[Audio] Good morning everyone! Today we are going to explore the connections and transformations that have deeply shaped our global world. We will look at the growth of transportation and communication technologies, as well as the impacts of colonialism in the 19th century. Using this backdrop, we will focus on how goods like food, cotton, rubber, and spices traveled across the world. To start us off, let's take a closer look at this image of feathers to open up a conversation about the connections between our global past and present.. 

Scene 1

[Audio] Globalization has been a major influence in forming economies and the manner in which societies connect and communicate. With expanding interconnectivity, we are creating a globally-oriented world. The close up of feathers in this slide symbolizes this process, like a bird's feathers which originate from different parts of the world. The feathers can exemplify the motion of thoughts, goods and people worldwide. Globalization has had a deep influence on our current world and will continue to affect our future.. 

Scene 2

International Country Flags Globe - Flags - Mask | TeePublic

• Globalization is an economic system associated with the free movement of goods, technology, ideas and people across the globe.

[Audio] The Silk Routes were a series of trading routes connecting the East to the West, made up of both land and sea routes that stretched from the Far East to Europe and Northern Africa. Chinese silks, spices, and other goods traveled through these routes, allowing for a exchange of goods, cultures, and ideas throughout the pre-modern world. This exchange of goods and ideas had a significant impact on the world we live in today.. 

Scene 3

There are several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa.
→ Famous Chinese silk cargoes used to travel through these routes.

About the Silk Roads | Programa de las Rutas de la Seda

[Audio] Exploring how the global spread of food has changed our diets, we'll look at two iconic examples: spaghetti and potatoes. Noodles were known in China as early as 3000BC, however it was not until Marco Polo's travels in the 13th century that Italian pasta - what we know as spaghetti - was introduced to Europe. Similarly, many vegetables and grains that dominate global cuisine were only introduced to Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus' voyage to the New World. Cultural exchange after this period altered the way people consumed food, allowing different countries to sample flavors from around the world.. 

Scene 4

Easy Weeknight Spaghetti with Meat Sauce Recipe

Noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti.

• Common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus discovered Americas.

[Audio] Feathers are a perfect symbol of the journey we've taken toward creating a global world. The combination of different cultures throughout history, be it by conquest, disease, or trade, has had an immense impact. Precious metals from the mines of Peru and Mexico allowed Europe to trade with Asia. Meanwhile, the Spanish used smallpox to conquer the Americas. Even up until the 18th century, China and India were the wealthiest countries while Europe suffered from poverty and hunger. The blending of countries and cultures throughout history and the impacts of those events are both complex and far-reaching.. 

Scene 5

Peruvian Bracelet, Peruvian Jewelry, Peruvian Opal, Peruvian Opal Beads ...

• Precious metals from mines of Peru and Mexico enhanced European trade with Asia.

• The Spanish conquerors used the germs of smallpox in the conquest of America. • Until well into the eighteenth century, China and India were among the world’s richest countries.

• Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe.

[Audio] Good morning students. The slide you are viewing now shows a close-up of feathers. This image is symbolic of how the world was connected in the 19th century. In the late 18th century, growth in the population increased the demand for food grains. To cope with that demand, food was imported into Britain from other countries, mainly using railways and shipping. It was not only food that was imported, but also cotton, rubber, coal and other products. This connected the world in a new way, creating global trade networks. That is why this image of feathers is significant. Thank you.. 

Scene 6

Foodgrain production sees a new ‘high’ reveals data from Ministry

In the late eighteenth century, growth in the population increased the demand for food grains in Britain.

• The imported food into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.  Industrial growth took place in Britain which led to higher incomes meaning more food imports.

• It was transported by railway and by ships.

• Food is only an example. Products such as cotton, rubber, coal also had same fate.

[Audio] Today, we're going to explore the role of technology in an increasingly global world. Starting in the 19th century, inventions such as railways, steamships, and the telegraph revolutionized communication, transportation, and production. These advances enabled humans to go places and do things we previously couldn't, and this had huge implications for global trade and communication. One example of this was how the introduction of refrigerated ships enabled the slaughter and transportation of animals to Europe as frozen meat. This technology dramatically changed the foods we ate and how fast they could be transported around the world, and it helped to create a more globalized world.. 

