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[Audio] Goodmorning everyone. Today we will be discussing the domestic utilization of electrical energy. This is an important topic and I'm sure Dr. S. Ramesh Kumar will provide an interesting and informative presentation. Let's get started!.

[Audio] Utilization of electricity at home plays an important role in promoting a comfortable and dignified life. This presentation delves into pertinent concepts such as house wiring, working principles of air conditioners, appliances based on induction, online and offline UPS, batteries, and power quality influencers involving domestic and nonlinear loads. It also addresses fundamental aspects of earthing systems in domestic, industrial, and substation settings. The goal of this presentation is to provide comprehensive insight into applications of electricity in the home..

[Audio] Domestic electrical energy is an invaluable resource for households, allowing us to do a wide range of activities such as providing light and cooking. This slide looks at some of the main ways energy is used in the home, such as lighting, heating and cooling, and cooking. We have a wide range of options when it comes to furnishing our homes with energy, from incandescent bulbs to electric heaters and induction cooktops. Knowing how domestic energy is used is essential for promoting energy efficiency and conservation..

[Audio] Electricity is a key element of many of our daily activities in the household. It is used to keep food fresh in the refrigerator, to entertain us with televisions and other electronics, and to make life easier with household appliances. Additionally, electricity can be used for providing hot water for bathing and other needs, as well as to power security systems for our protection. On top of that, with the rise of electric vehicles, electricity is also being used to charge cars at home. The many uses of electricity highlight how much it provides the energy necessary to make our homes comfortable and secure..

[Audio] We are surrounded by electrical appliances and devices at home, that have become a normal part of our everyday lives. These range from home computers and printers, to lights and heating systems. Domestic electricity use can drastically affect our energy bills, as well as our environment. To lower our electricity consumption, we should invest in energy efficient appliances, make use of smart home technologies and LED lighting, make sure our homes are well insulated, and be aware of our energy use. By implementing these measures we can effectively manage our energy use and strive for a greener lifestyle..

[Audio] Electrical wiring, commonly referred to as house wiring, is an essential component of any building in order to provide a safe and efficient source of electricity. This involves the installation of various wiring circuits to supply power for lighting, electrical outlets, appliances, and other electrical requirements. The following slide will cover topics related to the domestic use of electrical energy..

[Audio] Electrical panels, sometimes known as distribution boards or breaker boxes, serve an important purpose in homes. They act as the central point where electricity from the utility company enters the house and is distributed to various circuits. Circuits are pathways for the current to flow, and each one is dedicated to a specific area or appliance. There are several types of wiring used for house wiring, such as Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable and Conduit Wiring, and it is important to use the right type of wiring for the right purpose to ensure safety and effective functioning. Furthermore, having circuit breakers or fuses in the panel is essential as they protect the wiring and devices from overloads and short circuits, as well as protecting the occupants from potential electrical hazards..

[Audio] Electricity is a must for us to carry out our regular activities, and correct wiring is imperative for our safety. Outlets and switches give us places to plug in our gadgets, while Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters outlets shield us from electric jolts. Moreover, correct grounding and bonding are needed for electrical safety, whereas wire gauge and colour coding decide the current-carrying capability and identification of wires. When managing electrical energy in our homes, it is important to remember all these elements..

[Audio] Safety should always be the number one priority when it comes to electrical wiring in our homes. Complex wiring tasks should only be handled by experienced electricians as errors in installation can be potentially dangerous. Additionally, planning and design are also essential components to ensure the wiring won't be overloaded. Calculating the electrical load and determining the locations of outlets, switches, and fixtures is vital for protecting the wiring system..

[Audio] Electrical wiring in most residential systems in India utilizes single phase wiring, which consists of two active wires and one ground wire. This wiring system provides a secure and dependable power supply to all electrical appliances in your home. Safety components like circuit breakers guarantee your electrical wiring is safe. To guarantee smooth operation of the system, regular maintenance is necessary. By properly planning and executing, domestic electrical wiring will give reliable and secure electrical services..

