RISE OF POPULISM IN 21st CENTURY IN PAKISTAN part 2

7 Moreover, the current Government of Imran khan is also the result of Populism. However, the feathers of Populism are found in opposition too6. During the government of Nawaz Sharif Imran khan did different protests, targeted and criticized the structure particularly the role of elite and ruling class just like Zulfiqar Ali Butto did it in 1970. Furthermore, he talked about the independence of media and freedom from military influence in government affairs. He gave the vision of Naya-Pakistan to an ordinary man and that vision was backed by the Media and resultantly, he emerged as a populist leader in 2018 elections. There was one thing through which he might be pressurized and that was religion. In order to minimize this threat, he introduced the concept of State of Madina which legitimized him in religious sphere. This is the fact that in Pakistan religion is the only dominant factor which can legitimizes even unconstitutionally acts. The influence of religion and the pressure of religious parties are proved from the history of Pakistan. According to Prof.Ayesha Jalal “In a defining moment for Pakistan, the national assembly unanimously passed an amendment to the constitution on September 7, 1974, pronouncing the Ahmadis a minority. Declaring Ahmadis non-Muslims laid the basis for an exclusionary idea of citizenship, undermining the Pakistani nation-state’s commitment to equal rights of citizenship”(Rastogi, 2021). 2.2 WHY POPULISM CAN SURVIVE THE PANDEMIC. In the Article “Why Populism can survive the Pandemic” the writer explain rise of Populism root causes in Europe in a very sophisticated way. For instance, he mentions the names of some of the leaders to whom he calls the Populist leaders or either authoritarian leaders. Among those leaders, Bolsonaro, Johnson, Salvini, Trump, Erdogan, Le Pen, Modi, Putin etc. According to him, in the above mentioned leaders some have authoritative streaks and some other using populism to consolidate Power. However, some will remain in power while other would leave because of their disastrous management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Looking to the governance of the above mentioned leaders during COVID-19, there is a greater chance that this evil of Populism may swift away from the world politics. However, there are also some other factors which are giving continuous energy to this motto of populism in Europe and some of them are discussed below. Most of the Europeans think that Populism get energy due to external crises that have hit the continent over the past ten years. Among all those crises, the impacts of 2008 financial crises on the Eurozone,7 that did not portray good impression on the Euro. Secondly, the problem of Refugees influx from 2015 to 2016 to the Europe which felt the threat of loss of 6 It means that Nawaz Sharif and his party are also consider as Populist Party in Punjab. 7 Eurozone was financial and debt crises in Europe..

8 identity among Europeans also made the environment feasible for the rise of Populism in Europe. Europeans scholars thought about these issues and they reached to a point that if the rise of Populism is because of immigration issue and loss of identity, so, by making policy for emigrants and creation of jobs will erode the evil of Populism. However, this interpretation is wrong. The reason is that the voters’ votes for populist leaders do not think about their policy performance. Actually, the populist politicians common claim to justify the will of people, remove the possibility that they might do any mistake and lastly they attack on the elite people. Therefore, the main question is that how populism is threat to democracy? Answer of this question is present that is the migration’s policy of Europe which has become illiberal because of the fear of losing of national identity. The illiberal effects can be seen in social and security policy too. Even though the government of Hungary and Poland systematically eroded the rule of Law and Fundamental rights which is alarming and a clear example of damage to democracy. Similarly, freedom, press and civil liberties are also restricted. Above all the government of Italy restricted the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) activities which were are working for the helping of refugees. Lastly, COVID-19, is also contributing to the problems in respecting fundamental rights. In the Europe democracy is no more understood at national level because the governance is divided in so many levels like in upper level EU, National level, and local level. Populist targets these levels of sharing of Power and uses it for their own interests. For example, they question who are the people? Who decides? And for whom interests? In order to close the doors for the Populist politicians and answer all the above mentioned questions, all the three levels should communicated among themselves in effecting way and through this way the problems of inequality and identity can be solved. One can apply the same principles for the Pakistan too although it is about the Study of Europe (BALFOUR, 2020).8 2.3 HOW CORONAVIRUS TESTS EUROPEAN DEMOCRACY. In the research article “How Corona virus Tests European Democracy”. The writer wants to tell us about the trouble faced by European democracy in the form of COVID-19 pandemic. As majority of the governments believe that increasing the powers of executive branch of government to control this pandemic and crises like this but here the threat is that lest it restrict the democratic rights of people. It means that since last decade European democracy was facing issues and now the pandemic intensified it furthermore. By increasing 8 How the Coronavirus Tests European Democracy—Carnegie Europe—Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. (n.d.). Retrieved 15 April 2022, from https://carnegieeurope.eu/2020/06/23/how-coronavirus-tests- european-democracy-pub-82109.