Scene 7

In-depth: Time Consciousness and Discipline in the Industrial ...

The railways, steamships, the telegraph were important inventions that transformed nineteenth-century world.

• After the introduction of new technology, namely, refrigerated ships animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point and then transported to Europe as frozen meat.

[Audio] The late 1800s saw a significant shift in the makeup of the world. European powers went out in search of new colonies, claiming vast swathes of Asia and Africa for imperial rule. As a result, Belgium and Germany began to become colonial powers in their own right, while the USA found itself in the position of a colonial power in the late 1890s, taking over a number of colonies formerly held by Spain. Clearly, this period is an important one in the making of today's global world.. 

Scene 8

age of exploration colonial maps - Google Search | World history ...

European conquests of Asia and Africa as colonies.

• Belgium and Germany became new colonial powers.

• The US became a colonial power in the late 1890s by taking over some colonies earlier held by Spain.

[Audio] This slide features a close up of feathers - a physical reminder of the very real consequences of the cattle plague of the late 1880s. The cattle plague, known as Rinderpest, spread quickly through Africa as a result of imported cattle from British Asia. This spread had a devastating impact on African livestock, with some areas losing up to 90 percent of their cattle. This, in turn, had a profound effect on the political landscape of the continent, as the colonial governments used the opportunity to increase their power and force Africans into the labour market.. 

Scene 9

Rinderpest is a fast spreading cattle plague which hit Africa in the late 1880s.

• It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia and destroyed 90 percent of the livestock. The colonial governments now strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market.

[Audio] Feathers can be symbols of freedom. They represent the ability of flight, of moving, of journey - something that so many people have been unable to do throughout history. This slide focuses on the history of Indentured Labour Migration from India. In the 19th century, thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went abroad to work in plantations, mines, and other infrastructure projects. Often, agents providing false information about the work and the destination. When they arrived, the labourers experienced harsh living and working conditions. This practice was abolished in 1921.. 

Scene 10

Indentured Labour was a bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer.

• In the nineteenth century, thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway construction projects around the world.  Recruitment was done by agents by providing false information about the work and location.

• On arrival at the plantations, labourers found living and working conditions harsh.

• It was abolished in 1921.

Indian Independence in 1947: Seeing Partition In a New Way | Time.com

[Audio] Indian entrepreneurs played an important role abroad before the Industrial Revolution in England. The Nattukottai and the Chettiars created a strong business system by financing the export of agriculture to Central and South-East Asia while also following the Europeans to Africa. Unfortunately, due to the Industrial Revolution, Indian handicraft and agriculture industries were damaged, leading to an imbalanced trade advantage in Britain's favor with increased exports and decreased imports.. 

Scene 11

History of the Nattukottai Chettiars | Chettinad History | Chidambara Vilas

• Indian entrepreneurs, some bankers like Nattukottai and Chettiars financed export of agriculture to Central and South-East Asia.
→ They even followed the Europeans to Africa. • Industrial Revolution in England changed the balance of trade between England and India.

• Indian handicraft and agriculture were destroyed and Britain enjoyed a trade surplus with
India.
→ Their exports increased and imports decreased.

[Audio] Feathers are an integral part of birds, being both lightweight and strong to help them embark on long journeys of thousands of kilometers for their annual migrations. In the same manner, the period between the First and Second World Wars was a critically defining period for the global economy. In this period, the United States experienced major changes, transforming from an international debtor into an international creditor. This shift allowed the US to become a world leader in the economy, setting the groundwork for a global economy.. 

Scene 12

The First World war was the first modern industrial war.

• During the war, industries were restructured to produce war-related goods. The war transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor.

100 years | Battle of the somme, World war one, History war

[Audio] It is clear that after the war ended, the world was presented with a new future. Production had decreased and unemployment had risen, so countries had to find alternative methods to establish economic growth and stability. In this presentation, we will be examining the measures taken to aid in the post-war recuperation and the reconstruction of a bruised world.. 

Scene 13

After the war was over, the production reduced and unemployment increased.

