Earth Science Topo Maps

[Audio] TOPOGRAPHY Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Definition of Topographic Maps A graphical representation of the three dimensional shape of the earth's surface that shows: a) elevation b) shape Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Features of Topographic Maps TOPOGRAPHY (RELIEF): - printed in brown - contour lines shows hills, mountains, plains, etc. WATER FEATURES: - printed in blue - includes oceans, lakes, ponds, rivers, canals, etc. CULTURE: - printed in black - human-make works such as roads, railroads, buildings, land boundaries, etc. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus 3D and 2D representation.

[Audio] Key Terms: Topography: general shape of the Earth. Elevation: distance above sea level. Contours: lines of equal value. Contour line: is an imaginary line on the surface of the earth connecting points of equal elevation. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Contour lines Relationship between topographic features and contour lines Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Contour interval (C.I.) is the difference in elevation between any two adjacent contour lines. Relief: the difference between the highest and lowest elevation in a particular area. Contour index- extra dark line with numbers. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Introducing contour lines or different levels at regular interval Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Determine the elevation at several points of the island 10 meters ~15 meters +20 meters, but < 30 ~8 meters 0 – sea level.

[Audio] Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] General Features of Contour Lines Topographic Maps can show: ELEVATION: Contour lines connect points of equal elevation..

[Audio] Topographic Maps can: Show if the land is STEEP or GENTLE: 2. Steep slopes are shown by closely spaced contour lines. 3. Gentle slopes are shown by widely spaced contour lines. Contour lines do not intersect, branch or cross. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Topographic maps can: Identifying RIVERS and STREAMS and their FLOW: 4. When contour lines cross streams they bend upstream; that is, the contour line forms a 'V' with the apex at the intersection with the stream, and pointing in an upstream direction..

[Audio] Topographic maps show: If there is a HILL or DEPRESSION: 5. Closed contours appearing on the map as ellipses or circles represent hills. 6. Closed contours with hatchures, short lines pointing toward the center of the closure represent closed depressions. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] 780 m E. A. Contour Interval? 760 m D. C. 740 m B. 720 m Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus The difference in elevation between the two index contours (800 - 700) is 100. We cross five lines as we go from the 700 line to the 800 line (NOTE: We count the lines between the index contours, then ADD one. In this case, we have 4 lines + 1 = 5). Therefore is we divide the elevation difference (100) by the number of lines (5) we will get the contour interval. In this case it is 20..

[Audio] Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Row 1 20 0 10 30 10 30 p. p Row 1 10 30 10 30 20 0 Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Row 2 20 180 200 1400 5 +25 Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Row 3 100 1400 200 4400 5 35 Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Row 4 1 7 100 400 200 2400 Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] How to Make a Topographic Profile 300 400 100 200 This represents a very simple topographic map of a hill. The hill is steep on the left side (the contour lines are very close together) and has a gentle slope on the right side. The numbers represent the elevation of the contour lines. (*) What would the hill look like if you were to slice it from left to right? (*) Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Thus you have a topographic profile. This is what the hill would look like if you were to cut it along the profile line and look at it from the side. (*) 300 400 100 200 500 feet 400 feet 300 feet 200 feet 100 feet Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus Normally, the Earth's surface is not this blocky. In a topographic profile a line is drawn from these points (red dots) producing a smooth transition. (*).

[Audio] http://www.uta.edu/paleomap/geol1435/images/dia7-7.gif Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Topographic Profile Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Constructing a. Constructing a Topographic Profile Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] A B The contour interval of this map is 40 feet. Every index contour would then be 200 feet. 8000 7800 7600 7400 7200 7000 6800 6600 6400 Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] A B The contour interval of this map is 40 feet. Every index contour would then be 200 feet. 8000 7800 In this region the profile line cut across the 7800 7600 7400 7200 7000 foot line 4 times. (*) 6800 6600 6400 The profile is finished. (*) The last step is to simply connect the "dots". (*) Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] THE GRAND CANYON, ARIZONA This view of the Grand Canyon is from the South Rim looking north into Bright Angel Canyon. This is what it looks like on a topographic map. (*) Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus Let's take a look at this area from a topographic point of view. (*).

[Audio] DESIGN OF LANDFORMS IN A SITE Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] CONTOURING  Contour An imaginary line on the ground surface joining the points of equal elevation is known as contour.  Contour Map A map showing contour lines is known as Contour map.  Contouring The process of tracing contour lines on the surface of the earth is called Contouring. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] CHARACTERISTICS O F C O N T O U R S i)All points in a contour line have the same elevation. ii)Flat ground is indicated where the contours are widely separated and steep- slope where they run close together. iii)A uniform slope is indicated when the contour lines are uniformly spaced. iv)A plane surface when they are straight, parallel and equally spaced. v)A series of closed contour lines on the map represent a hill , if the higher values are inside Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] CHARACTERISTICS O F C O N T O U R S vii) Contour line cross ridge or valley line at right angles. Valley line Valley line Ridge line If the higher values are outside If the higher values are inside the the bend, it represents a Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus Valley bend or loop in the contour, it indicates a Ridge..