[Audio] Wiring is an essential component of homes that allows for the effective and easy usage of electrical appliances. There are two major wiring systems available - the joint box system and the tee system. Both systems utilize loops in the wiring, permitting the transmission of electricity from the meter to various parts of the house..

[Audio] The joint box or tee or jointing system is a method of wiring connections to appliances that requires minimal cable. The cost savings on cable have to be weighed up with the cost of the joint boxes, which can be beneficial for temporary installations. The slide also provides the wiring diagram from the Main Distribution Board, connecting Switches S1 and S2 to Lamps L1 and L2..

[Audio] This slide provides an overview of the loop-in or looping system, a type of wiring that is commonly used. It allows us to connect lamps and other appliances together in a way that each appliance can be operated separately. The feed conductor is looped in directly to the terminal and then carried forward to the next point that needs to be fed. This forms a series of loops connecting the switches and lights in the circuit. It is important to note that the phase and line conductors should never be looped from the light or fan but rather looped in the switchboard or box..

[Audio] When it comes to wiring, the loop-in method is a simple, cost-saving way of doing so. However, there are drawbacks to this approach, such as increased length of wire or cables needed and subsequent voltage drops and copper losses. It can also be difficult to loop in switches and lamp holders. Therefore, it is essential to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of the loop-in method before making a decision..

[Audio] Having the right type of electrical wiring system in your home is essential for safety and comfort. Cleat wiring is one of the oldest forms, known for its durability and low cost. Wooden casing and capping wiring is great for aesthetics, giving a sleek and stylish finish. CTS, TRS or PVC sheath wiring has fire resistance and is a good choice for any type of installation. Lead sheathed or metal sheathed wiring is a popular choice, offering superior protection against fire and shock. Lastly, conduit wiring is also available in two types - surface or open conduit, and recessed or concealed or underground type conduit. When choosing, ensure it is the right one for you..

[Audio] The cleat wiring system is an old-style of wiring but it still offers some advantages. It is composed of PVC or VIR insulated wires that are either sheathed or weatherproofed with cleats, plastic, or wood. Commonly used in temporary structures like under construction buildings or army camps, it is a cheap, simple to install and inspect wiring system. It can also be easily customized and altered if needed. Lastly, it is easy to detect and repair any faults in the cables, as they are in the open air..

[Audio] Cleat wiring is a simple and cost effective method of wiring used in homes for domestic utilization of electrical energy. It involves running electrical wiring through grooved or cleated boards to power our everyday appliances. It is important to follow safety precautions while using this wiring system and to adhere to national standards. " The slide before this one was about electric appliances, so this one is about the wiring that powers them. Cleat wiring is a simple and cost-effective way to provide your home with electrical energy. It involves running electrical wiring through cleated boards, which enable you to plug in and use electrical appliances with ease. Of course, safety must come first when using this method. So, make sure you follow the national standards for safe electrical wiring..

[Audio] Cleat wiring has several drawbacks, with less than ideal aesthetics, wires and cables being susceptible to oil, steam, humidity, smoke, and rain, and the constant possibility of fire or electric shock. Furthermore, it can only be used with low voltage and cannot be employed in permanent settings due to the danger of sagging, making it unfit for important and sensitive areas and considered an unreliable or unsustainable solution..

[Audio] Casing and Capping wiring system used to be a common method of wiring electrical systems and homes. But with the development of conduit and sheathed wiring systems, this system has become antiquated. This system employs insulated cables such as VIR, PVC, and other accepted cables, which are installed through a wooden casing with grooves that run along its length to contain the cables. These grooves are intended to keep away contrary polarities from one another. Finally, the casing is topped with wooden covers for completion and protection of the wiring system..

Casing and Capping Wiring.