Post WW1 Worldwide Great Depression timeline | Timetoast timelines

[Audio] In the 1920s, a massive surge in economy and mass production and consumption occurred. Henry Ford played a key role in this, introducing an 'assembly line' system. This approach enabled goods to be manufactured rapidly and cost-effectively, causing prices to decrease. This had a tremendous impact on globalisation, as it enabled items to be produced and consumed on an immense scale.. 

Scene 14

Scenes From the Assembly Line at the Ford River Rouge Plant | Motorlands

In the US, war recovery was quicker.

• ‘Assembly line’ method introduced by Henry Ford soon spread to the US and were also widely copied in Europe in the 1920s.

• Mass production lowered the costs and prices of engineered goods.

[Audio] The Great Depression of 1929 had a far-reaching impact on the global economy. The 1930s saw the closure of businesses, banks, and loss of employment, resulting in a period of unrest and hardship. Nevertheless, it was a pivotal moment in economic history, as it served as the catalyst for the introduction of concepts such as free trade and international collaboration, in an effort to address the economic hardship and bring about a recovery.. 

Scene 15

Depression-era New York – History of New York City

There was a housing and consumer boom in the 1920s, which ultimately led to the Great Depression of 1929.

• Markets crashed in 1929 and led to the failure of banks and the crisis affected other countries.
→ By 1933, over 4000 banks closed and between 1929-32 about 110,000 companies collapsed.

[Audio] Exports and imports of India drastically decreased and prices dropped during the Great Depression. Jute growers from Bengal had to endure particularly harsh outcomes, leading to massive migration from villages to urban areas. This is only one example of far-reaching effects the Great Depression had on India.. 

Scene 16

THE GREAT DEPRESSION : 1929 | A Path for Indian Economic Crisis 2020 ...

India was also affected by the  Great  Depression.

• Indian exports and imports declined extensively, prices fell.

• Bengal jute growers suffered the most.

• Large scale migration took place from villages to towns and cities.

[Audio] The Second World War caused immense destruction, and afterwards the USA and the USSR established themselves as the two main superpowers. During the years that followed, they were integral in reconstructing the world economy and forming a post-war order. They both joined key international organizations, such as the United Nations and NATO, and worked to create a sustainable system for global collaboration and cooperation.. 

Scene 17

Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era

Cold War Stock Videos and Royalty-Free Footage - iStock

The Second World War broke out a mere two decades after the end of the First World War and once again, it led to destruction.

• After the USA and the USSR emerged as superpowers.

[Audio] In 1944, the post-war settlement held at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA, established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The IMF was created to address external surpluses and deficits of its member nations, while the World Bank was intended to finance post-war reconstruction. These two institutions provided the foundation for a more connected international economy, transitioning us away from economic isolationism.. 

Scene 18

Post-war Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions

The Decline of the Bretton Woods Institutions | The National Interest Blog

To ensure a stable economy a framework was agreed upon at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.

• It established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.

• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.

• The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was set up to finance post-war reconstruction.

[Audio] Feathers are an apt metaphor for the global world. They may be small and seemingly insignificant, but they form together to create a unique and strong organism. The same is true of the global world, which is made up of a large and complex network of different nations and organizations. In 1947, the Bretton Woods System established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, which allowed participating countries to link their national currencies to the American dollar at predetermined rates. Even today, major decisions at the IMF and World Bank are largely driven by the large industrial powers of the West, particularly the United States. Although the global system appears to be unified, it is built up of a diverse and intricate network of many different players.. 

Scene 19

Understanding IMF and the World Bank – Pakistan & Gulf Economist

The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations in 1947.

• Bretton Woods  System was based on a fixed exchange rate.

• National currencies were pegged to the American dollar at a fixed rate.

• Decision-making in these institutions is controlled by the Western industrial powers largely by the US.

