination system for potable water and land  irrigation,Desalination,Volume  397,   2016,Pages 174-184,ISSN 0011-9164,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.06.020 Meihong  Liu,  Zhenhua   Lü ,  Zhihai  Chen,  Sanchuan  Yu,  Congjie   Gao,Comparison  of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes in the treatment of biologically treated textile effluent for water reuse,  Desalination,Volume  281,2011,Pages 372-378,ISSN 0011-9164Zhai, Y., Liu, G., & van der Meer, W. G. (2022). One-Step Reverse Osmosis Based on Riverbank Filtration for Future Drinking Water Purification.  Engineering ,  9 , 27-34.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2021.02.015 Upadhyay, A. (2017). Water Quality Index of Ganga River Water, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India.  International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ,  V (XI), 2876–2880. Wang Y, Wang X, Li M, Dong J, Sun C, Chen G. Removal of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) from Municipal Waste Water with Integrated Membrane Systems, MBR-RO/NF.  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 2018; 15(2):269.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020269

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Basic values for water treatment plant design. Population: 1,00,000 Average water consumption: 150 lpcd Flow Rate ( Q avg . )= 0.174 m 3 /s. 

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Basic values for water treatment plant design

Population: 1,00,000 Average water consumption: 150  lpcd Flow Rate ( Q avg . )= 0.174  m 3 /s

GEOTECHNICAL HAZARDS IN AN UNDERGROUND COAL MINE

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 Ali, S. Y., Sunar, S.,  Saha , P., Mukherjee, P.,  Saha , S., & Dutta, S. (2021). Drinking water quality assessment of river Ganga in West Bengal, India through integrated statistical and GIS techniques.  Water Science and Technology ,  84 (10–11), 2997–3017.  https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.293 Bagla, P., Kumar, K., Sharma, N., & Sharma, R. (2021). Multivariate Analysis of Water Quality of Ganga River.  Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B ,  102 (3), 539–549.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-021-00555-z CPCB. (2013). Pollution Assessment : River Ganga Central Pollution Control Board.  Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India , 1–122. Haritash , A. K., Gaur, S., & Garg, S. (2016). Assessment of water quality and suitability analysis of River Ganga in Rishikesh, India.  Applied Water Science ,  6 (4), 383–392.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0235-1 Kumar, M., Gupta, N.,  Ratn , A., Awasthi, Y., Prasad, R., Trivedi, A., & Trivedi, S. P. (2020). Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in River Ganga Water, Sediments, Plant, and Fishes of Different Trophic Levels.  Biological Trace Element Research ,  193 (2), 536–547.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01736-0 Kumari, A., Sinha, S. K., Rani, N., & Sinha, R. K. (2021). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in water, sediment, and fish of the river Ganga at Varanasi, India.  Arabian Journal of Geosciences ,  14 (22).  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08668-x

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 M. Sarai  Atab , A.J.  Smallbone , A.P.  Roskilly , An operational and economic study of a reverse osmosis desalination system for potable water and land  irrigation,Desalination,Volume  397,   2016,Pages 174-184,ISSN 0011-9164,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.06.020 Meihong  Liu,  Zhenhua   Lü ,  Zhihai  Chen,  Sanchuan  Yu,  Congjie   Gao,Comparison  of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes in the treatment of biologically treated textile effluent for water reuse,  Desalination,Volume  281,2011,Pages 372-378,ISSN 0011-9164Zhai, Y., Liu, G., & van der Meer, W. G. (2022). One-Step Reverse Osmosis Based on Riverbank Filtration for Future Drinking Water Purification.  Engineering ,  9 , 27-34.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2021.02.015 Upadhyay, A. (2017). Water Quality Index of Ganga River Water, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India.  International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ,  V (XI), 2876–2880. Wang Y, Wang X, Li M, Dong J, Sun C, Chen G. Removal of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) from Municipal Waste Water with Integrated Membrane Systems, MBR-RO/NF.  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 2018; 15(2):269.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020269  