9 the executive power of government, there is the serious threat to the rights of people particularly fundamental rights. This case study may be applied in Pakistan too, during the pandemic the Powers of Executive branch was increased and then we saw that the fundamental rights of the people were snatched and used this pandemic for their own Politics (YOUNGS, 2020). 2.4 WHAT IS POPULISM, AND WHAT DOES THE TERM ACTUALLY MEAN? One of the BBC reports by David Molloy, What is populism, and what does the term actually mean? He has mentioned that how different set of Scholars define the Word Populism. He explains the meaning of Populism through the definition of Cas Mudde concept of the Pure people and the corrupt elite. The word Populism is often misused specifically in the Context of Europe. According to Benjamin Moffitt, the true populist leader claims to represent the unified “will of the people”. He stands in opposition to an enemy, often embodied by the current system - aiming to “drain the swamp” or tackle the “liberal elite”.” It generally attaches itself to the right in a European context… but that’s not an iron rule,” According to Cas Mudde the populist parties are present on the Political Arena of the countries. However, most of the successful populist lies on the right and especially the radical right. Politicians like Donald Trump associate the populism with Nativism. This factor can be seen in the Europe as well. Besides this, other set of scholars gives other feathers of populism. For instance, populist leaders in power always try to convince his people that they are anti-Establishment. The next feather of Populist leaders is that they don’t like the complicated democratic setup. They try to transform the political system into presidential system and to go for referendum etc. Such kinds of steps make the populist leadership authoritative (Molloy, 2018).9 2.5 POPULISM IN PAKISTAN. In the Article “Populism and Pakistan” published in Dawn News Paper on June 14, 2021, in which the writer highlights different reasons behind the rise of populism in the Pakistan. According to Dr, Umair Javid in the past decade so many populist regimes came into power. For instance, the rise of Modi in India, the Brexit movement in United Kingdom, Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil, and Donald Trump in United States. All these leaders emerged and came into power by rearranging their Election manifesto mainly anti-Muslim sentiment, Power centralization and the steamrolling of institutional norms. This discussion was globally and now focusing on the particular case of Pakistan. The rise of Imran khan in 2018 election was 9 Molloy, D. (2018). What is populism, and what does the term actually mean? BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-43301423.

10 because of Modi’s government in India because the Modi government was continuously a threat to Pakistan and Kashmir cause. This is considering being the first cause. The second reason is Imran khan’s claims of accountability were populist in nature and his style of criticizing elite class people like by common people and which emerged him as a populist leader. The next point which gave birth to the rise of Imran khan in the 2018 election was that he tackled the case of Muslims of all over the world; that is Muslims all over the world are facing a very serious issue regarding what we call it cultural identity. In simple words, Imran khan started campaign against the Islamophobia due to which he became popular not even in Pakistan but in all over the Muslim world (Javed, 2021).10 2.6 PERILS OF PAKISTAN. In the article “Perils of Pakistan” published in Dawn news Paper on January 22nd, 2020, the writer tried to explain the concept of populism with the help of some examples. For instance, according to him the federal minister Faisal Vawda11 is a very good example of Imran Khan’s populist regime. The writer said it in the context when terrorists attacked the Chinese Embassy in Karachi and the respective federal minister went there during the attack at the spot which even cause difficulties for security agencies. He did not care about his responsibilities, because, he was taking the credit on media which one can expect from any populist government minister. Secondly, as we know that Populist leaders do make promises but when it comes to practical then it is very difficult to fulfill all those promises. The same minister when got the ministry, he claimed that he will create enough jobs for the people in his department that people from outside the country will come here to do job in Pakistan. However, the promise remained unfulfilled which is one of the feathers of a populist regime leader. This is just one example. The rest of the ministries have the same attitude. Among the ministers, it is very injustice to not discuss the Sheryar Afridi and Ali Amin Khan Gandapur as they are considered the tigers of Imran Khan. In one of his speech Mr. Shehryar Afridi minister for Narcotics claimed that 75% of the female students and 45% of the male students are using narcotics including ice, meth, and crystal etcetera in the capital city of Islamabad. It was just a statement not backed by any evidence and usually a populist regime minister can do it. His famous statement attract the people that he will “owes his life to God” and this statement has made him shining star in Pakistan Tehreek Insaf. In addition to this, Populist regime leader talk in a way that they even does not know what are he/she is saying? For instance, once the Chairman for Kashmir’s Committee Ali Amin Gandapur talked about the inflation in the 10 Javed, U. (2021). Populism and Pakistan. https://www.dawn.com/news/1629273/populism-and-pakistan. 11 Faisal Vawda was minister of water resources of Pakistan from 2018 to 2021..

