toppers_notes

[Audio] For All Competitive Exams. For All Competitive Exams.

[Audio] INDEX INDEX S�No. S�No. Chapter�Title Chapter�Title Page Page No. No. 1 Noun 1 2 Pronoun 9 3 Adjective 16 4 Adverbs 25 5 Verbs 31 6 Conjunction 35 7 Preposition 41 8 Articles 51 9 Tense 56 10 Subject�Verb�Agreement 61 11 Conditional�Sentences 64 12 Voices 66 13 Narration 72 14 Sentence�Improvements 77 15 Error�Spotting�and�Correction 84 16 Important�Synonyms�and�Antonyms 90 17 Idioms�and�Phrase 95 18 One�Word�Substitution 100 19 Spelling�Correction 104 20 Cloze�Test 108 21 Reading�Comprehension 115.

[Audio] Noun 1 CHAPTER Definition: ➢ Noun is the name of Person, Place or things. Or ➢ A noun is a word used as the names of a person, place, thing, action, quality or condition. ➢ Everything presents in the world is called a Noun. Noun We read or learn noun at Functional Level. Words that answer "who," "whom," or "what" in a sentence are called nouns. Example: Example Explanation Ram called Reena. Who calls Reena? – The answer will be Ram. Therefore, Ram is a noun here because it answers "who". Similarly, whom does Ram call? – The answer will be Reena. Therefore, Reena is a noun here because it answers "whom". Time is precious for me. What is precious for him (me)? – The answer will be time. Therefore, time is a noun because it answers "what". Ram and Sita are going to market. Where are Ram and Sita going? – The answer will be market. Therefore, "market" answers "where", so "where" functions as an adverb here. However, who is going to the market? – The answer will be Ram and Sita. Therefore, Ram and Sita are nouns because they answer "who". Nouns are classified on the basis of their functional level. In a sentence, a noun is identified based on its functional (working) role. Noun : Functional Level Naming Word Felt Only Noun Eqivalent Verb Quality Feelings Emotions Unit Count Measure Calculate Person Place Things Types of Nouns: Noun Proper Noun Common Noun Collective Noun Material Noun Abstract Noun Proper Noun ➢ The names of a particular or specific person, place or thing are known as proper nouns. Example: 1. Ram is my friend. 2. I live in Jaipur. 3. He is Tom. Rules: ➢ The first letter of a Proper Noun is always written in a capital letter. ➢ Articles such as "a, an, or the" are not used with Proper Nouns. Common Noun ➢ A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place or thing in a general sense. ToppersNotes / 9828-286-909 1.

[Audio] Words Related to Collective Noun Example: 1. According to the boy, the nearest town is very far. 2. All the gardens in the neighbourhood were invaded by beetles this summer. 3. The road crew was startled by the sight of three large cats crossing the road. 4. Dogs are the most adorable and lovable pets to keep. Rules ➢ Sometimes, "the" is used before a Proper Noun, and it is then used like a Common Noun. ✓ Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India. ➢ Sometimes, a Proper Noun is also used like a Common Noun. At that time, the Proper Noun represents a class or a person belonging to that class. ✓ There are five Ram in my Class. 1. A band of musicians. 2. A board of directors, etc. 3. A bevy of girls, women, officers etc. 4. A bunch of grapes, keys, etc. 5. A bundle of sticks and hay. 6. A caravan of Merchants, pilgrims, travellers. 7. A chain/range of mountains or hills. 8. A choir of singers. 9. A class of students. 10. A retinue of servants/ attendants. 11. A clump/grove of trees. 12. A code of laws. 13. A cluster / constellation/ galaxy of stars. 14. A company/regiment/army of soldiers. 15. A convoy of ships, cars etc. moving under an escort. ➢ Proper, Material, and Abstract Nouns are always singular, but when they are used in the plural form, they become Common Nouns. ✓ Simran is the wife of Shivam. (Proper Noun) ✓ All the ladies of India are not a Simran. (Common Noun) ✓ Iron is a hard metal. (Proper Noun) ✓ Where are the irons? (Common Noun) Collective Noun ➢ Collective nouns is the name of a number (or collection) of persons, or things taken together and spoken of as one whole. Example: ✓ This compartment is reserved for military personnel. ✓ The crew of sailors was not perturbed by the strong gale. ✓ The crowd of the migrant workers at the station for the Shramik Special is unforgettable. ✓ A pride of lions consists of related females, cubs, and a small number of adult males. 16. A course or series of lectures. 17. A crew of sailors 18. A crowd/mob of people. 19. A curriculum of studies. 20. A flight of steps, stairs. 21. A fleet of ships or motorcars. 22. A flock of geese, sheep and birds. 23. A gang of robbers, labourers. 24. A garland/bunch/bouquet of flowers. 25. A heap of ruins, sand, stones. 26. A herd of cattle. 27. A litter of puppies. 28. A pack of hounds, cards. 29. A pair of shoes, scissors, compasses, trousers. 30. A series of events. 31. A sheaf of corn, arrows. 32. A swarm of ants, bees or flies. 33. A train of carriages, followers etc. 34. A troop of horses (cavalry) scouts; etc. 35. A volley of shots, bullets 36. A forum of people (discussing issues) 37. A congregation of people (discussing religious issues) Rules ➢ Generally, a Collective Noun takes a singular verb. A plural verb is used with it only when each member of the.

