Technology in Action

Technology in Action. Eighteenth Edition. Front Cover: Technology in Action Eighteenth Edition by Evans, Martin and Poatsy.

[Audio] Computer literacy is the first step towards achieving these learning objectives. It refers to the ability to effectively use computers and other digital technologies to access, evaluate, and communicate information. This includes basic skills such as typing, using a mouse, and navigating through menus, as well as more advanced skills like creating documents, spreadsheets, and presentations. In today's digital age, computer literacy is essential for success in both personal and professional settings..

[Audio] Additional learning objectives related to artificial intelligence and ethics in technology include understanding the main goals of technology and its role in shaping various industries. Artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies play a crucial role in a wide range of careers, providing insights into potential career opportunities in this field. Ethics involve moral principles and values guiding decisions and actions, especially in a world where technology is challenging ethical boundaries. Personal ethics are shaped by factors such as upbringing, cultural backgrounds, and societal norms. Real-life examples illustrate how technology creates ethical challenges, broadening perspectives and equipping individuals with critical thinking skills to navigate these challenges. The world of technology and artificial intelligence is constantly evolving, requiring a responsibility to understand and navigate its impact on ethics and society..

[Audio] Social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have revolutionized the way people interact and communicate with each other. They provide a platform for individuals to share their thoughts, ideas, and experiences with a vast audience. Moreover, these platforms have enabled people to come together and form communities around common interests and causes. For instance, crisis-mapping tools can collect and display real-time data, allowing people to stay informed about critical situations and respond accordingly. This instant accessibility of information has been instrumental in facilitating collective action and promoting social change. By harnessing the power of social media, people can now mobilize support, raise awareness, and drive positive outcomes on a global scale..

[Audio] The rapid spread of diseases like COVID-19 underscores the significance of scientific collaboration and innovation in today's interconnected world. Computational models and simulations are crucial for the development of vaccines and treatments, enabling researchers to analyze complex data and identify patterns. Scientific visualization tools help scientists create visual representations of data, making it easier to spot trends and correlations. This facilitates the discovery of effective solutions, such as antibody tests and vaccines. Computationally intensive modeling software allows researchers to simulate various scenarios, predict outcomes, and optimize strategies. By leveraging these technologies, scientists can respond more effectively to emerging health crises, ultimately saving lives and reducing economic impacts..

[Audio] The digital divide refers to a significant disparity in the levels of Internet access and the availability of technical tools across different regions of the world. The digital divide hinders our ability to tap into the collective intelligence of the globe, thereby limiting our capacity to address the world's challenges effectively..

[Audio] Technology has transformed the way people interact and collaborate with each other. The emergence of web applications has enabled anyone to become a creator of the web, leading to the development of Web 2.0. This iteration offers novel features and functionalities that allow users to easily contribute content and connect with others. Individuals can now collaborate across international borders with a single click. This phenomenon has resulted in cognitive surplus, which is the combination of leisure time and creative tools. People can utilize these resources to tap into their full potential and work together towards shared objectives..

[Audio] Connecting with others is not only about sharing our own ideas but also about supporting others' dreams. This can be done in various ways, including crowdfunding, where individuals can contribute small amounts of money towards a project or cause they believe in. By doing so, we can help bring new ideas and innovations to life, and create opportunities for others to succeed..

[Audio] Consumer behavior is undergoing significant changes due to technological advancements. This shift impacts both purchase decision-making processes and the methods used to make those purchases. The rise of influencers, individuals with large followings on platforms such as YouTube and extensive engagement with their audiences, plays a vital role in shaping consumer preferences and purchasing habits. Marketers are becoming increasingly aware of the concept of crowdsourcing, which involves leveraging the collective wisdom of the crowd through online feedback and reviews. This phenomenon enables businesses to gather valuable insights and make informed decisions regarding product development and marketing strategies. By adopting these trends, companies can gain a deeper understanding of their target markets and tailor their offerings to meet evolving consumer needs..

[Audio] In today's society, the concept of ownership is undergoing significant changes due to advancements in technology. Traditional notions of purchasing items such as cars and bicycles are giving way to subscription-based models. This shift towards collaborative consumption is driven by the desire to utilize resources more efficiently. Companies like ZipCar and Citi Bike have pioneered this approach by offering shared transportation options. By pooling resources, individuals can access these services without the burden of individual ownership. Furthermore, platforms like TaskRabbit, Airbnb, and Uber/Lyft facilitate peer-to-peer transactions, allowing people to share goods and services in a more streamlined manner. These developments reflect a broader trend towards embracing the sharing economy, where collective efforts enable more effective use of resources..