11 country. He added that a large population of our community is related with agriculture and therefore the inflation benefit goes to the farmers because they are the ones who grow vegetables. Just imagine to the logic of Ali Amin Gandapur’s statement. The situation of Punjab is not hidden from anyone. The chief minter Usman Buzdar belongs to a very remote constituency, who cannot control the affairs of the province properly but Prime Minister Imran khan praises him again and again for his performance. In practice the province Punjab is running by Prime minister’s secretariat and chief secretary Punjab. The most important office after the prime minter office is running undemocratically which one can expect in populist regime. Lastly, as the government of Mr., khan is a coalition government and most of the time the partners of the government are annoyed with him. Actually, the main ruling party does not want to share powers with their partners due to whom there is continuous tussle between Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaf and its allies. Now, the situation has been much worsened and now the partners of the government want a greater share in the government. It is obvious that Imran khan government has failed in delivering what they had promised with the people in 2018. It seems that this regime will not go further and people will change it in 2023 elections. It is the problem with every populist regime in the entire world, when they don’t perform then they are rejected by the people (Hussain, 2020).12 2.7 RELIGION AND POPULISM IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH: ISLAMIST CIVILISATIONISM OF PAKISTAN’S IMRAN KHAN. In the research Article Religion and Populism in the Global South: Islamist Civilisationism of Pakistan’s Imran khan the writers explain the phenomena of Populism through different perspectives. According to them Populism has different meaning in different region. For instance in Europe the concept of populism is different from that of south Asia and Europe. In this research Article the writer quote the definition of Cas Mudde the pure people versus the corrupt elite. In other words this means that Politics should be the expression of general will. Somewhere the populism rests on the foundation of identity and somewhere it resides on the bases of religion. For instance, the emigrants going from Muslim countries towards Europe and America caused the identitarian populism13 which result the Brexit and rise of Donald Trump in the United States. In Turkey, the populism of Erdogan rests on the religious ground by reversing the secular society towards religiosity. Erdogan is trying to 12 Hussain, Z. (2020, January 22). Perils of populism. DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news/1529794 13 Identitarian Populism means that when there is a leader who develops his political carrier on identity. For example, most of the European leaders use this kind of populism in order to attract the people. They say to own people that emigrants are the threat to local people identity and to their culture..

12 promote the Pan-Islamism thought and established the Islamist civilasationism. The famous Drama Dirilis Ertugrul is one of the best evidence for it. In order to promote own interest in the Muslim Ummah, Erodagon is using Islam as a tool and instrument in foreign Policy. For example, when the Dirilis Ertugrul was broadcasted in Pakistan and some other Muslims countries so it changed the mind set of people from Bollywood14 and Hollywood.15 After the retirement from Cricket khan became famous as he built the First Shukat Khanam Hospital in Lahore and then his political carrier was started. Throughout his Political carrier, he was against the dynastic politics in Pakistan and criticized the elite of the country. In 2013 election, he got some seats in National Assembly and made the government in the Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa. In 2018 elections, he went with manifesto that he will start the accountability of corrupt Mafia and will return the money of these elite class people from Swiss banks to Pakistan and Pakistan will never beg in front of any international organization or we will no more become the puppet of United States. With this populist manifesto, he got majority in center as well as in the province of Punjab and KP. However, things were not sound good for him. The Prime Minister Khan was not able to deliver properly in government affairs. Therefore, he started the use of religious cards in order to legitimize himself and to make divert the people attention from the main issues of State affairs like accountability and economy. For instance, before the election, since 2001, he was in favor of democracy and was closely associated with MMA. With the passage of time, he was popular for the anti- establishment stance and supported the Afghan Taliban Jihad and declared them freedom fighters. In the Afghanistan, he declares the Taliban as freedom fighter to whom he called Good Taliban as they were fighting for their own rights. However, in Pakistan he opposed the Tehreek Taliban Pakistan (TTP) activities illegal and unlawful and called them bad Taliban. In west he was criticized for the support of Taliban and was given a name of Taliban khan. As his government is not performing well in governance, so, he started Islam as a tool to remain in power. He gave the concept of State of Madina. Along with this, he talked about the Single National curriculum (SNC). According to him, Single National Curriculum will bring equality and uniformity among the people. In this curriculum he glorifies the Islam and put the material in syllabus associated with it. In his speeches, he directed the youth of the nation to study Sirat- ul-Nabi (SAW). Moreover, to glorify Islam and jihad he advised the youth to watch Dirilis Ertugrul. Sometimes, he recommends books for the youth. He criticized the Aurat March by saying that Islam has given the best rights to women. In one of his interview to foreign news 14 Bollywood is the film industry of India. 15 Hollywood is the film industry of United States..