[Audio] viii)Contours cannot end anywhere but close on themselves either within or outside the limits of the map. ix)Contour lines cannot merge or cross one another on map except in the case of an overhanging cliff. x)Contour lines never run into one another except in the case of a vertical cliff. In this case ,several contours coincide and the horizontal equivalent becomes zero. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus VERTICAL C L I F F OVERHANGING C L I F F.

[Audio] xi) Depressions between summits is called a saddle. It is represented by four sets of contours as shown. It represents a dip in a ridge or the junction of two ridges. And in the case of a mountain range ,it takes the form of a pass. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Direct Method METHODS OF CONTOURING Each contour is located by determining the positions of a series of points through which the contour passes . Indirect Method: (Square Method) This method is commonly employed in all kinds of surveys as this is cheaper, quicker and less tedious as compared to direct method. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] INTERPOLATION O F CONTOURS The process ofspacing the contours proportionallybetween the plotted ground–points is termed asinterpolation of contours. This becomes necessary in the case of indirect contouring as only the spot levels are taken in this method. Assumption in interpolation :The ground in uniformly sloping. i)By Estimation: The position of the contour points between ground - points are estimated roughly and the contours are then drawn through these points. This is a rough method and is suitable for small scale maps. ii) By arithmetical calculation: This is very tedious but accurate method and is used for small areas where accurate results are necessary. The contours are interpolated as under: Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] R.L = Reduced level in a square method. Formula : Difference Spacing A & B between Point A & Interpolation Distance X = Contour R.L Difference A & B Example: Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] iii. By Graphical methodof interpolation issimpleras compared to arithmetical method and also the results obtained areaccurate. On a tracing sheet several parallel lines are drawn at regular interval. Every fifth or tenth line is made dark for easy counting. Example : If RL of A is 98. 4 m and that of B is 100.2 m assume bottom most dark line represents 98 m RL and every parallel line is at 0.2 m intervals. Then hold a point on second parallel line on A. Rotate tracing sheet so that 100.2th parallel line passes through point B. The intersection of dark lines on AB represents the points on 99 m and 100 m contours similarly. Contour points along any line connecting two–level points can be obtained and contour lines interpolated and pricked. This method maintains the accuracy of arithmetic calculations, at the same time is fast also. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] SLOPE ANALYSIS Understandingslope formsfor site design requires understanding of local geologic, soil, hydrologic, and vegetative conditions. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Slope % Pattern Structure 0–5% Generally flat Highly buildable 5–10% Gently rolling Moderately buildable 10–15% Gentle to mild slopes Moderately difficult to build 15–20% Mild to steep slopes Difficult to build 20% and over Harsh, steep slopes Unbuildable Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] What is GRADING It is the processof modification of existing landformto accommodate new structures, parking and circulation and to ensure positive drainage. Grading process requires a careful change of contours so that they support the integration of building with the site. HOW GRADING CAN BE DONE ? OR The land may be graded or adjusted to suit the architectural or engineering requirements The architecture may be adopted to meet variations in the ground level so that the original surface is disturbed the least. Extensive alterations in the landform may lead tounstable conditions resulting in erosion, landslides, floods, and a complete destruction of ecosystem. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] P R I N C I P L E S O F G R A D I N G ◼ –Keep unwanted water from entering a building. ◼ –Keep surface run off from creating damage to property or people during periods of heavy rainfall and subsequent runoff. ◼ –To accommodate the structure on 1.The ground surface must be suitable for the intended purpose or use. 2.The visual result should be pleasing. 3.The result of any grading must have positive drainage. 4.The grading plans should attempt to keep new levels as close as possible to the original state of the land. 5.When ground is reshaped it should be done positively and at the scale of the machinery. 6.Top soil must be conserved wherever possible. 7.The quantity of cut should be approximately equal to the quantity of the fill. site with disturbing the site to minimum. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] ⚫ Cut and fill ⚫ Stepped construction ⚫ Minimize earth work during construction ⚫ Relations of floors to contours ⚫ Stacking of spaces in relation to contours ⚫ Height of spaces in relation to views Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] site planning strategies on gradients 1. Plain / flat ground Easy construction, excavation, marking, etc. Drainage problem – stagnation. 2. Sloping ground 0.5% to 10% - best suited for construction > 25% - undesirable Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Sloping towards road Sloping away from road Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] Undulating ground ⚫ Levelling ⚫ Split-level construction Elevated site ⚫ Good view ⚫ Fresh air & sunlight ⚫ No foundation & drainage problem ⚫ Chances of erosion due to water and soil slippage ◼ Low lying area ⚫ No light &air ⚫ Fog ⚫ Water stagnation ⚫ Remains wet and spongy for long periods ⚫ No view Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus ⚫ Undesirable site.

[Audio] Construction on sloped sites Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.

[Audio] construction on sloped sites The terrain determines the house type. Ar.Krithika R, M.Arch, (Ph.D), Assistant Professor, SAID, SRMIST, KTR Campus.