[Audio] ✓ Baby + hood = babyhood ✓ Child + hood = childhood ➢ Common Noun + Ship = Abstract Noun Abstract Noun ➢ Abstract noun in general refers, the name of quality, action or state. Example: Honesty, Bravery (quality), Hatred, Laughter (action), Poverty, Young (state). ✓ Friend+ ship = friendship ✓ King + ship = kingship ➢ Verb + er / or = Abstract Noun ✓ Teach + er = teacher ✓ Act + or = actor ➢ Verb + Ment/ion/tion = Abstract Noun A Action : Swimming, walking, F Feeling & Emotions : love, Adore, hate & Angry ✓ Manage + ment = management ✓ Act + ion = Action Noun: Number ➢ The number indicates how many persons or objects are being referred to. S State : Childhood, babyhood ➢ The form that indicates only one is Q Quality : honesty, intelligency, wits called the singular. Types Example Abstract nouns that express quality greatness, hardness, height, honesty, anger, joy, courage, idleness, softness, strength, sweetness, truth, wisdom. ➢ The form that indicates more than one is called the plural. Countable Noun: A countable noun is a noun with both a singular and a plural form, and it names anything (or anyone) that one can count. Example a) Time and technology are two important factors that change substances into resources. Abstract nouns that express action b) The man played the flute and led all the mice out of the town. growth, discovery, activity, consideration, laughter, meditation, movement, pain, speech, obedience, pleasure, race, theft. c) The usage of chemicals, insecticides and pesticides began after the Green Revolution. Abstract nouns that express state d) The businessman also insisted that the police had issued him several summonses. childhood, boyhood, adulthood, cold, death, illness, imprisonment, independence, madness, poverty, sadness, sleep, youth, kindness. Astronomy, Economics, Geometry, Grammar, Music, Chemistry, Spinning and weaving, Woodcraft. Abstract nouns that express the names of arts and sciences Rules: ➢ Word + Suffix = Abstract Noun (Suffix - ➢ Uncountable Nouns: An uncountable noun is a noun which does not have a plural form, and which refers to something that one cannot usually count. A non-countable noun always takes a singular verb in a sentence. uncountable nouns are similar to collective nouns, and are the opposite of countable nouns. Example a) I've got a lot of homework this weekend. b) The little boy made much mischief in school. Notes: Some Nouns Are Both Countable and uncountable. ➢ Time is money. (Here, "time" is a countable noun.) ation/ion/ity/ty/y/th/red/ter/ship/hood/ment/ism/ ness) ✓ Honest + y = honesty ✓ Proud = pride ✓ Wide = width ➢ One should not waste the time on trifles. (Here, ➢ Common Noun + Hood = Abstract Noun "time" is an uncountable noun.) ToppersNotes / 9828-286-909 3.

[Audio] Denote in Number Singular Types Plural Example Common Noun Countable Noun use Article Use helping verb acording to Noun Make Plural Noun : Number Proper Noun Don't Express in Number Uncountable Noun Collective Noun Example Material Noun Abstract Noun earnings, entrails, embers, fetters, fireworks, lodgings, lees, odds, outskirts, particulars, proceeds, proceedings, regards, riches, remains, savings, shambles, shears, spectacles, surroundings, tidings, troops, tactics, thanks, tongs, vegetables, valuables, wages, Bacteria etc. Example: a) He hated always to be the bearer of bad tidings. b) Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can reproduce on their own. Some important Rules of Nouns Rule 1: Some nouns are always used in the plural form. The "s" at the end of these nouns cannot be removed to make them singular. They appear plural and are also used as plural. Words : Alms, amends, annals, archives, ashes, arrears, athletics, auspices, caves, species, scissors, trousers, pants, clippers, bellows, gallows, fangs, eyeglasses, goggles, belongings, breeches, bowels, braces, binoculars, customs, congratulations, dregs, Exceptions: Singular Noun My means were reduced substantially. When "means" is used with "a" or "every", or when it is used in the sense of "a way to an end" (method or path). Means Plural Noun When it is used in the sense of income. Every means is good if the end is good. Singular Noun When it gives the meaning of result. Wages of hard work is sweet. Wages Plural Noun When it gives the meaning of money or wages. Wages have been by all the labours. ToppersNotes / 9828-286-909 4.