13 channel, he answered on the question of rape cases in Pakistan that in west the rape cases are in greater number than Pakistan. Moreover, he added that Women in Pakistan are given more respect than any other western country. Most of the times, he does tweet about the Islamophobia etc. In one of his addresses, he talked about the sexual crimes in the country. He told that our children are involved in the misuse of mobiles phones. In order to educate them, we need to teach them Sirat-ul-Nabi (PBUH). All these tactics, he applies for his own legitimacy because he and his government did not deliver anything which was promised with people by them. No doubt the root of populism in Pakistan is since from very beginning. For the first time Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s Sister Fatima Jinnah run campaign against the elite for the rule of people, consequently, populism emerged from that time. The similar way was followed by Zulfiqar Ali Butto by making the political Party on the name of Pakistan People’s Party. He also criticized the elite and establishment. Hence, Nowadays, Pakistan is the haven for the Islamist ideals in both political and social domains (Shakil & Yilmaz, 2021).16 2.8 VALENCE POPULISM IN PAKISTAN: MAKING SENSE OF IMRAN KHAN’s IDEOLOGICAL CLUELESSNESS. In the MS thesis of Umair Khalid Submitted to Central European University, department of Political Science, he identifies the two main eras in the history of Pakistan. According to him in those two particular eras we may see the phenomena of Populism. The first phase was from 1960 t0 1970 in which Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto made his Political Party and we can name it socialist populism. His populism was mainly against the corruption and dictatorship of General Ayub Khan. As a result, he became the first elected prime minister of Pakistan and remained in power until 1977. The second phase, he identify with the rise of Imran Khan which is mainly in 2010. His populism was mainly based on the Transparency, good governance, Social justice, and moral integrity. In order to justify, himself in the people, he contested the elections of 2013 and consequently secured third position in the Parliament. After that he gained popularity by opposing government inside the parliament and protesting against the government corruption and governance outside the parliament. The famous 126 days of Dharna is his best example17. All these events were followed by panama leaks in which 16 Shakil, K., & Yilmaz, I. (2021). Religion and Populism in the Global South: Islamist Civilisationism of Pakistan’s Imran Khan. Religions, 12(9), 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12090777 17 In 2014, Imran khan and his party started the protest against the government of Nawaz Sharif at D-chowk Islamabad. It was the longest the protest since ever in the history of Pakistan. The purpose of this protest was to inquire the elections of 2013 which according to Imran khan was rigged elections..

14 case was filed against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and then decision came against the Nawaz Sharif. This decision made his stance against corruption and establishment support baked him in 2018 election. Hence, these entire factors contributed to his rise in 2018 election and PTI emerged as leading party in Parliament (Khalid, 2020). 2.9 WHAT IS POPULISM? In the Introduction chapter of the Book “What is populism” written by Jan-werner- Muller, the writer says that the term populism is usually used and associated with the meaning of Anti-establishment. There are several feathers of populist leaders which have been defined in this book. The first one is that the populist leader will be critical of elites because in this way he will be in position to attract the common mass. In other words, a person who questions the status quo will also be considering as the populist. The second feather of a populist is that he or she will be anti-pluralist. For instance they claim that they and only they are the represent the people. To cite an example of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan once said in his speech which was an answer to his domestic critics. “We are the people. Who are you?” It is obvious that he knew that his opponents are also Turks. In other words, their governments are exclusive instead of inclusive. They not only claim that we are 99% but they claim we are the 100%. This claim of populism gives birth to the identity crises which endanger the democracy. As we know that for democracy pluralism is the fundamental, but, populists are anti-pluralist. Due to their anti-pluralist behavior, they consider their opponent as their enemies. The only difference between populist and authoritarians is that formal one rule the country on the name of people and latter one rule the country by force. As above discussion is about the feathers of Populism, so now we are going to talk about the definition given by Dutch Social Scientist Cas Mudde who defines the Populism as “Illiberal democratic response to undemocratic liberalism. Although, the roots of Populism is present in Roman empire, but, the rise of modern populism associated with the United States and Europe and now it is extending in every region of the world. The author of this book have had mentioned the factors responsible for the rise of populism are feeling of anger, frustration and resentment against the modernization and globalization. In addition to this, the writer also answers the question that what populist do, when they are in Power. Populist leaders always live in the world of imagination and fantasy. They consider themselves as they are living between the morally pure people and corrupt elites and they are only representing the pure people due to which their each and every act is right. Before in power or in government, populists criticize the elite and when they gain power, so they have no sense of government and for each and every of his wrong doing they blamed the.