[Audio] Decolonization and independence were key factors in the making of a global world. Supported by the United Nations Organization and the Non-Aligned Movement, many countries in Asia and Africa became independent nations. The Group of 77, or G-77, was then established by developing countries to demand a new international economic order, which was known as the New International Economic Order or NIEO and would give these countries real control over their natural resources, raw materials and manufactured goods in their markets. Meanwhile, multination companies, or MNCs, were established in the 1950s and 1960s and operated in several countries. This slide has hopefully given a better idea of how the world became a globalized place and the process of decolonization. Thank you for your attention.. 

Scene 20

Cuba inaugurará stand del G77 en Feria del Libro - Prensa Latina

Many countries in Asia and Africa became independent nations, supported by UNO and NAM. 
 • Group of 77 or G-77 was organised by developing countries to demand a new international economic order (NIEO) which would give these countries real control over their national resources, raw materials, manufactured goods in their markets. 
 • MNCs or multinational companies were established in the 1950s and 1960s and operated in several countries.





The Making of a Global World  


Scene 0

Today we are going to explore the connections and transformations that have deeply shaped our global world

We will look at the growth of transportation and communication technologies, as well as the impacts of colonialism in the 19th century

Using this backdrop, we will focus on how goods like food, cotton, rubber, and spices traveled across the world

To start us off, let's take a closer look at this image of feathers to open up a conversation about the connections between our global past and present.

avatar

Globalization has been a major influence in forming economies and the manner in which societies connect and communicate

With expanding interconnectivity, we are creating a globally-oriented world

The close up of feathers in this slide symbolizes this process, like a bird's feathers which originate from different parts of the world

The feathers can exemplify the motion of thoughts, goods and people worldwide

Globalization has had a deep influence on our current world and will continue to affect our future.

The Silk Routes were a series of trading routes connecting the East to the West, made up of both land and sea routes that stretched from the Far East to Europe and Northern Africa

Chinese silks, spices, and other goods traveled through these routes, allowing for a exchange of goods, cultures, and ideas throughout the pre-modern world

This exchange of goods and ideas had a significant impact on the world we live in today.

Exploring how the global spread of food has changed our diets, we'll look at two iconic examples

Noodles were known in China as early as 3000BC, however it was not until Marco Polo's travels in the 13th century that Italian pasta - what we know as spaghetti - was introduced to Europe

Similarly, many vegetables and grains that dominate global cuisine were only introduced to Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus' voyage to the New World

Cultural exchange after this period altered the way people consumed food, allowing different countries to sample flavors from around the world.

Feathers are a perfect symbol of the journey we've taken toward creating a global world

The combination of different cultures throughout history, be it by conquest, disease, or trade, has had an immense impact

Precious metals from the mines of Peru and Mexico allowed Europe to trade with Asia

Meanwhile, the Spanish used smallpox to conquer the Americas

Even up until the 18th century, China and India were the wealthiest countries while Europe suffered from poverty and hunger

The blending of countries and cultures throughout history and the impacts of those events are both complex and far-reaching.

The slide you are viewing now shows a close-up of feathers

This image is symbolic of how the world was connected in the 19th century

In the late 18th century, growth in the population increased the demand for food grains

To cope with that demand, food was imported into Britain from other countries, mainly using railways and shipping

It was not only food that was imported, but also cotton, rubber, coal and other products

This connected the world in a new way, creating global trade networks

That is why this image of feathers is significant

Today, we're going to explore the role of technology in an increasingly global world

Starting in the 19th century, inventions such as railways, steamships, and the telegraph revolutionized communication, transportation, and production

These advances enabled humans to go places and do things we previously couldn't, and this had huge implications for global trade and communication

One example of this was how the introduction of refrigerated ships enabled the slaughter and transportation of animals to Europe as frozen meat

This technology dramatically changed the foods we ate and how fast they could be transported around the world, and it helped to create a more globalized world.

The late 1800s saw a significant shift in the makeup of the world

European powers went out in search of new colonies, claiming vast swathes of Asia and Africa for imperial rule

As a result, Belgium and Germany began to become colonial powers in their own right, while the USA found itself in the position of a colonial power in the late 1890s, taking over a number of colonies formerly held by Spain

Clearly, this period is an important one in the making of today's global world.

