MODULE-1

MODULE-1.  electrical circuit elements (R,L and C)  voltage and current sources  kvl and kcl  analysis of simple circuits with dc excitation  superposition theorem  Norton’s theorem  Thevenin’s theorem.

Water Tank Analogy of Voltage, Current, and Resistance.

Animated Electricity And Plug And Outlet. Flow of free electrons.

Where i is current in amperes q is charge in coulombs t is time in seconds.

Conventional current. Conventional current flow Electron flow.

Electric potential. The capacity of a charged body to do work is called electric potential.

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE OR VOLTAGE. The difference in the potentials of two charged bodies is called potential difference.

Workdone is measured in joules Charge is measured in coulombs Voltage is measured in volts.

Potential difference. +5v. +3v.

Ohm's Law.

Electronics protoboard. Resistance:. Resistance is the property of a material or component that opposes the flow of electric current through it..

Fixed Resistor Thick Fillm Type Potentiometer Trimming Pot LDR Resistor Thin Film Type Surface Mount Thermistor Rheostat Varistor Wire Wound Typ.

Factors upon which resistance depends. Length of the Conductor: Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the conductor. The longer the conductor, the higher the resistance. Cross-sectional Area: Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the conductor. A thicker conductor has lower resistance. Material: Different materials have different resistivities. For example, copper has lower resistance compared to steel..

Where: R is the resistance, p is the resistivity (ohm-meter, Q • m), L is the length of the conductor, A is the cross-sectional area..

Electric Power. The rate at which work is done in an electric circuit It represents how quickly electrical energy is converted into another form of energy, such as heat, light, or mechanical energy.

Electric power:. P=VI. Units are watts.

Electronics protoboard. Electrical energy:. The total work done in an electric circuit.

Electrical energy:.

Electrical energy:. Units of Electrical Energy 1. Joules (J): The standard Sl unit for energy. One joule is equivalent to one watt-second. 2. Watt-hours (Wh): A common unit used for electrical energy, particularly in household electricity billing. One watt-hour is equivalent to consuming one watt of power for one hour..

Calculate: The total energy consumption for each appliance for one day (in kilowatt-hours, kWh). The total energy consumption for each appliance for one month (30 days). The total energy consumption for the household for one month..

Step 1: Energy consumption per day Energy consumption (E) is given by: where: P = Power rating in kW t = Tme in hours For the Air Conditioner (AC): AC (daily) ¯ For the Refrigerator: ERefrigerator (daily) = E = Pxt — 2 kW x 5 hours = 10 kWh 0.15 kW x 24 hours = 3.6 kWh Step 2: Energy consumption for one month (30 days) For the Air Conditioner (AC): EAC (monthly) = 10 kWh/day X 30 days = 300 kWh For the Refrigerator: ERefrigerator (monthly) = 3.6 x 30 days 108 Step 3: Total energy consumption for the household ETOtal (monthly) = EAC (monthly) + ERefrigerator (monthly) ET0tal(monthly) = 300 + 108 = 408 kWh.

Dc circuit. It is a circuit in which the current flows in one constant direction.

NODES, PATHS, LOOPS, AND BRANCHES. Node: A point where two or more circuit elements are connected. Path: A route in a circuit that moves from one node to another without repeating any node. Loop: A special type of path that starts and ends at the same node. Branch: A single connection between two nodes, consisting of one circuit element. 😊.

Voltage Rise & Voltage Drop in a Circuit. Voltage Rise: Occurs when moving from a lower potential to a higher potential in a circuit. Happens across power sources (e.g., batteries, generators). Example: In a battery (12V), moving from the negative terminal to the positive terminal is a voltage rise of 12V. Voltage Drop: Occurs when moving from a higher potential to a lower potential. Happens across resistors, loads, or circuit elements that consume power. Example: A resistor (5Ω) carrying 2A current will have a voltage drop of V=IR=2×5=10V.

Kirchhoff's current law:. The algebraic sum of all the current meeting at a node is always zero Node is a point at which two or more elements are connected to it.

Series and parallel connection. Series Connection In a series connection, elements are connected end-to-end, meaning there is only one path for current flow. Parallel Connection In a parallel connection, elements are connected across the same two nodes, meaning each component has the same voltage across it..

Kirchhoff's voltage law:. The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path or closed loop is always zero.

CALCULATE THE CURRENT IN 2Ω RESISTOR BY USING KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS.

35 v 40 V + Iqtz+UO — 2 ( Z) -12) —O.  Current flowing through 2 ohm resistor is 5-(-5) = 10 A.

CALCULATE THE CURRENT IN 20 RESISTOR BY USING KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS +90 — 2.1-3 —o 35 v 40 v.

Resistors in series. R1. R2. Req. V. I. V. I.

Resistors in parallel:. R1. R2. V. I. V. Req. I.

Find the Req for the circuit shown in below figure.

120. 30.

Find the Req for the circuit shown in below figure.

Voltage division rule. R1. R2. V. I.

Current division rule. R1. R2. V. I.

use resistance combinations methods and current division to find i1, i2 and v3.

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Determine Vx in the circuit.

Determine Vx in the circuit.

Two types voltage source and current source These are further classified as independent sources and dependent sources.

[image] Voltage sources Independent Sources Dependent Electrical Current sources Independent sources Dependent Ideal Practical Current Controlled Voltage Source Ideal Voltage Controlled Voltage Source Current Controlled Current Source Practical Voltage Controlled Current Source.

Electrical sources. Voltage Sources Batteries Solar panels Power supplies Generators Alternators Fuel cells Function generators Thermoelectric generators.

The energy source which gives constant voltage across its terminals irrespective of the current drawn through its terminals In practical it has small internal resistance in series with it For an ideal voltage source, the value of internal resistance is zero.

IDEAL VOLTAGE SOURCE. VS. VO. VS. VO. I. I.

PRACTICAL VOLTAGE SOURCE. VS. VO. I. RS. VS. VO. I.

The source which gives constant current at its terminals irrespective of voltage appearing across its terminals In practical it has high internal resistance connected in parallel with it For ideal current source the internal resistance is infinite.