[Audio] Rule 2: Some nouns appear to be plural but are singular in meaning. They are always used as singular. Words: News, Innings, Politics, Summons, Physics, Economics, Ethics, Mechanics, Mathematics, Mumps, Rickets, Billiards, Draughts, etc. Example: a. No news is good news. b. Economics is a good subject. c. Draughts is a good game. d. Ethics demands honesty in working. Rule 6: Some nouns are plural in meaning, but when they are preceded by a definite numeral adjective, they are not pluralized. Words: Pair, score, gross, stone, hundred, dozen, thousand, million, Billion etc. Example: a. I have two hundred rupees only. b. He has already donated five thousand rupees. c. It is a three feet wall. d. It is five feet in width. Exceptions: If they are used with an indefinite countable expression, they are pluralized. Example: dozens of women, hundreds of people, millions of dollars, scores of shops, many pairs of shoes, thousands millions etc. Rule 3: Some nouns appear to be singular but are always used in the plural form. Words: cattle clergy, cavalry, infantry, poultry, peasantry, children, gentry, police etc. Example: a. Cattle are grazing in the field. b. Police have arrested the thieves. c. The police finished their investigation. Notes: "People" means "persons". "Peoples" means "people of different races". Rule 7: If a noun is followed by a preposition and then the same noun again, the noun remains singular. Example: a. Town after town was devastated. b. Row upon row of pick marble looks beautiful. c. He enquired from door to door. d. Ship after ship is arriving. Note: In such sentences, writing "towns after towns", "rows upon rows", "doors to doors", or "ships after ships" is incorrect. Rule 4: Some nouns are used only in the singular form. These are uncountable nouns, and articles "a/an" are not used with them. Words: Scenery, Poetry, Furniture, Advice, Information, Hair, Language, Business, Mischief, Bread, Stationery, Crockery, Luggage, Baggage, Postage, Knowledge, Wastage, Money, Jewellery, Breakage, temper. Example: a. He loses his temper on the slightest provocation. b. Some passengers misplaced their luggage before Rule 8: In a sentence, when "a half" or "a quarter" comes after a numeral adjective, the noun is placed after the numeral adjective, and then "a half" or "a quarter" is written. Example: a. He gave me one rupee and a half. b. She gave me two rupees and a quarter. boarding the train. c. Mr. Abhilash and his family have received no information about the incident. d. I want to give you information about the missing necklace. Notes: If the numeral adjective and the fraction are joined by "and" and used in the sense of multiplication, then the noun is used in the plural form after "a half" or "a quarter". Example: a. Two and a quarter times. b. One and a half times. ➢ Here, multiplication is used in the sentence; therefore, the noun "times" is used in the plural form after "a quarter" or "a half". Notes: The plural form of "money" can be "monies", which means "sums of money". Example: ➢ Monies have been collected and handed to the women's welfare society. Rule 9: A hyphenated noun is not used in the plural form. Example:.

[Audio] Rule 12: Numeral + unit (singular) + Noun (singular)/ adjective Example: a. A set of proceeds was deposited in bank account. b. A pair of shocks has bought by Ramesh. c. Each of Students has solved this Questions. Numeral + unit (Plural) + adjective Example: a. She saw a six foot snake. b. He is six feet tall Rule 11: both of / all of + Noun plural + helping Plural Example: a. All of students are thrown out in my class. Rule 13: That which does not have a complete meaning by itself Non compact hundred/thousand/score/dozen/inch/foot/ri m + noun Plural Numeral + Unit That which has a complete meaning by itself Compact + s/es day/month/rupee/dollar b. Balloons filled with helium travel hundreds or even thousands of miles. Example: a. Ramesh spent ten rupees. b. She sold two dozens. c. We bought two dozen mangoes from the market. Rule 15: more than one unit in sentence. We use unit in ascending order. Example: a. Thousands of lakhs of student of student have given test. Rule 14: Unit (Plural) of noun (Plural) + plural helping verb Example: a. Hundreds of shops are closed during riot. Rule 16: definite helping verb singular Arbitary Unit Hand/Mug/Mouth/S poon/bowl full Indefinite +s/es helping verb Plural Example: a. Two Spoonful b. His sons-in-law have enhanced his business within a short period Rule 17: Group one way SCN Helping Verb singualr Amount/Speed/weight/height /distance Various way Individually PCN Helping Verb Plural ToppersNotes / 9828-286-909 6.

[Audio] ➢ Sometimes, a car and other vehicles to which one is emotionally attached are also referred to as feminine. Example: a. Ten miles needs to covered completely on foot. b. Five thousands rupees were spent on foot and entertainment. ➢ Nouns that express beauty, grace, and softness are considered feminine gender. Ex- earth, mercy, moon, peace, ship, spring, nature, liberty etc. Noun: Gender ➢ Gender: Gender comes from Latin genus, kind or sort. ➢ Countries whose names suggest femininity are treated as feminine. Ex- Scotland lost many of her bravest men in two great rebellions. Kinds of Gender: 1. Masculine Gender: A noun that denotes a male animal is said to be of the masculine gender. Ex: boy, brother, dog, father, God, horse, master, son, tiger, lion, hero, hunter, king, cock-sparrow etc. ➢ Some nouns are always used as feminine gender. Ex- blonde, maid, mid-wife etc. Note: Nouns such as Summer, Sun, Death, Time, Winter, and Thunder, which express power and violence, are also considered masculine gender. 3. Common Gender: A noun that denotes either a male or female is said to be of the common gender. Ex- baby, child, cousin, deer, elephant, enemy, fowl, friend, infant, mouse, neighbour, orphan, parents, patient, person, pupil, servant, sheep, student, teacher, thief etc. 2. Feminine Gender: A noun that denotes a female animal is said to be of the feminine gender. Ex: bitch, daughter, girl, mare, mistress, mother, sister, tigress, lioness, heroine, huntress, queen, hensparrow etc. Note: 4. Neuter Gender: A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female (i.e. thing without life) is said to be of the neuter gender. Ex - Copy, Book, Room, Paper, TV, Box, etc. Some Rules Related to Gender: Rule 1: rude/strength/rigid/tough musculine Gender Noun/ word Shows Reproductivity/gentleness/beauty/ soft/attractive nature feminine Gender Words: ➢ Feminine Gender: Moon, Earth, Virtue, Spring, Modest, Fame, Charity, life, Sunlight, Moonlight, Winter, River. ➢ Masculine Gender: Death, Sun, Storm. Example: a. The moon shed her light on the bank of river. b. Love virtue, she is alone free. Rule 2: Group Neuter Gender Collective noun Shows Individual Common Gender Example: a. The committee will submit its report on Tuesday. b. The team will try their dress for next tournament. c. The team have announced that it won next match. d. The committee met in hotel room to decide their decision for bill. ToppersNotes / 9828-286-909 7.