This slide features a close up of feathers - a physical reminder of the very real consequences of the cattle plague of the late 1880s

The cattle plague, known as Rinderpest, spread quickly through Africa as a result of imported cattle from British Asia

This spread had a devastating impact on African livestock, with some areas losing up to 90 percent of their cattle

This, in turn, had a profound effect on the political landscape of the continent, as the colonial governments used the opportunity to increase their power and force Africans into the labour market.

They represent the ability of flight, of moving, of journey - something that so many people have been unable to do throughout history

This slide focuses on the history of Indentured Labour Migration from India

In the 19th century, thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went abroad to work in plantations, mines, and other infrastructure projects

Often, agents providing false information about the work and the destination

When they arrived, the labourers experienced harsh living and working conditions

Indian entrepreneurs played an important role abroad before the Industrial Revolution in England

The Nattukottai and the Chettiars created a strong business system by financing the export of agriculture to Central and South-East Asia while also following the Europeans to Africa

Unfortunately, due to the Industrial Revolution, Indian handicraft and agriculture industries were damaged, leading to an imbalanced trade advantage in Britain's favor with increased exports and decreased imports.

Feathers are an integral part of birds, being both lightweight and strong to help them embark on long journeys of thousands of kilometers for their annual migrations

In the same manner, the period between the First and Second World Wars was a critically defining period for the global economy

In this period, the United States experienced major changes, transforming from an international debtor into an international creditor

This shift allowed the US to become a world leader in the economy, setting the groundwork for a global economy.

It is clear that after the war ended, the world was presented with a new future

Production had decreased and unemployment had risen, so countries had to find alternative methods to establish economic growth and stability

In this presentation, we will be examining the measures taken to aid in the post-war recuperation and the reconstruction of a bruised world.

In the 1920s, a massive surge in economy and mass production and consumption occurred

Henry Ford played a key role in this, introducing an 'assembly line' system

This approach enabled goods to be manufactured rapidly and cost-effectively, causing prices to decrease

This had a tremendous impact on globalisation, as it enabled items to be produced and consumed on an immense scale.

The Great Depression of 1929 had a far-reaching impact on the global economy

The 1930s saw the closure of businesses, banks, and loss of employment, resulting in a period of unrest and hardship

Nevertheless, it was a pivotal moment in economic history, as it served as the catalyst for the introduction of concepts such as free trade and international collaboration, in an effort to address the economic hardship and bring about a recovery.

Exports and imports of India drastically decreased and prices dropped during the Great Depression

Jute growers from Bengal had to endure particularly harsh outcomes, leading to massive migration from villages to urban areas

This is only one example of far-reaching effects the Great Depression had on India.

The Second World War caused immense destruction, and afterwards the USA and the USSR established themselves as the two main superpowers

During the years that followed, they were integral in reconstructing the world economy and forming a post-war order

They both joined key international organizations, such as the United Nations and NATO, and worked to create a sustainable system for global collaboration and cooperation.

In 1944, the post-war settlement held at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA, established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank

The IMF was created to address external surpluses and deficits of its member nations, while the World Bank was intended to finance post-war reconstruction

These two institutions provided the foundation for a more connected international economy, transitioning us away from economic isolationism.

Feathers are an apt metaphor for the global world

They may be small and seemingly insignificant, but they form together to create a unique and strong organism

The same is true of the global world, which is made up of a large and complex network of different nations and organizations

In 1947, the Bretton Woods System established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, which allowed participating countries to link their national currencies to the American dollar at predetermined rates

Even today, major decisions at the IMF and World Bank are largely driven by the large industrial powers of the West, particularly the United States

Although the global system appears to be unified, it is built up of a diverse and intricate network of many different players.

Decolonization and independence were key factors in the making of a global world

Supported by the United Nations Organization and the Non-Aligned Movement, many countries in Asia and Africa became independent nations

The Group of 77, or G-77, was then established by developing countries to demand a new international economic order, which was known as the New International Economic Order or NIEO and would give these countries real control over their natural resources, raw materials and manufactured goods in their markets

Meanwhile, multination companies, or MNCs, were established in the 1950s and 1960s and operated in several countries

This slide has hopefully given a better idea of how the world became a globalized place and the process of decolonization