[Audio] Batten wiring system is a popular wiring system used in homes and factories. It is economical and easy to install. The system uses a single-core, double-core, or round, oval cable with a three-core TRS cable. This wiring is water proof, chemical proof, and steam proof, and the TRS cable is fixed to the strong teak wood with a thickness of at least 10 mm. The cable is placed on the wooden buttons via a tinned brass link clip and is 10 cm for horizontal runs and 15 cm for vertical runs. This system provides safety and reliability to the users at a lower price, making it an ideal choice for domestic utilization of electrical energy." Batten wiring system is an economical and easy to install way of utilizing electrical energy in homes and factories. It provides safety and reliability to users at a more affordable cost than other wiring systems. The system uses a single-core, double-core, or round, oval cable with a three-core TRS cable. This TRS cable is waterproof, chemical proof and steam proof. It is securely mounted on a strong teak wood with a thickness of at least 10 mm and held in place with a tinned brass link clip. To ensure maximum safety, the cable is spaced 10 cm for horizontal runs and 15 cm for vertical runs. With its low cost and added safety, batten wiring system is an ideal choice for domestic utilization of electrical energy..

[Audio] Batten wiring offers numerous advantages that make it an attractive option for many applications. It's simple to maintain, and small alterations can be made with ease. Furthermore, this type of wiring has a long lifespan. It has an attractive appearance, and is also a cost-effective alternative to many other wiring solutions. Additionally, there is a low chance for current leakage with batten wiring. Although some risks are involved, such as fire dangers, precautions can be taken to mitigate these issues. Unfortunately it is not suitable for outdoors as it can be impacted by moisture or chemicals. Additionally, heavier wires are not usually used with batten wiring, and more cables and wires may be needed in certain cases. Nevertheless, these are minor negatives to an otherwise excellent wiring choice..

[Audio] Safe and efficient wiring is especially important as our use of electricity increases. Surface conduit wiring is a great way to make sure your home is powered securely. This process requires making holes in the wall at regular intervals and attaching with galvanized clamps. The wires are then inserted through the conduit and connected to the electric board, providing power to devices like lights and fans. Through this method of wiring, you can be sure that your electricity is being used safely and efficiently..

[Audio] Electricity has become a necessity in our lives and this slide outlines the use of electrical energy at home. Concealed conduit wiring is a popular approach where a plastic or metal pipe is housed within the plaster by making a hole in the wall. This method is more convenient and also safeguards against rodents. Ensuring that the conduit is unbroken and free of punctures and blockages is imperative, and when a metal pipe is utilized, appropriate earthing is necessary. Concealed conduit wiring is a practical way for houses and offices to use electricity safely and efficiently..

Concealed Con v0irin.

[Audio] Concealed conduit wiring is a type of electrical wiring that offers a number of incentives. Aesthetically, it looks better than some other wiring options, the insulation of the wires remains undamaged, and it has a long lifespan. Also, it ensures shockproof and safe wiring with no risk of fire or mechanical wear and tear. Though it does have some drawbacks, such as a relatively high cost, difficulty with customization, difficulty locating faults, and difficult installation, it is still widely used for many purposes..

[Audio] Depending on the application, an informed decision should be taken on the type of wiring to be used. This table clearly offers a comparison of the different available types of wiring, in terms of their life span, cost, protection and ease of installation, inspection and repair. Cleat wiring is the most economical option but does not provide any mechanical protection, while conduit wiring is the most expensive but provides the highest level of protection. Batten wiring is a popular choice due to its affordability, long life span and good mechanical protection..

[Audio] Air conditioning systems are an important part of life today, providing comfort, health, and air purity for people in their homes, workplaces, and other spaces. Heat is removed from the environment and exchanged with cooler air, resulting in the maintenance of temperature, humidity, and air purity. In addition, these systems provide invaluable support to plants, animals, machinery, and equipment. In order for air conditioning systems to operate correctly, intricate mechanisms and laws must be followed. By using air conditioning systems, people, animals, and machines can all benefit from a comfortable environment..

[Audio] The air conditioning system diagram outlines the essential components of temperature and humidity control. The compressor pushes refrigerant through fans and valves that enable heat exchange between inside and outside. Inside the system, the evaporator cools air while the condenser releases heat and the expansion valve regulates refrigerant flow for maximum energy efficiency. Knowing the components of the air conditioning system can aid in improving its performance to reduce energy costs..

