Principles of Osteology, Arthrology, Myology and Kinesiology

[Audio] Principles of Osteology, Arthrology, Myology and Kinesiology Topic 2 | Gross Anatomy of the Upper Limb Lecturer: Inikoro Charity, Department of Human Anatomy Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Delta State Welcome. Introduce yourself: Inikoro Charity, Department of Human Anatomy, Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Delta State. This lecture is Topic 2 of Gross Anatomy of the Upper Limb for 200-level Medical Laboratory Science and Pharmacology students..

[Audio] Learning objectives 1 Classify bones and describe the parts of a long bone 2 Classify joints and describe the features of a synovial joint 4 Define kinesiology and the lever system in the body 3 Describe muscle types and how muscles produce movement Read the four objectives aloud. Each one matches a part of the lecture: osteology, arthrology, myology and kinesiology..

[Audio] Lecture outline Osteology The study of bones Arthrology The study of joints Myology The study of muscles Kinesiology The study of movement Osteology is the study of bones, arthrology of joints, myology of muscles, and kinesiology of movement. Together they explain how the limb moves..

[Audio] The human skeleton Upper limb: clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges Lower limb and pelvis: not studied here 206 bones in the adult Axial skeleton plus appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles). The adult skeleton has 206 bones. The axial skeleton is the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton is the limbs and their girdles. This course studies the upper limb, shown in red. This is a simplified diagram; every part is an editable shape..

[Audio] Functions of bone Support Forms the framework of the body Protection Protects organs, for example the ribs protect the lungs Movement Bones act as levers that muscles pull on Mineral storage Stores calcium and phosphate Blood cell formation Red marrow makes red cells, white cells and platelets Bone supports the body, protects organs, acts as levers for movement, stores calcium and phosphate, and makes blood cells in red marrow. Red marrow is why bone marrow samples matter in the laboratory..

[Audio] Classification of bones by shape Type Description Upper limb example Long Longer than wide, with a shaft and two ends Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges Short Roughly cube-shaped Carpal bones Flat Thin plates Scapula Irregular Complex shapes Vertebrae (not a limb bone) Sesamoid Small bones in tendons Pisiform Pisiform is a sesamoid bone in the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris. Most limb bones are long bones..

[Audio] Parts of a long bone Articular cartilage: covers the joint surface Epiphysis: the end; spongy bone with red marrow Epiphyseal plate: the growth plate in children Metaphysis: between the shaft and the epiphysis Periosteum: outer covering with blood and nerve supply Diaphysis: the shaft, made of compact bone Diaphysis is the shaft. Epiphyses are the ends. The epiphyseal plate is the growth plate in children. The metaphysis lies between shaft and epiphysis. The periosteum is the outer covering with blood and nerve supply. The medullary cavity holds marrow. Use the humerus as the example..

[Audio] Bone tissue and bone marrow Compact bone The dense, hard outer layer. Gives strength. Spongy (cancellous) bone The inner honeycomb. Light, and it holds red marrow. Red marrow Makes blood cells. In adults: flat bones and the ends of long bones. Yellow marrow Mostly fat. Fills the medullary cavity of adult long bones. Laboratory link: marrow aspirates and biopsies are examined in blood disorders. Compact bone is the dense outer layer. Spongy or cancellous bone is the inner honeycomb. In adults, red marrow is found mainly in flat bones and the ends of long bones. Yellow marrow fills the medullary cavity of adult long bones and stores fat. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are common laboratory investigations..

[Audio] Bone markings Marking Meaning Upper limb example Head Rounded end Head of the humerus Neck Narrow part below the head Surgical neck of the humerus Tubercle Small rounded bump Greater tubercle Tuberosity Large rough bump Radial tuberosity Epicondyle Bump above a condyle Medial epicondyle Fossa Shallow hollow Olecranon fossa Groove Long furrow Radial groove Process A projection Olecranon process Bone markings are landmarks where muscles attach, nerves run or joints form. Learn these terms now; you will meet them in every later topic..

[Audio] Arthrology: classes of joints Class Connected by Movement Example Fibrous Fibrous tissue Little or none Interosseous membrane of the forearm Cartilaginous Cartilage Slight Manubriosternal joint Synovial Joint cavity with synovial fluid Free Shoulder, elbow, wrist Remember: most joints of the upper limb that you will study are synovial joints. A joint, or articulation, is where two or more bones meet. Fibrous joints move little, cartilaginous joints move slightly, and synovial joints move freely..

[Audio] The synovial joint Bone Articular cartilage: smooth cover on the bone ends Joint cavity: holds the synovial fluid Joint capsule: fibrous layer outside, synovial membrane inside Ligament: joins bone to bone and strengthens the joint Features of a synovial joint: articular cartilage, joint capsule (fibrous layer and synovial membrane), synovial fluid, ligaments, and sometimes bursae, discs or menisci. Synovial fluid analysis is a routine laboratory test: urate crystals in gout, raised white cells in infection..

[Audio] Types of synovial joint Ball and socket Shoulder (glenohumeral): movement in all planes Hinge Elbow (humero-ulnar): flexion and extension Pivot Proximal radioulnar: pronation and supination Condyloid (ellipsoid) Wrist (radiocarpal) and metacarpophalangeal joints Saddle First carpometacarpal joint of the thumb: allows opposition Plane (gliding) Acromioclavicular and intercarpal joints Ball and socket: shoulder. Hinge: humero-ulnar. Pivot: proximal radioulnar. Condyloid: radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal. Saddle: first carpometacarpal, allowing opposition. Plane: acromioclavicular and intercarpal..

[Audio] Myology: types of muscle Muscle type Control Location Example Skeletal Voluntary Attached to bones Biceps brachii Smooth Involuntary Walls of vessels and gut Wall of the brachial artery Cardiac Involuntary Heart Not in the limb Laboratory and pharmacy link: creatine kinase rises in muscle injury; intramuscular injections go into large muscles such as the deltoid. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in the walls of vessels and the gut. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and found only in the heart. Muscle injury releases creatine kinase, which the laboratory measures. Intramuscular drugs are given into large, well-supplied muscles such as the deltoid and gluteal muscles..

[Audio] Parts of a skeletal muscle Belly (contractile) Origin: the fixed (proximal) attachment Belly: the contractile part Insertion: the movable (distal) attachment, usually by a tendon Tendon Joint Origin (fixed) Insertion (movable) Upper arm bone Forearm bone The origin is the fixed or proximal attachment. The belly is the contractile part. The insertion is the movable or distal attachment, usually by a tendon. When the muscle contracts it pulls the insertion towards the origin. Example: biceps brachii..

[Audio] How muscles work together Agonist (prime mover) The main muscle producing a movement Antagonist Opposes the movement Synergist Assists the prime mover Fixator Stabilises a bone or joint Example, elbow flexion: biceps brachii is the agonist, triceps is the antagonist and brachialis is a synergist. In elbow flexion, biceps brachii is the agonist, triceps is the antagonist and brachialis is a synergist. The deltoid and rotator cuff muscles act as fixators at the shoulder..

[Audio] Kinesiology: lever systems First class: fulcrum in the middle Second class: load in the middle Third class: effort in the middle E L L L F F E E Nodding the head; triceps extending the elbow Standing on tiptoe Biceps flexing the elbow. The most common type. Kinesiology explains how bones, joints and muscles work together. Bone is the lever, joint is the fulcrum and muscle is the effort. Third-class levers are the most common in the body..

[Audio] The elbow: a lever in your body Fulcrum: the elbow joint Effort: biceps brachii, pulling near the elbow Load: weight of the forearm and anything held Class: third class, so movement is wide and fast Load: weight in the hand Elbow (fulcrum) Effort: biceps pulls Elbow flexion is a third-class lever. The fulcrum is the elbow joint. The effort is the biceps pulling close to the elbow. The load is the weight of the forearm and anything held in the hand. Because the effort is between fulcrum and load, movement is wide and fast but needs more force..

[Audio] Putting it together Bone Acts as the lever Joint Acts as the fulcrum Muscle Provides the effort Range of motion depends on joint shape, ligament tightness and muscle strength. Next topic: the pectoral region, breast, axilla and shoulder. Bone, joint and muscle work as one unit. The range of motion depends on joint shape, ligament tightness and muscle strength..

[Audio] Relevance and review questions Why it matters to you Review questions Bone marrow, synovial fluid and muscle enzymes (creatine kinase) are common laboratory samples and tests. Drugs for arthritis, osteoporosis and muscle relaxation act on these tissues. Intramuscular injections go into large muscles such as the deltoid. List the parts of a long bone. Classify joints and give one upper limb example of each type of synovial joint. Differentiate between agonist, antagonist, synergist and fixator. Explain why elbow flexion is a third-class lever. Name four functions of bone. Bone marrow, synovial fluid and muscle enzymes are common laboratory investigations. Drugs for arthritis, osteoporosis and muscle relaxation act on these tissues..

[Audio] References: Topic 2 Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 9th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2022. (Introduction: skeletal system, joints, muscle tissue) Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2019. (Chapter 1) Snell RS. Clinical Anatomy by Regions. 9th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. (Chapter 1: Introduction) Tortora GJ, Derrickson B. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 15th ed. Wiley; 2017. (Chapters 6, 9, 10 and 11) Standring S, ed. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 42nd ed. Elsevier; 2020. Textbook references for this topic. Please confirm edition numbers against the copies in your library..