[Audio] Rule 3: Geographical Feature Neuter Gender Country Shows Economical / Social/ Scientific Features Feminine Gender a. Dinkar wrote many poems. b. He was going to market. Example: a. Looking at globe, we see China here, it's one of the greatest countries in the world. b. America is proud of her scientists. 2. Objective case: When the object has prominence in a sentence. (Noun used as object) a. Kamlesh Helped Priyanka. b. Sita wrote a letter daily. Rule 4: The feminine gender of some nouns is formed by using "person" with them. a. Chairman – chairperson b. Spokesman – spokesperson 3. Vocative Case: Used to address a noun or pronoun. a. Ramesh, Come here. b. Let's dance together. c. You come late today, Dinkar. Noun: CASE ➢ Case is used to define the relationship of a noun with the verb or other words in a sentence. Subjective Case /Nominative Case 4. Possessive Case: Used when a noun or pronoun shows possession over another noun or pronoun. a. Boy's Rule b. Rule of boy c. Mohan's land d. Land of Mohan Case possesive case Objective Case Note: ➢ For living things, possession is formed using 's. For non - living things, possession is generally formed using "of". ➢ Noun + 's = singular; Noun + s' = plural vocative Case Example: a. I just don't like the themes of today's music. b. Workers and companies in all sectors can contribute their skills to meet society's new needs. 1. Nominative Case / Subjective Case: When the subject is given importance in a sentence, it is called the subjective or nominative case. (Noun used as subject) Pronoun/ adjective possessive case Subjective Case Objective Case Possessive Pronoun Possessive Adjective I Me Mine My We Us Ours Our You You Yours Your They Them Theirs Their He Him His His She Her Hers Her It It Its ➢ Time, place, idiomatic expressions, and celestial bodies, when personified, form the possessive by adding 's. a. Diwali's celebration b. Delhi's pollution c. A ton's weight d. One day's leave e. Earth's beauty f. Sun's presence g. At arm's length ✓ The moon is Earth's only natural satellite and the nearest large celestial body. ToppersNotes / 9828-286-909 8.

[Audio] Pronoun 2 CHAPTER Personal Pronoun Definition: Emphatic Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun Reciprocal Pronoun ➢ Pronoun Means: A word used in place of Noun. ➢ Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an Individual or individuals or thing or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is made clear earlier in the text. Demonstrative Pronoun ➢ Generally, pronouns are used in a sentence to avoid the repetition of nouns. Indefinite Pronoun Pronoun Interrogative Pronoun Distributive Pronoun Relative Pronoun Example: a. Ramesh found a purse. He picked it up and gave it to Sarla. She threw it into a river. In the above sentence, "he" is used for Ramesh (noun), "it" for purse (noun), and "she" for Sarla (noun). Exclamatory Pronoun Personal Pronoun ➢ Personal Pronouns are used for persons or things. ➢ Those pronouns which indicate a person in a sentence. Example: a. I am a boy b. It is a child. c. They are children. d. You are girls. Person Pronoun Nominative Case Objective Case Possessive Case Pronoun Adjective First Person I I Me Mine My We We Us Ours Our Second Person You You You Yours Your Third Person He He Him His His She She Her Hers Her It It It Its They They Them Theirs Their Example: a. The credit for organizing the successful event was given to both Neha and me. b. She came home to meet my family and me. Rules related to Personal Pronoun Rule 1: In a sentence, a pronoun used before the verb is in the nominative case, and when a pronoun is used after the verb, it is in the objective case. Structure: ➢ Subjective / Nominative + Verb + Objective → I teach him → Active Voice ➢ Subjective/ Nominative + Verb + Objective → He is taught by me. → Passive Voice Rule 2: Singular Pronoun: If more than one pronoun is used in a sentence and the sentence does not convey any negative sense, they follow the order 2nd person, 3rd person, and 1st person (231 order). Example: ToppersNotes / 9828-286-909 9.