[Audio] Air conditioning systems are invaluable tools for keeping indoor spaces comfortable, as they cool, dehumidify, and filter out dust particles. The system's effectiveness is based on thermodynamics and a closed-loop system. Moving on, this article will discuss digital transformation and how it affects businesses, both positively and negatively..

[Audio] Air conditioning systems are everywhere, ranging from houses and small offices, to cars, malls, and theatres. Split Air Conditioners and Window ACs are the most popular options for households and small offices, whilst larger areas such as malls typically use Ductable Air Conditioners, Variable Refrigerant Volume systems, or VRV Air Conditioners. Industrial buildings make use of Central Air Conditioning Systems, including Chillers, Heat Pumps, and AHUs, to run mass production and manufacturing..

[Audio] Induction-based appliances are gaining popularity for their fast and efficient cooking capabilities. Apart from simply cooking, induction technology is used in a variety of appliances, from cooktops to ranges and stoves. With induction you get high performance, superior precision and energy efficiency in addition to the ability to control the temperature to the exact desired degree. Therefore, induction is a great choice for any cooking needs..

[Audio] Induction ovens, rice cookers, warming plates, tea kettles, deep fryers and griddles are all common household appliances that use induction technology to make cooking more efficient and precise. Induction ovens employ electromagnetic induction to heat up the oven quickly and evenly. Rice cookers are great for cooking perfect rice without having to worry about temperature control. Warming plates keep food warm without drying it out, while tea kettles heat up quickly and are more energy efficient than traditional stovetop kettles. Deep fryers use induction to heat cooking oil directly and precisely, and induction griddles provide a large, flat cooking surface for all sorts of meals. All of these technologies make cooking and preparing food easier and more enjoyable..

[Audio] Induction technology can bring you perfect results when cooking meals. You can make use of this technology at home with induction sous vide cookers and induction hot plates. Sous vide cookers maintain a constant water temperature for vacuum-sealed foods, while induction hot plates offer a convenient and portable cooking surface. Using these tools, your meals can come out perfectly every time..

[Audio] Induction-based appliances provide rapid and precise heating, energy efficiency, and improved safety, however proper use and maintenance of these appliances should be observed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Moving on, technology has had a huge impact on classroom education, providing students with improved learning opportunities..

[Audio] A UPS is an apparatus employed to offer a backup power source when there is an outage or voltage fluctuations. It is a critical device which ensures the continuous functioning of crucial apparatus and shields sensitive electronics. Besides, it is responsible for power conditioning by regularizing the incoming electricity and balancing electrical fluctuations, sags and surges. All of these enable the protection and steady, reliable power to be provided to your devices..

[Audio] UPS systems are incredibly useful in providing continuous power supply during power outages. With their measured transition time expressed in milliseconds, connected electronics can keep working with no disruption. Furthermore, different UPS systems are available with different battery size options to accommodate varying levels of power consumption, making it easier to pick one according to individual requirements..

[Audio] Utilizing electrical energy domestically is an important part of contemporary life. Inverters are typical employed to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or DC to AC. This enables you to build a backup source of power in case of a power cut. This normally involves a rectifier, inverter, battery bank, filter circuit, and critical load. These components together work together to supply backup power and can ensure reliability during power outages..

[Audio] Off-Line UPS systems are a great solution for providing continuous power in the event of a power failure. The system automatically switches to a battery power source when a power outage occurs, ensuring that essential electronic equipment and devices are not interrupted. Additionally, the system adds a layer of protection against possible power surges..

[Audio] The Off-Line UPS system is a cost-effective solution to provide emergency power during a power outage. It converts AC power from the main supply to DC power through a rectifier circuit, which is then stored in a battery connected to the rectifier's output port. In the event of a power outage, the DC power stored in the battery is converted back into AC power with an inverter and sent to the connected load. This system also provides surge protection in addition to emergency power..

[Audio] The On-Line UPS system is a kind of power supply used to isolate the input and output. It uses a double conversion process that begins with rectifying the incoming AC power into DC power. Later, a power inverter converts the DC power back to AC, which is ultimately used to power the load. This type of UPS is commonly implemented when electrical isolation is necessary..