15 elite. They moralize their each and every failure and political conflict and considering the people support on their back. The next step they took it is to concentrate all the power in their hands. They pretend to the people that by doing this we can control the elites. Besides, this discussion if we take the example of Pakistan as Imran Khan is the Populist leader and before the election of 2018, he was contentiously talking about the Corruption and accountability but now when he is in the government still he blames the opposition parties for his own failures. This is happening in all the populist regimes. Along with this, in the third part of this book the writer arise a question that why now people is so much attracted by populism. He considers the people belief in populism is because of the failure of democracy or we can use the alternate term liberal democracy. The writer tries to differentiate democracy from populism through some points. For instance, according to him democracy enables the representatives to authorize and then these representatives consider each and every action for the benefit of the people. On the other hand, populist do not think so like it and they consider their each and every action right and unquestionable. They consider it the will of people. In democracy even though majority votes for any policy may consider wrong which means that they show flexibility in the implementation of policy and welcome the opposition suggestions as well, but , in populism once the majority of the members decide something then it is moral and they show no flexibility for opposition. In the same chapter the writer talks about the critique of liberal democracy on populism. Populism believes in the exclusionary politics which means that within State they ignore so many identities and entities from decision making process or even in implementation process. On the other hand, liberal democracy believes in the inclusionary politics and even they are so much inclusive that they are of the opinion of global citizenship. For example, if populist regime gets the majority of 51% so they ignore the remaining 49% and even to the extent of their identity. The book is full of discussion regarding the Populism but the writer has concluded the discussion in some points which we may call them theses on populism. The first one is that Populism is not true form of modern democratic politics rather it is the perverted form of representative democracy in which it is always possible that a leader or an actor claim on the name of People. The second point is that it is not mandatory that a person who criticizes elite will be a populist because with anti-elite a populist would be anti-pluralist. Populist always seek that people are right and immoral and elite are immoral and wrong. The third point is that most of the time populist demand for referendum but their purpose from referendum is not the participation of people. They simply want that to show to common people that they are the only representative of the people. Therefore, populism is not said to be the way for more.

16 participation in politics. The fourth point is that as populists always rule in the name of people so in order to concentrate more and more power in themselves, they write their own constitution which are exclusive and to remain them in power on the name of people. The fifth point is that populist are the real threat for democracy but it does not mean that they should not engage in political debate, because, talking with populists is not the same as talking populists (Müller, 2016).18 2.10 POPULISM A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION. The book “populism a very short introduction” the author mentioned the three core concepts of populism. The first concept is that of the people. As people are living in a state so people become the central part of populism. The term people, we can use it in three meanings that are the people are sovereign, the common people, and as the nation. The modern democratic system enhance that people are sovereign and they generate political power. The second core concept of populism is that of the elite. As populists criticize the elite and consider them impure and in contrast consider common people the pure. They not only criticize the economic elite and political elite rather also criticize the cultural elite and media elite. All these elites just only favor particular group of people and work against the general will (Mudde & Kaltwasser, 2017).19 18 What Is Populism? | Jan-Werner Müller. (n.d.). Retrieved 15 April 2022, from https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/15615.html 19 Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction—Very Short Introductions. Oxford University Press. https://www.veryshortintroductions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780190234874.001. 0001/actrade-9780190234874.