[Audio] a. You and I can do this work. (21) b. You and he are working in the same office. (23) c. You, she and I have been working happily in the same company and in the same branch for the last nine years. (231) Rule 8: When two singular nouns are joined by "and" and each or every is used before them, the pronoun is also singular. Example: a. Each officer and each clerk has joined his duty. b. Every soldier and every officer was in his place. Rule 3: Plural Pronoun: When more than one pronoun is used in a sentence and they are plural, they follow the order 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person (123 order). Example: a. We and you cannot live together. (12) b. We, you and they can purchase that complex. (123) Rule 9: With each, either, and neither, always a singular pronoun and a singular verb are used. Example: a. Each of the students is ready to do his duty. b. Either of the two students gets his gift. c. Neither of them gets his turn. Rule 10: When two or more singular nouns are joined by "or", "either…or", or "neither…nor", the pronoun is used in the singular form. Example: a. Ram or Shyam should deposit his dues. b. Either Ramesh or Ganesh lost his purse. c. Neither Ram nor Shyam has completed his work. Rule 4: If a sentence expresses a mistake, fault, offense, or any negative idea, then the order of pronouns should be 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person (123 order). Example: a. I and he will beg sorry for the misconduct. b. I and you are responsible for the loss. c. You and he spoiled the party. Rule 11: When one plural noun and one singular noun are joined by "or" or "nor", a plural pronoun is used. Example: a. Either the Principal or the teachers failed in their duty. b. Neither the teacher nor the students have done their work. Rule 5: If more than one pronoun of different persons is used in a sentence and a single plural pronoun is used for them, (it should be used accordingly). ➢ III + I Person → I Person Plural ➢ II + III Person → II Person Plural ➢ II + I Person → I Person Plural Example: a. You and I have done our job. b. You he and I have completed our duty. c. You and I have submitted our work on time. Rule 12: In comparative sentences, the use of the nominative or objective form of the pronoun after "than" or "as" depends on the meaning of the sentence. Example: a. I love you more than he (loves you). b. I love you more than (I love) him. c. I shall give you as many pens as (I shall give) him. d. I am as intelligent as he (is). Rule 6: With a collective noun, the pronoun is used in the singular (and neuter gender) when the collective noun is considered as a single unit. If the collective noun is not used as a unit but as separate individuals, then.

[Audio] Reflexive Pronoun: ➢ When the action done by the subject turns back (reflects) upon the subject. ➢ Pronouns are formed by adding "self" Rule 14: After "let", "like", "between", "but", "except", and prepositions, the objective case is used. Example: a. Let me do this work. b. Let me clear the doubts, if any. c. Everybody but him was present for the meeting. to my, your, him, her, and it, and by adding "selves" to our, your, and them. They are used as objects in a sentence and refer back to the subject itself. Third Person First Person Second Person Sing. Myself Yourself Himself, herself, itself Plural Ourselves Yourselves themselves Use of It: Rule 1: "It" is used for animals, non-living things, countries, and babies. The plural of "it" is "they". Example: a. Here is your pen. Please take it. b. He has a cat. It is very beautiful. c. When he saw the child, it was playing. Example: a. The boys hid themselves. b. Ram and Shyam blamed themselves for the accident. c. The cat bit its tail and hurt itself. d. She herself is responsible for this situation of hers. Rule 2: "It" is used as an introductory subject to express time, weather, temperature, distance, or other natural phenomena. In this case, "it" is called an "empty it" because it has no specific meaning. Example: a. It is 7 O'clock. b. It is fine. c. It is summer. Rule 3: "It" is also used in place of an infinitive, gerund, or clause. Example: a. It rains. b. It blows. Rules Related to Reflexive Pronoun Rule 1: Some transitive verbs are used with reflexive pronouns. A transitive verb requires an object; when no object is present with such verbs, a reflexive pronoun is used to complete the object. verbs: avail, absent, enjoy, resign, apply, revenge, exert etc. Example: a. They enjoyed themselves the pleasure of weather. b. Try to avail yourself of every opportunity that comes your way. c. You should avail yourself of this opportunity to Rule 4: "It" is used as the subject of a sentence to emphasize a noun or pronoun. Example: a. It is you, who can solve this problem. b. It is the place where he was murdered. demonstrate your skills. Rule 5: "It" is used to introduce a phrase or clause. Example: a. That the Record will break today is probable. Rule 2: Some verbs, when used intransitively, are not used with reflexive pronouns. Verbs: Keep, break, set, bathe, make, stop, steal, qualify, move, open, draw, rest, roll, burst, hide, feed, gather, sleep etc. ➢ Generally, these verbs are used intransitively. Rule 6: "It" is used in exclamatory sentences in the following way: Example: a. What a beautiful bird it is! b. What a large building it is! Example: a. She hid in the room. b. After a long and fun-filled day, the children slept peacefully. Rule 7: The possessive pronoun required here is "its" (without an apostrophe). It's = it is a. She has been a member of this club since its formation. Emphatic Pronoun ➢.

