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Group   2 CALISPA  ALBÁN ESTEFANÍA ALEJANDRA CANGO  QUEVEDO CINTHYA ELIZABETH  CARVAJAL  GUAITARILLA  LIRIA  ESTEFANIA CISNEROS  GUARNIZO  JANETH  MONSERRATH

Qualitative   Research  In  Education   NRC  4336

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What is ethnography? Ethnography is the study of social interactions,  behaviours , and perceptions that occur within groups, teams,  organisations , and communities. (Reeves, Cooper & Hodges, 2008)

key features According to Eriksson and  Kovalainen  (2008), there are some key characteristics that must be taken into account in ethnographic research.

Key  elements  of  ethnographic   research Ethnographic   research   entails : • An interest in cultures, cultural understanding • Looking at the culture from the ‘inside’, with the emic perspective;	  • Being attentive to language practices; • Being close to the field and collecting first-hand experience.

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Ethnography allows observing, studying customs in certain areas of geography. In addition, with an impartial vision of the environment, it is possible to discover the problems of society (poverty, racism, economic problems, education, others), as well as to propose solutions.

Observation. Collect as much information as possible in the social framework to be investigated. Description. Detail what is observed in a document (written, visual, sound) Analysis. The information obtained and recorded must be compared, understood and made relevant conclusions, both on a small and large scale.

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You get direct access to culture. Learn first-hand about people's behavior and interactions. The analysis makes it possible to predict the consequences of encounters between civilizations. It is holistic in nature. Your data is contextualized. Various ways are used to collect information.

The disadvantages of ethnography we must highlight:

The researcher is required to spend a lot of time in the area to be studied. The researcher must be accepted in society. The nature of the research makes data collection unpredictable.

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David, H. B. (2008).  Qualitative   research   methodologies :  ethnography . Recuperado el 19 de June de 2021, de https:// www.academia.edu /900971/ Qualitative_research_methodologies_ethnography Estela, R. M. (21 de  July  de 2020).  Concepto de  etnografia .  Recuperado el 19 de June  de 2021, de https:// concepto.de / etnografia / Grecia., C. (2018).  Etnografía.  Recuperado el 19 de June de 2021, de https:// www.euston96.com / etnografia /

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¿how to carry out research in phenomenology?

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typical results not always accepted by policymakers

subjectivity can involve low credibility pure bracketing

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Ayala, R. (2008). The phenomenological-hermeneutical methodology of M. Van Manen in the field of educational research. Possibilities and first experiences. Research Journal, 26 (2), 409-430. Recovered from:  http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2307-79992019000100010  Remeyni, D., Williams, B., Money, A. & Swartz, E. (1998) “Doing Research in Business and Management: Una Introducción al Proceso y Método” Sage Publications, p.97

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Grounded   theory  (GT)  is  a  systematic  and flexible  methodology  in  the  social  sciences .  It   focuses   on   theory   generation ,  which   is   supported   by  data  that   have   been   methodically   collected  and  analyzed .

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Data and  collection   analysis   Occur   simultaneously . Categories  and  analytic   codes  are  developed   from  data.  Abstract   categories  are  constructed   inductively .  Theoretical   sampling   is   used   to  refine  categories .  Social  processes  are  discovered  in  the  data.  Analytical  memos are  used   between   coding  and  writing   framework .  Categories  are  integrated   into  a  theoretical . Involves  a  comparative   strategy   for   discovering   grounded   theory .

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Is   designed   to  be usable in  the   context   of  a  variety   of   theoretical   approaches  ( ScienceDirect , 2019). Modify   existing   theories   from   different   perspectives . Expand   on   or   uncover   differences   from   what   is   already   known   about  a  theory .

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Develop   research   question Begin data  collection Code   of  data:  Give   each  line  of  data a  code   or   label   to  describe  its   content . Category   development   based   on   coding Theoretical   sampling   of  new  sorts   of  data  to  test  developing  ideas. Test  hypothesis   based   on   the   theory   which   developed   above Test ideas in  other   settings   to   see   whether   the   theory   works  in  these

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Advantages disadvantages Provide   for   intuitive  appeal  Foster  creativity   Strengthen   the   conceptualisation   Use a  systematic   approach   to  data análisis Provide   for  data  depth  &  richness Involve  and  exhaustive   process   Can  fall   into   methodological   errors   Review   the   literature   without   developing   assumptions Use  multiple   approaches   to  GT Cover   limited   generalizability

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Alarcón, A.; Munera, L. & Montes, A. (2016). La Teoría Fundamentada en el Marco de la Investigación Educativa.  Retrieved   from   https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6069707

Chun  Tie , Y.;  Birks , M. & Francis, K. (2019).  Grounded   theory   research : A  design   framework   for   novice   researchers .  Retrieved   from   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6318722/

Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE

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 Ayala, R. (2008). The phenomenological-hermeneutical methodology of M. Van Manen in the field of educational research. Possibilities and first experiences. Research Journal, 26 (2), 409-430. Recovered from:  http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2307-79992019000100010  Remeyni, D., Williams, B., Money, A. & Swartz, E. (1998) “Doing Research in Business and Management: Una Introducción al Proceso y Método” Sage Publications, p.97

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 Alarcón, A.; Munera, L. & Montes, A. (2016). La Teoría Fundamentada en el Marco de la Investigación Educativa.  Retrieved   from   https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6069707

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 Chun  Tie , Y.;  Birks , M. & Francis, K. (2019).  Grounded   theory   research : A  design   framework   for   novice   researchers .  Retrieved   from   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6318722/