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[Virtual Presenter] Good morning everyone! Today we will be talking about Textual Equivalence and the five main cohesive devices reference substitution ellipsis conjunctions and lexical cohesion. I'll be discussing how these can help us better understand communication. Let's get started!.

[Audio] When it comes to translation textual equivalence deals with the amount of information and cohesion present in the translated text. The translator has to make a judgment call as to whether they will keep the source language's coherence and cohesion depending on the target audience the purpose of the translation and the type of text. Ensuring that readers can understand the text and make sense of it in the target language is especially critical to translation..

[Audio] Cohesion refers to the network of lexical grammatical and other relations that create a link between the different parts of a text. There are five main types of cohesive devices: reference substitution ellipsis conjunction and lexical cohesion. An examination of these various devices is required for a better understanding..

[Audio] Cohesion also known as textual equivalence is an idea taken from linguistics. To explain it in its most basic sense it is the link between the different components of a text making sure each sentence and thought are part of a greater whole. In discourse there are five main elements that come into play when establishing cohesion. Reference involves a part of a sentence referring to something else. Substitution appears when a word is substituted with a pronoun or other word. Ellipsis takes place when a sentence is left incomplete. Conjunction is the use of words like "and" "but" and "so" to link notions together. Finally lexical cohesion comes from the employment of words and expressions with comparable meanings to keep the discourse consistent..

[Audio] Reference plays an integral role in creating textual equivalence or cohesion. In relation to language reference refers to the connection between two elements in a text. For example the word 'chair' is generally understood to denote an item of furniture designed for sitting usually constructed from wood. By connecting different elements in a text with one another reference helps generate cohesion thereby facilitating the reader's comprehension of the written message..

[Audio] Textual Equivalence or Cohesion focuses on the relationship between words phrases and sentences in a text. In this example ‘Mrs Maria’ and ‘she’ refer to the same person within the text. The relationship between the two is called textual equivalence or cohesion. The equivalence is held between linguistics expressions within the text itself." Cohesion refers to the relationships between words phrases and sentences in a text. In this example we can see how ‘Mrs Maria’ and ‘she’ are two expressions that refer to the same person. This relationship between two linguistic expressions is known as textual equivalence or cohesion. By understanding how cohesive elements work we can improve the clarity and flow of our written texts..

[Audio] Reference plays a significant role in creating cohesion within a text. A sentence like the one previously mentioned allows us to identify the participants and recognize their respective roles. In the example Mrs Maria has resigned delighting her opponents. Using personal pronouns allows us to tie Mrs Maria to her opponents forming a bridge between the two concepts. Reference can also be applied to other things such as events. In this case 'this' serves as a reference point for the act of Mrs Maria's resignation connecting it to the emotion of her opponents. This sort of reference enables us to view the exchange of ideas within a text making it a necessary component of textual equivalence..

[Audio] Substitution and ellipsis are two types of grammatical relationships expressing the same idea. Substitution involves replacing an item with another one for instance in the sentence 'I like movies and I do' the word 'do' stands for the phrase 'like movies'. In English common substitutions are do one and the same..

[Audio] In this slide we are looking at textual equivalence. Textual equivalence refers to the use of similar words to the same meaning. As an example if someone says "do you think Joan already knows?" and the other person replies "I think everybody does" they are using words which are equivalent in meaning to the ones in the original sentence. Similarly if someone says "my axes is too blunt" and the other person replies "I must get a sharper one" they are using words of the same meaning. And lastly if someone says "I'll have two poached eggs on toast please" and the other person replies "I'll have the same" they are using words equivalent to those in the original sentence..

[Audio] Ellipsis involves omitting an item of a clause like a verb while still conveying the same message. For instance "Joan brought some carnations and Merry some sweet peas" can be abbreviated by omitting the verb "brought" in the second clause without changing the meaning of the sentence. Essentially ellipsis is used to remove an element of a sentence in order to improve the flow or make two similar elements match..

[Audio] Conjunction is an essential tool for writers enabling them to create textual equivalence by using formal markers such as 'although' 'however' 'in addition' 'yet' and 'therefore'. These markers enable the writer to show the reader how ideas and thoughts are connected providing a smoother reading experience and allowing them to create a text that is cohesive and logically progresses ideas and information..

[Audio] In this slide we will be examining textual equivalence and the different kinds of conjunctions which may be employed to illustrate this characteristic of language. Specifically there are five different categories. The first is additive including conjunctions such as 'and' 'or' 'also' 'in addition' 'furthermore' 'besides' 'similarly' 'likewise' 'by contrast' and 'for instance'. The second is adversative including conjunctions such as 'but' 'yet' 'however' 'instead' and 'on the other hand'. The third is causal including conjunctions such as 'so' 'consequently' 'it follows' 'for' 'because' 'under the circumstance' and 'for this reason'. The fourth is continuatives which includes conjunctions such as 'now' 'of course' 'well' 'anyway' 'surely' 'after all'. The last is temporal which includes conjunctions such as 'then' 'next' 'after that' 'on the another occasion' 'in conclusion' 'an hour later' 'finally' and 'at last'..

[Audio] Considering textual equivalence requires thought to how different elements are interconnected. Specifically temporal causal and conjunctive relations must be taken into account. Temporal relations illustrate the sequence between two events or assertions while causal relations indicate how one event or statement causes another. Additionally conjunctive relations can be implemented to demonstrate the connection between two components either within the text itself or the communicated situation..

[Audio] Cohesion is a main feature of many text types particularly in English language. To express the development of the text temporal relations like first second and third can be employed. Furthermore certain conjunctions can be utilized to knit sentences together. Whether there is cohesion in single sentences however is an issue of contention among linguists..

[Audio] Discussing textual equivalence an example from the slide can be seen. Modern ceramic materials providing superior properties for marry industries a question arises whether a brochure is necessary. Reader's opinion is the answer to that question..

[Audio] Lexical cohesion is the method of selecting words to make connections between different parts of text. This includes reiteration the repetition of single words and collocation the use of certain word combinations. Both of these techniques are essential to establishing a textual flow that is understandable and consistent..

[Audio] In this slide we can observe the concept of reiteration which involves repeating certain words to emphasize a point. An item that is reiterated could be a repetition of an earlier item a synonym a superordinate or a general word. As an example the sentence “There’s a boy climbing that tree” can be reiterated by using a synonym such as “lad” a superordinate such as “child” or a general word such as “idiot”..

[Audio] Collocation is a type of lexical cohesion that refers to the tendency of two words to appear near each other in a text. This usually involves the pairing of words which have a certain affinity or connection with each other. The connection can be based on semantics syntax phonetics and even orthography. Collocation can also be used to add variety to language and make it more interesting. Common examples of collocation are 'strong coffee' or 'hot water' as well as newly made phrases such as 'selfie culture' and 'sunsetting'. Collocation is an important concept in linguistics as it helps to understand how language is used for communication. By using collocation to create new and interesting word combinations you can ensure that your writing and speaking are more effective and engaging..

[Audio] Cohesion is an important component of writing making sure that the content follows a logical structure and flow. To achieve this words can be linked together through a range of associations. This includes pairing words with the same meaning such as boy/girl or love/hate; words in an ordered series like Tuesday/Thursday or August/December; or unordered sets such as body/arm or verse/chorus. Additionally terms used together often such as car/brake or red/green will create cohesion. Being aware of the different connections words can have will help you join the different parts of your writing together..

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