17 CHAPTER – 3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF POPULISM IN GENERAL AND SPECIFICALLY IN PAKISTAN 3.1 INTRODUCTION Populism generally understood as the modern concept, but, it has its roots in Roman Empire. Julies Caesar is considered to be the first true populist leader. He fought for the rights of people against the elite of Roman Empire. The famous document of British constitution Magna Carta which was signed in 1215 also provides the evidence to the presence of populism. The famous English civil war and the Glorious revolution in British history are also endorsed the populist movements. In addition to this, the bloodiest French revolution and the rise of Napoleon in France also tell us about the presence of populism in history. Similarly, during the 19th century a large number of movements in North America, Bolshevik revolution in Russia, rise of Hitler and Mussolini in 20th century show that populism was existed in one or in another form in different times of history. In the recent past in the Political history of Pakistan the two famous leaders Zulfiqar Ali Butto and Sheikh Mujeeb also rests in the list of Populist leaders. The 21st century is full of populist movements. One can see the net of populist leadership in different regions of the world. In Europe we have the famous example of Boris Johnson, in the United States we have the example of Donald Trump, and in Asia the rise of Narendra Modi, Rajab Tayyip Erdogan and rise of Imran Khan are included. Hence, populism is a fact and it exists in different parts of the world with different aspects. 3.2 POPULISM IN ROMAN EMPIRE The historical background of populism can be traced back in the Roman Empire. As the Roman Empire started to extend its boundaries, so, more and more people were came under the control of it20. At that time the rights and privileges were only given to the people of the capital of Roman Empire which is currently Italy. The rest of the people were not considered as the citizen of Roman Empire. At that time two types of parties were emerged. One was senatorial party which was representing the demands of elite of the Roman Empire and the second was populous party which was representing the demands of common people of Roman Empire. The 20 It means that when Roman Empire started imperialism and entered into the era of conquests, so more and more people become their slave..

18 Populous party21 was leading by Julius Caesar which was in favor that the people who are not by birth Roman should be given the rights in Roman Empire. On the other hand, the senatorial party which was representing the demands of elite was against the claim of populous party demands. The tussle started between these two forces. Consequently, one day Julius Caesar was invited to Senate22 of the Roman Empire where he was killed by the members of senatorial party. Therefore, Julius Caesar is considered to be the father of populism or we may call him the first true populist leader. The populism of Julius Caesar is considered to be the best form of Populism because in that particular kind populism we may see that the leader was actually representing his own common people and he was fighting for his own people(Toynbee, 2022).23 3.3 POPULISM IN 18th AND 19th CENTURY IN EUROPE The French revolution was mainly on the popular slogans. Before the 1989, the society of France was mainly divided into three classes. The first one was clergy, second was nobles, and the third class was comprised of 80% of population of France which include peasants, city workers, middle class etc. Regarding wealth, clergy was the largest landowner class. All the officials’ positions were with the second class which was nobles. However, both the mentioned classes were free from tax. The third class was mainly tax payer which includes doctors, teachers, peasants, city workers etc. however, they were not allowed to enjoy social prestige and political rights. In the year 1789, king called a meeting of all the three estates in order to get consent for increasing the fund. However, the third estate which was representing mainly the lower class rejected the proposal of king by increase in tax. When they disagreed, the third estate leaders declared themselves the National Assembly of people. The national assembly moved to Royal Tennis court in order to frame the constitution for France. King considered it revolt against himself and sent army troops to crush them. This action marked the French revolution. The national assembly of that time was representing the will of people. During the time of revolution, it was succeeded and thousands of people lost their lives for their own popular slogan. However, after the revolution they failed to deliver expecting results. 21 The Populous Party means that a party which was representing the common people of the Roman Empire. It was emerged as result of Senatorial party which was against the rights of common people who were not by birth Romans. 22 It was a kind of house in which Romans were usually discusses the laws and issues related to the Roman Empire. 23 Toynbee, A. J. (2022). Julius Caesar. Britannica Encyclopedia. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius- Caesar-Roman-ruler.