[Audio] To fully appreciate the content presented here, it's essential to have the necessary software installed on our computers. Specifically, if there are any mathematical equations in this presentation, you'll need to ensure that your computer has the MathType Plugin, Math Player, and NVDA Reader installed. These tools will enable you to view and interact with the equations effectively. Now, let's discuss what it means to be computer literate. This concept encompasses understanding the capabilities and limitations of computers, as well as knowing how to use them safely and efficiently. In today's digital age, having these skills is crucial for navigating the vast array of information available online and making informed decisions about how to utilize technology in our daily lives..

[Audio] To be a savvy computer user and consumer, one must understand the importance of protecting their privacy while online. This includes avoiding hackers and viruses, understanding the real risks associated with sharing personal information, and using the web wisely to avoid online annoyances. Additionally, having the ability to maintain, upgrade, and troubleshoot a computer is crucial in today's digital age. Keeping up-to-date with the latest technologies and trends is also essential to stay ahead in the field. By possessing these skills, individuals can effectively navigate the complexities of the digital world and make informed decisions about their online activities..

[Audio] Artificial intelligence refers to systems or machines that perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence. This encompasses a range of abilities, including acquiring and applying knowledge and skills, experiences, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and utilizing language. These capabilities enable AI systems to mimic human-like intelligence, making them increasingly sophisticated and versatile tools. By understanding these basics, we can better appreciate the potential applications and implications of artificial intelligence in our daily lives and professional pursuits..

[Audio] Intelligence refers to the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. Sociologists highlight several key characteristics that enable humans to exhibit intelligence, including learning from experiences, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and the use of language. Meanwhile, artificial intelligence is a field within computer science focused on developing computer systems or machines capable of performing tasks typically associated with human intelligence. These tasks include natural language processing, perception, knowledge representation, planning, and problem-solving..

[Audio] Functional AI systems depend on three main areas of research: expert systems, artificial neural networks, and machine learning. Expert systems are computer programs that mimic the expertise of human professionals, enabling them to make informed decisions and give recommendations. Artificial neural networks, modeled after the structure of the human brain, comprise interconnected nodes or neurons that process and transmit information. Machine learning allows systems to examine patterns within data, draw conclusions, and adjust their responses accordingly, without needing explicit programming. Additionally, deep learning is a subset of machine learning where systems learn from their errors, similar to how humans learn through trial and error. These developments collectively contribute to the advanced features of contemporary AI systems..

[Audio] Businesses employ a technique known as data mining, which involves the process of searching large volumes of data in an effort to identify a pattern. This process permits managers to scrutinize consumer purchasing habits and formulate well-informed decisions regarding pricing and product offerings. For example, if a manager establishes that reducing the price of a product results in heightened sales, they can implement this tactic across all outlets. Data mining empowers retailers to rapidly adjust to shifts in consumer behavior and preferences..

[Audio] Artificial intelligence is transforming various industries, enabling them to operate more efficiently and effectively. Credit card processors and banks utilize AI systems to scrutinize vast amounts of transactional data, thereby identifying potential instances of fraud. This application of AI has significantly enhanced the security measures in place within these sectors. The transportation industry has been utilizing autopilot systems on commercial aircraft for several years now, and it's anticipated that autonomous vehicles will become increasingly prevalent in the near future. Numerous robots are being employed in industrial settings to undertake hazardous, repetitive, or mundane tasks, thus freeing up personnel to focus on higher-value activities. These developments underscore the profound impact of artificial intelligence on modern society..

[Audio] Computer technology plays a vital role in education. Intelligent personal assistants are one of the key applications of computer technology in education. They help students with their individualized learning plans, ensuring they receive tailored support throughout their academic journey. The assistants can also significantly accelerate the grading process, freeing up instructors to focus on more critical aspects of teaching. Moreover, intelligent personal assistants are used as plagiarism checkers, aiding educators in identifying instances of intellectual dishonesty. By utilizing these advanced tools, educational institutions can improve the overall learning experience while promoting academic integrity..