[Audio] Example: a. I myself solved this question. b. You yourself admitted your fault. c. She herself found the solution. Rule 2: "That" is used for a single person or thing that is far, while "Those" is used for more than one person or thing that is far. Example: a. That is a book. b. Those are books. Reciprocal Pronoun ➢ When two pronouns are used together to express a mutual relationship, they are called reciprocal pronouns. ➢ Reciprocal pronouns are used in the objective case. I. For two – "each other" is used: Note: To avoid the repetition of a singular noun, "that of" is used, and to avoid the repetition of a plural noun, "those of" is used. Example: a. The climate of Pune is better than that (Mean: climate) of Mumbai. b. The streets of Delhi are wider than those (Mean: streets) of Mumbai. Example: a. The two brothers loved each other. b. Russia and America are jealous of each other. c. The three of them shouted out to each other when the train started moving. II. For more than two – "one another" is used: Example: a. The five boys helped one another. b. They all gave gifts to one another. Rule 3: In a sentence, "one" is used to avoid the repetition of a singular countable noun, while "ones" is used to avoid the repetition of a plural countable noun, not "one's". Example: a. This is the new version, but that is an old one. b. These are new books, but those are old ones. Exclamatory Pronoun ➢ A pronoun used as an exclamation is called an Exclamatory Pronoun. Example: a. What! You don't know Sonia Gandhi? b. What! You lost the chain? Indefinite Pronoun ➢ These pronouns refer to persons or things in a general way, but do not refer to any person or thing in particular. ➢ Pronouns that do not indicate any specific person or thing are called indefinite pronouns. ➢ With "one", "one's" is used in the possessive form. Demonstrative Pronoun ➢ Demonstrative Pronoun is used to point out the object to which it refers. ➢ This, That, and These are Indefinite Pronoun: all, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, no one, nobody, none, nothing, one, other, same, some, somebody, someone, something, such etc. Example: ✓ Some have joined the party. ✓ Someone has stolen my watch. ✓ One must avail oneself of every good opportunity. ✓ Somebody has stolen my watch. ✓ All were drowned, many of them were Indians. Word Person Thing demonstrative pronouns. A verb is used immediately after them. Example: a. This is the gift from my mother. b. These are the books, I found in the bag. c. That is my house. Note: If, in a sentence, a noun is used after a demonstrative word instead of a verb, then it is used as an adjective, not as a pronoun. Example: a. This pen is mine. b. That book is hers. c. These books are his. Something Some Someone, somebody Any Anyone, anybody Anything.

[Audio] a. Each of the boys has a note book. b. Each of the boys has his own pen. Note: The plural noun used after "each of", "either of", and "neither of" is preceded by "the". Note: "One" is used in the nominative, reflexive, and possessive cases in the forms "one", "oneself", and "one's" respectively. Example: a. One Should do one's duty. b. One must do one's work. Distributive Pronoun Rule 2: If "each" is used with the subject, it is placed after the subject and before the auxiliary verb, and the main verb is used according to the subject. Example: a. We each have advised him to give up smoking. ➢ These pronouns refer to persons or things one at a time. For this reason, they are always singular and as such followed by the verb in singular. Rule 3: "Both" is used for two persons or things. It is not used in negative sentences. Example: a. Both of the two students are guilty. Rule 4: With distributive pronouns, a third person, singular pronoun in the masculine gender (he, his, him) is used. Example: a. Everyone should obey his parents. b. Neither of these two students has received his prize. ➢ These pronouns are always singular, and a singular verb is used with them. Distributive Pronoun: Each, Every, Either, Neither, Everyone, none Example ✓ Each of the students gets a prize. ✓ Either of the two will win the race. ✓ Neither of those two students can secure first position. Meaning ✓ Every one of the students was happy. Distributive Pronoun Everyone used in the context of more than two Rule 5: If a feminine gender noun is used after a distributive pronoun, then the pronoun "her" must be used. Example: a. Neither of these two girls has deposited her fees. b. Either of the two girls has received her gift. c. Each of the girls has donated her pocket money. Each used for two or more Either any one of the two Neither none of the two Any, none, no one used for more than two (any, none, no one) Rule 6: If plural pronouns (us/them/you) are used instead of feminine nouns, then a singular masculine gender pronoun is used. Example: a. Neither of them has done his duty. b. Each of them has forgot his purse. Interrogative Pronoun ➢ These pronouns are used to ask questions. Rules Related to Distributive Pronoun Rule 1: Each/Either/Neither + of + plural Noun + S.H.V ------------- (After "each of", "either of", and "neither of", a plural noun or plural pronoun is used.) Example: Interrogative Pronoun Who Whom Whose What Which Subjective case Objective Case Possesive Case Non Living thing Used for selection To Findout Rank/Profession/ Post Used to find out the subject or object Object/ Animal/ Printout ToppersNotes / 9828-286-909 13.