[Audio] A Double Conversion UPS System is a reliable and cost-effective solution for protecting critical systems from power outages. It features an AC-DC rectifier converting incoming mains power to DC power, fed to an inverter to create AC power for the load. In a power outage, a battery takes over, supplying AC power to the load while the rectifier and inverter shut down. Further preventive measures come in form of a current limiting mechanism to protect the battery from overheating, maintaining system reliability. This type of UPS system is slightly more expensive, albeit providing enhanced protection for critical systems..

[Audio] Batteries are essential components in a variety of electrical applications, from powering small electronics to providing backup power for critical systems. Alkaline batteries are commonly used in household electronics and lithium-ion batteries offer a high energy density and are often used in smartphones, laptops, cameras, and electric vehicles. It is important to understand the different types of batteries and their advantages and disadvantages in order to make the appropriate selection for the intended application..

[Audio] In recent years, technology has drastically improved. We now have access to a variety of batteries to power our electronic devices. Lithium Polymer Batteries, Lead-Acid Batteries, and Nickel-Cadmium Batteries are the three most popular options for powering a variety of electronic devices. Lithium Polymer Batteries are sought for their flexibility in shape and size, allowing them to be used in devices with unconventional designs. Lead-Acid Batteries are mainly used for automotive starting and uninterruptible power supplies. Though Nickel-Cadmium Batteries provide a good cycle life, their use is slowly declining due to environmental concerns..

[Audio] Electrical energy storage solutions come in many different types, such as NiMH, NiCd, zinc-carbon, silver oxide, zinc-air and flow batteries. NiMH batteries are rechargeable, have a higher energy density than NiCd batteries and are used in devices like digital cameras, cordless phones and hybrid vehicles. Zinc-carbon batteries are non-rechargeable and are mostly found in low powered devices, while silver oxide batteries are used for watches, calculators and medical devices due to their stable voltage output. Zinc-air batteries use oxygen from the air as a reactant to generate electricity and are often used in hearing aids. Flow batteries are rechargeable and store energy in liquid electrolytes stored in external tanks. As such, they are suitable for renewable energy systems and large-scale energy storage..

[Audio] Solid-state batteries are an exciting technology for energy storage that can offer numerous benefits. As opposed to traditional batteries with liquid or gel electrolytes, these batteries have a solid electrolyte which makes them more efficient and safe. Moreover, they can potentially offer a higher energy density and longer cycle life. Prior to selecting the most suitable type of battery for the task, it is essential to take into account certain aspects such as energy demand, size limits, cycle life and environmental conditions..

[Audio] Earthing is an essential safety component of any electrical power system, involving connecting certain areas of the system with the earth through a low resistance wire to provide a low resistance path for leakage of fault current and electricity. Three main types commonly used are pipe earthing, plate earthing, and strip earthing, each with its own advantages and drawbacks, and understanding them is essential to make the right decisions when earthing a system..

[Audio] Pipe earthing is a cost-effective and low maintenance method of earthing. It involves burying a galvanized steel pipe vertically underground and connecting all electrical conductors to the earth. The depth of the pipe depends on the soil conditions. It is an efficient way to earthing..

[Audio] Earthing can be done by using a galvanized iron plate or a copper plate not placed deeper than three meters or ten feet from ground level. This is a costly method and requires regular maintenance to ensure electric current flows safely..

[Audio] Strip earthing is a type of earthing in which strip electrodes are buried in horizontal trenches with a depth of 0.5 m and exothermically welded for maximum safety. Horizontal round conductor is used for inter-connections and vertical earthing conductor/electrode (copper bonded rod) is used for providing an extra layer of safety. Earth enhancement compound is then used for making a complete enclosure which is then covered with the earth pit cover. These components are the foundation of a safe and secure electrical system and this slide has assisted us to understand their usage in strip earthing and how they form an integral part of domestic utilization of electrical energy. Thank you for your attention..