[Audio] Computers are increasingly being used in police cars and crime labs to aid in solving crimes. Facial reconstruction systems allow for the creation of a digital image of a face from a skull, facilitating quicker identification. Computer forensics is becoming a vital tool in fighting modern crime. This specialized field involves analyzing computer systems using specific techniques to collect potential legal evidence..

[Audio] Artificial intelligence is transforming the field of medicine in various ways. AI can aid doctors in diagnosing conditions they're not familiar with, making it easier to provide accurate diagnoses. AI is being integrated directly into patient information systems, allowing healthcare professionals to access and manage patient data more efficiently. AI is being utilized to design and construct prosthetic devices, enhancing the quality of life for individuals requiring these devices. These advancements demonstrate the significant impact of artificial intelligence on medical practices and patient care..

[Audio] Researchers have developed a system called M A C H, My Automated Conversation CoacH, to help individuals with autism improve their interpersonal skills. This system generates an on-screen character that can engage in conversations such as a job interview or a first date. Another area of research involves affective computing, which enables computers to recognize and simulate human emotions. Additionally, engineers are working to enhance computer processing speeds. Furthermore, psychologists and computer scientists are collaborating to gain a deeper understanding of human behavior..

[Audio] Ethics is the study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices individuals make. Laws are formal, written standards designed to apply to everyone. Unethical behavior is not conforming to a set of approved standards of behavior. Amoral behavior occurs when a person has no sense of right and wrong..

[Audio] To determine your personal ethics, start by reflecting on who you are, what your values are, and what kind of person you want to be. This reflection may involve considering your background, experiences, and relationships. Identify the key principles that guide your decisions and actions, such as honesty, fairness, respect for others, and responsibility. Consider the external influences that shape your thoughts and behaviors, including cultural norms, religious beliefs, societal expectations, and the media. Evaluate these influences critically and assess whether they align with your personal values. Develop a clear statement of your values that accurately represents your understanding of what matters most to you. This will enable you to navigate complex situations and make choices that align with your principles. Through this process, you will cultivate a stronger sense of self and a clearer direction for your life..

[Audio] Intellectual property is work that results from someone's creativity and knowledge. This encompasses original ideas, designs, inventions, music, literature, art, and other forms of creative expression. It is safeguarded by copyright law, which grants creators exclusive rights over their work. These rights comprise the right to reproduce, distribute, and display the work, as well as create derivative works based on it. Patents and trademarks also contribute to the protection of intellectual property, with patents covering novel and innovative inventions and trademarks identifying distinctive brand names and logos. As technology advances and information becomes more accessible, the management and privacy of information will remain a sensitive equilibrium between individuals, organizations, and governments. This equilibrium is vital for preserving trust and ensuring that people have control over their own data and creations..

[Audio] Technology plays a significant role in addressing various social justice issues in today's society. Predictive policing is one example, where data from multiple sources is collected, analyzed, and utilized to anticipate and prevent future crimes. This approach aims to improve community safety and reduce criminal activity. However, another social justice concern arises when sensitive information, such as military and government secrets, is made publicly accessible through leaks like WikiLeaks. This raises questions about accountability and liability. The increasing use of 3D printing has led to concerns about quality control, as these printed items may not meet safety standards. Online content regulation also varies significantly across countries, resulting in differing policies on website blocking. These examples highlight the complexities and challenges associated with balancing individual rights with the need for security and public protection..

[Audio] In the modern world, we are witnessing the emergence of hacktivism, where individuals utilize computers and computer networks in a subversive manner. This can manifest itself through denial-of-service attacks, which essentially flood a website or network with traffic to render it inaccessible. Let us shift our attention to another aspect of technology - the integration of advanced robotic systems in vehicles. These systems aim to exert control over the vehicle, thereby enhancing safety and efficiency while driving. Nevertheless, when it comes to the ethical limitations governing these machines, we encounter a predicament. Envision yourself at the helm of an autonomous automobile, confronted with a distressing decision: you could apply the brakes, acknowledging that you will still collide with the school bus ahead, steer into oncoming traffic, or veer off onto the adjacent side into a tree. Who should determine what transpires next? Should it be the manufacturer, the government, or possibly the driver themselves? As we navigate this intricate terrain, we must take into account the moral implications of our actions and the potential repercussions they may have on society..