19 Therefore, as result of failure of national assembly, Napoleon Bonaparte was emerged as populist leader in the France. As, from 1789 to 1799, France passed through a number of events in which the people were suffered a lot and were seeking for peace and better life. In the same time period Napoleon was a military commander of French Army. Later on, he became the military dictator and due to political instability in France, took control over the power. Napoleon gave a hope to his people that he will make France a great power. In order to fulfill own words, he started invasion in his surrounding countries. As a result of his rise, Europe faced an era of wars called Napoleonic wars24 era. Consequently, the peace of Europe was disturbed. One populist leader, pull the entire Europe into wars. One can say that populism in its perverted form leads to wars. In the populist narrative of Napoleon, we can see that he gives the sense of pride to his people and consequently the result was bad (Bukhari, 2017).25 3.4 POPULISM IN 20th CENTURY The next populist leader was Vladimir Lenin. He was the leader of Bolshevik revolution in Russia. He gave the sense of feeling to the people of Russia that they have been deprived by Czar’s family of Russia. He transformed the Russian society from monarchial form of government to a socialist society. As a result of his populist narrative millions of people were died in Russia. Moreover, Russia was transformed to USSR. In the populist narrative of Lenin, the factor of exploitation of common people by the elite of the country can be found. In 20th century, two ideologies Nazism and Fascism were emerged as a result of the populist narratives in the Germany and Italy respectively. In Germany the rise of Adolf Hitler pull the country towards 2nd World War. Adolf Hitler developed the populist narrative against the terms and conditions of Treaty of Versailles.26 As a result people started to support Hitler blindly. Along with this, he gave the sense of feelings to the people of Germany that the German nation is superior and they have the right to rule the world. Consequently, the people followed his populist narrative with deaf ears and blind eyes. Similarly, in Italy the same sense of feeling was promoted by Mussolini. Therefore, in this case we can say that the populist narrative of both the populist leaders compelled the world into World War – II. 24 Napoleonic wars were the wars which fought between United Kingdom and France for the hegemony of Europe. It lasts from 1803 to 1815. 25 Bukhari, A. (2017). World History At A Glance PartI & II By Prof. Asim Bhukhari. Attique Malik. 26 Versailles, This treaty was signed between the Allies power and Germany in 1919, after the end of World war 1st. In this treaty a reparation cost was imposed on the Germany by the Allies Power..

20 3.5 POPULISM IN 21st CENTURY In 21st century a number of Populist leaders emerged on the political Horizon of World Politics. Among those leaders, Donald Trump in United States, Boris Johnson in United Kingdom, Narendra Modi in India, Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey, and Imran Khan in Pakistan are included. There are some other populist leaders as well. These leaders changed the course of political history of the world through their populist Narrative. The rise of Donald Trump as a result of 2016 presidential elections changed the American politics into new dynamics. For example his populist narrative was totally against the principle of liberalism. His policy of isolationism and make America great, isolate the people of the United States from the rest of the world. The wall with Mexico is also one of his agenda of populist narrative. The withdrawal from the P5+127 agreement and Paris peace conference were also the steps towards the isolationism policy of Donald Trump. The sole argument behind his populist narrative was to make America great. Similarly, the rise of Boris Johnson in United Kingdom in 2019 elections was also as a result of his populist narrative. As at that time, United Kingdom was facing the issue of Brexit. He arranged his popular election manifesto in which he promised the people that if they voted him, so, he would withdraw the country from Europe Union. Consequently, people supported his agenda and he was succeeded in elections with greater majority. Therefore, UK was withdrawn from Europe Union. In this case, we can say that the liberal principles of United Kingdom were questioned as a result of Brexit. Hence, we can say that liberal democracy and liberal principles failed in front of populist narrative. Meanwhile, the world biggest democracy (India) is also facing the element of populism. In the south Asia more than 1 billion people are leading by populist regime. Narendra Modi in his first tenure could not secure the absolute majority. Therefore, he developed his political ideology on the populist narratives which is the anti- Muslims stance. He gave the sense of feeling to his people in his political campaign (when he was contesting election for the second time) that only BJP can represent Hindus interests in a better way. When he came into power in 2018, for second time, so, he started to fulfill his political agenda. A number of attacks were done on Muslims and Sikhs in India. Amnesty International, BBC reported so many times on it. In his second term Narendra Modi, even did not follow his constitution and abolished the special status of India Occupied Kashmir. As a result the people of Kashmir are on protest for their own right to self-determination. Therefore, one can expect everything from a populist leader. 27 It refers to the permanent 5 members of the security council of United Nations and Germany. These countries have signed agreement with Iran on its nuclear deal..

