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THE LIVING WORLD. COMPLETE STUDY & LECTURE NOTES.
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UNDERSTANDING LIFE. DEFINING FEATURES & BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS.
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Complex Organization. Life is a unique, complex organization of molecules that expresses itself through biochemical reactions. These reactions lead to growth, development, responsiveness, and adaptation..
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Growth. Increase in mass & cell numbers. Observed in both living and non-living objects (external accumulation)..
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Twin Attributes of Growth. Why Growth is Non-Defining.
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Modes of Reproduction. Asexual: Fungal spores, budding (Yeast/Hydra), true regeneration (Planaria), and fragmentation (moss protonema, filamentous algae)..
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Chemical Machinery of Life. Thousands of biochemical reactions occur simultaneously inside every living cell. The sum total of these reactions is metabolism..
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The Basic Unit of Life. Defining Feature. Non-living things have molecular structures but lack any cellular architecture..
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100%. Defining Characteristic. Sensitivity to Environment.
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Property Nature of the Process Defining Property? Key Notes & Exceptions Growth Mass & number increase No Non-living objects show external accumulation (extrinsic growth). Reproduction Production of offspring No Absent in worker bees, mules, and infertile couples. Metabolism Biochemical reactions Yes Occurs continuously in all living cells without exception. Cellular Org. Cell-based structure Yes Cells are the minimum requirement for life to exist. Consciousness Sensing & responding Yes Universal; humans possess self-consciousness..
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DIVERSITY & TAXONOMY. EXPLORING BIODIVERSITY AND SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION.
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What is Biodiversity?. Biodiversity refers to the total number and types of organisms present on Earth. Every distinct organism represents a unique species..
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The Problem of Local Names. Organisms are called by different names in different languages and regions. Even within a single country, local names change frequently, creating massive confusion for global science..
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Identification. Describing an unknown organism correctly so that its position in an existing classification scheme can be determined..
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Father of Modern Taxonomy. Carolus Linnaeus popularized Binomial Nomenclature, a standard naming method that assigns a two-part scientific name to every organism..
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Botanical & Zoological Rules. Other Specialized Codes.
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Latin Origin & Italics: Biological names are written in Latin or are Latinized. They are printed in italics to show their Latin origin..
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TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY. SYSTEMATIC GROUPING FROM SPECIES TO KINGDOM.
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SPECIES. Basic unit; group of individuals with fundamental morphological similarities..
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Species. The fundamental unit of classification. A group of individual organisms with fundamental morphological similarities that can interbreed freely..
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Family & Order. Family: Characterized by both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. Example: Solanaceae family contains Solanum, Petunia, and Datura..
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Phylum / Division. Kingdom. The highest taxonomic category in the biological classification system..
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Common Name Biological Name Genus Family Order Class Phylum / Division Man Homo sapiens Homo Hominidae Primata Mammalia Chordata Housefly Musca domestica Musca Muscidae Diptera Insecta Arthropoda Mango Mangifera indica Mangifera Anacardiaceae Sapindales Dicotyledonae Angiospermae Wheat Triticum aestivum Triticum Poaceae Poales Monocotyledonae Angiospermae.
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Ascending Ranks & Similarity. As we move higher from Species to Kingdom in the hierarchy, the number of common characteristics decreases..
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Review Questions & Answers. NEET & BOARD EXAM HIGH-YIELD POINTS.