[Audio] Rules Related to Relative Pronoun 1. Who/ Whom: Person के लिए लकया जाता ह� । Rule 1: These are used for persons and living nouns. "Who" is used in the nominative case, and "whom" is used in the objective case. With "people" and "those", "who" is used. Example: a. Who invited Mr. Ramesh? b. Whom does she write this letter? c. Whose is that car? d. What has happened? e. What have you bought today? f. Which of these novels you like most? g. Which is your national animal? Example: a. The children who sang in the choir were applauded by the audience. b. This appears to be the handiwork of someone who belongs to a criminal gang. Rules Related to Interrogative Pronoun: Rule 1: The structure "Preposition + whom" is used. Example: a. By whom was the Ramayana written? c. My elder brother, whom you'll meet later, is a dentist. d. Who is the person that you wanted me to Note: If the preposition is used at the end of the sentence, "who" is used at the beginning. a. Who was the Rayamana written by? contact there? Rule 2: "Whose" is not used for non-living things. a. Whose book is this? 2. Which: Used for non-living things or animals. Example: a. He always obeys his parents, which shows his loyalty. Relative Pronoun ➢ Relative Pronoun refers to some noun going before, which is called its antecedent. b. This is the album which I found in the garage. 3. Whose: Rule 2: "Whose" is used in the possessive case, generally for persons and animals. In some cases, it is also used for non-living things. Example a. What is the name of the Swami whose autobiography impressed you so much? ➢ Relative pronouns (who, which, that, what, whose, whom) are those pronouns that refer back to a noun used earlier; this noun is called the antecedent (which comes before). Relative Pronoun: Who, Whom, That, Which Example: a. I know the man who came here yesterday b. Here is the book that you lent me. c. I have found the pen which I lost. b. My friend whose leg was fractured has recovered. Note: ➢ The number and gender of a relative pronoun are the same as those of the noun or pronoun used before it. Generally, the antecedent comes before the relative pronoun, but sometimes the antecedent is not clearly stated (i.e., it is implied). 4. That का �योग: Rule 3: When two antecedents joined by "and" are used, one referring to a person and the other to an animal or thing, "that" is used as the relative pronoun. a. The man and his dog that I saw yesterday have been kidnapped. Example: a. Whom the God loves die young. b. Where are the boys I called? Rule 4: "That" is used after a superlative degree. a. Mr. Mishra is the most laborious man that I have ever seen. ➢ When a relative pronoun is used to describe or define its antecedent, it is called a Restrictive Relative Pronoun..

[Audio] Rule 8: "That" is used after words like everything, nothing, the only, any, all, everyone, none, no, nobody, much, little, the same, the few, the little. a. My father has given me everything that I needed. b. My wife has spent the little money that I gave her. ➢ Whatever - anything which. ➢ Whichever - anything which. ➢ Whoever/whosoever - any person who. ➢ Whomsoever - any person whom. Example a. You can eat whatever you like. b. You can take whichever you like. c. I shall employ whomsoever you recommend. Possessive Pronoun ➢ Possession: The relationship of a noun with another noun and its replacement is called a possessive pronoun. ➢ Words that show ownership or belongingness of a noun in a sentence are called possessive pronouns. Rule 9: When the verb is clearly expressed, "that" is used after "the same + noun". a. This is the same man that deceived me. b. There was none that didn't support the cause. c. This is the book that I wanted to buy. Rule 10: No preposition is placed before "that". If a preposition is required, it is placed at the end of the sentence. a. We know the hotel that she lives in. b. I understand the point that you are hinting at. ➢ It is always used after the verb. Example: a. This is ram's car → This car is his. b. This is my car. → This car is mine. Compound relative Pronouns: Whoever, whosoever, whomsoever, whatever, whichever, whatsoever, etc., are compound relative pronouns. They are used without an antecedent, as the antecedent is included within them. Noun/Pronoun Subjective Objective Possessive Pronoun 1st Person I Me Mine We Us Ours 2nd person You You Yours 3rd person He Him His She Her Hers They Them Their Body Him His Indefinite Pronoun (some/no/every/any) Thing It Distributive Pronoun Each/ either/neither Him His Common gender They Them Theirs He Him His Collective noun They Them Theirs It It Its Masculine gender He Him His Feminine gender She Her Hers Neuter gender It It "nothing but", the possessive pronoun agrees with the first subject. Example: a. Rita as well as her friends has done her work. b. My friend Reena along with her sister is doing her job at Jaipur. Example: a. The small cafe at the end of the road is hers. b. A tiger's skull is similar to a lion's. c. When Sanathan asked Mr. Jignesh for a fresh evaluation of his performance in the last financial year, little did he know that the results would come out worse than expected. d. The small coffee shop at the end of the road is mine. e. Everyone should respect their parents, teachers, and elders. Rule 2: When two subjects are joined by "either…or", "neither…nor", "not only…but also", or "none but", the possessive pronoun agrees with the nearest subject. Example: a. Neither the staff members nor the manager was Rules Related to Possessive Pronoun: Rule 1: When two subjects are joined by "as well as", "with", "along with", "together with", "and not", "in addition to", "but", "besides", "except", "rather than", "accompanied by", "like", "unlike",.

[Audio] Adjective 3 CHAPTER ➢ An adjective is a word used to qualify a noun or a pronoun or qualifying words are known as adjective. Adjective of Quality ➢ It shows the kind of a person, an animal, a place or a thing. Or ➢ It expresses the quality of a noun or pronoun such as virtue, defect, size, color, appearance, internal quality, type, etc. ➢ These answer the question "what kind of" in a sentence. ➢ An adjective is a word which adds something to the meaning of noun or pronoun. Example: a. The wedding gown looked decent despite Example: being studded with jewels. a. These are ripe mangoes. b. This circular road will lead to the bus stand. c. The beautiful landscapes of hilly regions b. Residents should keep an eye out for strangers acting suspicious in their areas. attract tourists. c. Aesthetic value is specifically a way in which we can get positive conclusive value from the world at large. Note: ➢ Attributive Use: When an adjective is used before a noun, it is called attributive use. Proper Adjective ➢ Predicative Use: When an adjective is used after a verb, it is called predicative use. Adjective of Quality Adjective of Quantity ➢ It shows how much of a thing is meant. Adjective of Quantity ➢ It expresses the quantity (amount) of a noun. Adjective of Number ➢ It is generally used with uncountable nouns. ➢ These adjectives answer the question "how much". Demonstrative Adjective Interrogative Adjective Kinds of Adjectives Emphasising Adjective ➢ a great deal of, a lot of, any, enough, few, little, lots of, many, much, one, plenty of, some, twenty, whole, all. Example: a. All the money we had is spent. b. She ate the whole loaf. c. They have much work to do. d. I have some money. Exclamatory Adjective Possessive Adjective Adjective of Number ➢ These show how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a person or thing stands. Distributive Adjective ➢ They express the number of persons or things, or their order (position). Proper Adjective: ➢ One, two………, Many, Few, All, Some, First, Second, ……Last, Next etc. ➢ These adjectives answer the question "how many". ➢ Adjectives formed from proper nouns are called proper adjectives. Example: Indian (Proper noun - India), African (Proper noun - Africa), European (Proper noun - Europe), etc Example a. I have three rooms. b. There are forty students in my class. c. I have few books. ToppersNotes / 9828-286-909 16.

[Audio] Adjectives of Number Definite Number Adjectives Indefinite Number Adjectives When they refer to a definite number or person. These do not denote a definite number. Cardinal Adjective Ordinal Adjecitve Multiplicative Adjective They denote a definite number. They denote a definite order. These adjectives show multiplication or multiple. a good many, a great, a great deal of, a lot of, enough, lots of, many, many a, numerous, plenty of, several, some, various etc. One, Two, Three, Four etc. First, Second, Third, Fourth etc. Single, Double, Triple etc. Example: a. We have dozens of pens. b. He has hundreds of cows. Rule 3: The article "the" is used with ordinal numbers. Example: a. The first lesson is on verb. b. The first five girls will get the discount on our merchandise. Rule 1: The preposition "of" is not used after the following definite numerals. Ex – a dozen, a hundred Example: a. We have a dozen pens. b. He has a hundred cows. Rule 2: If definite numerals are used without "a", they express an indefinite number; in such cases, "of" is used. Ex - a lakh of men, a pair of shoes, a couple of hours. Demonstrative Adjective ➢ These point out which persons, places or things are meant. ➢ Adjectives that point to the noun used immediately after them are called demonstrative adjectives. Example: This Girl, that Group, these People, Those Countries. That boy is my friend. Definite Demonstrative Adjective Those stories are quite interesting. such, that, the other, the same, these, this, those etc. These boys indulge in such nonsense things. a certain boy Demonstrative Adjective Indefinite Demonstrative Adjective a, a certain, an, another, any, certain, other, some, that, this etc. A singular countable noun always follows these. ToppersNotes / 9828-286-909 17.

[Audio] Distributive Adjectives ➢ These show that persons or things are taken singly or separately. ➢ Adjectives that refer to each individual person or thing of a group or class are called distributive adjectives. Note: If a noun comes immediately after what, which, or whose, they function as interrogative adjectives. If a verb comes immediately after them, they function as interrogative pronouns. Example a. What colour is your bag? → What + Noun → Interrogative Adjective b. What did you do? → What + verb → Interrogative Pronoun. Possessive Adjective ➢ The adjectives which show possession or relationship are called possessive adjectives. ➢ Distributive Adjective: Each, Every, Either, Neither Example: a. Each boy will show his work. b. Every man had gone in time. c. You can take either road, this or that. d. Neither road is safe at this hour. ➢ Possessive Adjective: My, our, your, his, her, their, its. Example: a. Our dog has bit their rabbit. b. The rose has its own fragrance. c. My village is not backward. Note: If a noun comes immediately after each, every, either, or neither, these words function as distributive adjectives. If another word comes immediately after them, they function as distributive pronouns. Example a. Each girl took the test. → Each + Noun → Distributive Adjective b. Each of the boys took the Test. → Each = Subject → Distributive Pronoun. Note: Possessive adjectives are used before a noun, whereas possessive pronouns are used after the verb. a. This is my book. (Possessive adjective) b. This book is mine. (Possessive pronoun) Emphasising Adjectives ➢ These Adjectives are used to lay emphasis on the Noun. ➢ Words like own, very, quite, which Interrogative Adjective ➢ These adjectives are used with nouns to ask questions. ➢ Adjectives that are used with nouns are used to emphasize a noun, are called emphasising adjectives. Example: a. I saw it with my own eyes. b. This happened before my very eyes. to ask questions are called interrogative adjectives. Example: a. Which book is yours? b. Which road should we take to reach the railway station? c. Whose phone is this? Exclamatory Adjectives ➢ What can be use as exclamatory adjectives. Example: a. What joke that was! b. What a beautiful house you have! Some Important Adjectives and their Use Some/ any Adjective of number or Quantity Some Positive sense Affirmative sense Quality or Degree Adjective of number or Quantity some/any - कु छ Any Negative sense Neagtive/ Interrogative Sentence ToppersNotes / 9828-286-909 18.