21 In Turkey, the rise of R.Tayyip Erdogan is also on the ideology of populism. In his high school life, Erdogan was a strong advocate of political Islam. In university life he attached with a party called Welfare party from where he contested elections for Mayorship of Istanbul in 1994 and as result he succeeded. In spite of the ban on religious parties in Turkey, Erdogan won the elections. However, he also proved himself a very good administrator. At the same time, the rise of Erdogan was alarming sign for the secularist establishment. In his tenure he banned the sale of alcohol in the city. In 1998, he was sentenced 10 months to prison for the promotion of religious hatred. In 2001, he formed the justice development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi; AKP). His Party won the elections of 2002 but Erdogan was not in position to become the Prime minister as he was convicted in 1998. In December 2002, a constitutional amendment was done in which disqualification of Erdogan was removed. In 2003, he won a by-election and become the Prime minister of Turkey. During in office, he amended the constitution so many times in order to get power constitutionally. Since, he came in power, the country transformed from parliamentary form of government to presidential form of Government. As we know that to hold the power in a single hand is the one of the feather of populist leader, so here this feather can be seen. In one of his speech Mr. Erdogan answered to his domestic critics in one of his speeches that “we are the people, who are you.” This statement indicates the populist factor of president Erdogan (Recep Tayyip Erdogan., 2021).28 3.6 HISTORY OF POPULISM IN PAKISTAN Populism in Pakistan has a long lasting history. We can divide it into two Phases. The first phase from 1947 to 1971 and the second phase are from 1971 to 2022. In first phase the prominent populist leaders were Zulfiqar-Ali-Butto and Sheikh Mujeeb-Ur-Rehman. In second Phase it includes Imran Khan. We will discuss the 1st phase in this chapter and the second phase in chapter number 4 of this thesis. 3.6.1 1st PHASE OF POPULISM IN PAKISTAN Since inception to 1970, Pakistan failed to develop a proper democratic setup due to a lot of reasons. In the government of General Ayub khan, Zulfiqar Ali Butto remained as foreign minister of Pakistan. After the 1965 war, Zulfiqar Ali Butto was not happy with terms and conditions of Tashkent act which was signed between Pakistan and India in Tashkent former USSR. Hence, Zulfiqar Ali Butto criticized the General Ayub Khan for it. Consequently, he gave resign to the General Ayub Khan and started his own movement. In this regard, he went in different cities of the country and became popular among the people. His 28 Recep Tayyip Erdogan. (2021). Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Recep-Tayyip-Erdogan..

22 movement got popularity day by day and it convert into political Party which is known as Pakistan People’s Party (PPP). Due to low political culture in Pakistan in early decades, Zulfiqar Ali Butto took advantage of it and emerged as populist leader in West Pakistan. Meanwhile, Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman, came a populist leader on the political horizon of East Pakistan. However, the demand of Sheikh Mujeeb was to greater autonomy to provinces and he was mainly asking for the rights of East wing of that time. Due to high political temperature in both the wings, 1970 elections were held. As result of the 1970 elections, both the leaders got majority in their own wings. In west Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto got majority and in East Pakistan Sheikh Mujeeb got majority of seats. At that time, neither Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was ready to accept Sheikh Mujeeb and nor Sheikh Mujeeb was ready to accept Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. When there was no compromise on distribution of power between the two leaders, the result came to us in the form of division of Pakistan and foundation of Bangladesh was laid down. There were some other reasons as well but the most important which fan the fire was the mindset of two populist leaders. As the basic issue with populist leaders is that, they don’t take care about his political opponents. They always think that they are the people and they represent all the people. Moreover, we have the right to direct the country because we represent the people. However, this is not the case. Opponents in politics should not be considered as your enemy rather it should be consider as your competitor. 3.7 CONCLUSION In a nutshell, there are some features which are common among the populist leaders. Almost, each and every populist leader tries to highlight any issue and then use it for his/her popularity. For instance, in United States Donald Trump use the concept of Deep state and then he set his entire Political manifesto on this point. He also developed the narrative of make America Great again. In this regard he became abusive to the Chinese expansionism. He used to ban the Chinese products and struck off the relationship with China. Similarly, Boris Johnson in United Kingdom also highlighted the Brexit issue which made him popular in elections and consequently he Got majority. The same is the case was with Hitler and Mussolini as well. Hitler tried to criticize the Treaty of Versailles. He was not happy with the term and conditions of treaty of Versailles. Consequently, he constituted his narrative against it which made him popular among the people. The same was the case with Mussolini in Italy. As they both tried to make their own countries Great powers. In this regard people trusted them. In India Narendra Modi narrative was to dominate Hindus. His appealing narrative attracted the Hindus in India which led Modi into the power in India. One another thing which is common.