Topic 1 Introduction to Electronics

Topic 1 Introduction to Electronics. ECE 271 Electronic Circuits I.

Topic Goals. Explore the history of electronics. Describe classification of electronic signals. Introduce tolerance impacts and analysis..

1. The Subject of the Course. The subject of the course is modern electronics, or microelectronics. Microelectronics refers to the integrated-circuit (IC) technology IC – can contains hundreds of millions of components on a IC chip with the area of the order 100 sq. mm. Subject of study: - electronic components/devices that can be used singly (discrete circuits) - electronic components/devices that can be used as components of the IC.

2. Brief History. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov. Chap 1 - 4.

Electronics Milestones. Braun invents the solid-state rectifier ( using point contact based on lead sulphide ) DeForest invents triode vacuum tube. 1907-1927 First radio circuits developed from diodes and triodes. 1925 Lilienfeld field-effect device patent filed. Bardeen and Brattain at Bell Laboratories invent bipolar transistors. Commercial bipolar transistor production at Texas Instruments. Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley receive Nobel prize..

Evolution of Electronic Devices. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov.

Evolution of Electronic Devices. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov.

Microelectronics Proliferation. The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years ..

Microelectronics Proliferation. The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. Approximately 10 18 transistors were produced in a recent year..

Microelectronics Proliferation. The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. Approximately 10 18 transistors were produced in a recent year. To compare: Number of cells in a human body -.

Microelectronics Proliferation. The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. Approximately 10 18 transistors were produced in a recent year. To compare: Number of cells in a human body - 10 14.

Microelectronics Proliferation. The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. Approximately 10 18 transistors were produced in a recent year. To compare: Number of cells in a human body - 10 14 Number of seconds elapsed since Big Bang –.

Microelectronics Proliferation. The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. Approximately 10 18 transistors were produced in a recent year. To compare: Number of cells in a human body - 10 14 Number of seconds elapsed since Big Bang – 10 17.

Microelectronics Proliferation. The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. Approximately 10 18 transistors were produced in a recent year. To compare: Number of cells in a human body - 10 14 Number of seconds elapsed since Big Bang – 10 17 Number of ants in the world -.

Microelectronics Proliferation. The integrated circuit was invented in 1958. World transistor production has more than doubled every year for the past twenty years. Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years combined. Approximately 10 18 transistors were produced in a recent year. To compare: Number of cells in a human body - 10 14 Number of seconds elapsed since Big Bang – 10 17 Number of ants in the world - roughly 50 transistors for every ant in the world. * Source: Gordon Moore’s Plenary address at the 2003 International Solid State Circuits Conference..

Rapid Increase in Density of Microelectronics. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov.

Device Feature Size. Feature size reductions enabled by process innovations. Smaller features lead to more transistors per unit area and therefore higher density. SSI – small scale integration (< 10 2 ) MSI – medium SI (10 2- 10 3 ) LSI – large SI (10 3- 10 4 ) VLSI – very large SI (10 4- 10 9 ) ULSI & GSI– ultra large SI & giga-scale integration (> 10 9 ).

3. Types of Signals. Analog signals take on continuous values - typically current or voltage..

3. Types of Signals. Analog signals take on continuous values - typically current or voltage. Digital signals appear at discrete levels (do not confuse with discrete times)..

3. Types of Signals. Analog signals take on continuous values - typically current or voltage. Digital signals appear at discrete levels (do not confuse with discrete times). Usually we use binary signals with only two levels - One level is referred to as logical 1 and logical 0 is assigned to the other level. Typically: - was standard for many years - used now. Bipolar levels also exist.

Analog and Digital Signals. Analog signals usually are continuous in time and in values..

Analog and Digital Signals. Analog signals usually are continuous in time and in values..

Analog and Digital Signals. Sampled discrete time signal.

Analog and Digital Signals. Sampled discrete time signal.

Analog and Digital Signals. Sampled discrete time signal.

Analog and Digital Signals. Sampled discrete time signal.

Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion. NJIT ECE-271 Dr. S. Levkov.

Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion. The least significant bit (LSB) - the smallest possible binary number (smallest voltage change) is known as resolution of the converter..

Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion. The least significant bit (LSB) - the smallest possible binary number (smallest voltage change) is known as resolution of the converter. The most significant bit (MSB) -.

Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion. The least significant bit (LSB) - the smallest possible binary number (smallest voltage change) is known as resolution of the converter. The most significant bit (MSB) -.

Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion. The least significant bit (LSB) - the smallest possible binary number (smallest voltage change) is known as resolution of the converter. The most significant bit (MSB) - Then for an n-bit D/A converter, the output voltage is expressed as:.

Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion. The least significant bit (LSB) - the smallest possible binary number (smallest voltage change) is known as resolution of the converter. The most significant bit (MSB) - Then for an n-bit D/A converter, the output voltage is expressed as:.

Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion. The least significant bit (LSB) - the smallest possible binary number (smallest voltage change) is known as resolution of the converter. The most significant bit (MSB) - Then for an n-bit D/A converter, the output voltage is expressed as:.

Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion. Analog input voltage V x is converted to the nearest n -bit number that represent V O - the closest (WRT to the accuracy = V LSB /2) value to the V x Output is approximation of input due to the limited resolution of the n-bit output. Error is expressed as:.

A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic (input-output).

A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic (input-output).

A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic (input-output).

A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic (input-output).

A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic (input-output).

A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic (input-output).

A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic (input-output).

A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic (input-output).

A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic (input-output).

A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic (input-output).

A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic (input-output).

A/D Converter Transfer Characteristic (input-output).

4. Notational Conventions. In many circuits the signal will be a combination of the dc and time varying values. Total signal = DC bias + time varying signal Resistance and conductance - R and G with same subscripts will denote reciprocal quantities. Most convenient form will be used within expressions..

5. Circuit Theory Review: Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits.

5. Circuit Theory Review: Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits.

5. Circuit Theory Review: Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits.