SUMMARY OF MODULE 1

SUMMARY OF MODULE 1.

Description of the lesson:. This lesson will introduce the History of Automotive, Automotive Parts and Services, Occupation, Problems, and Benefits, Car driving and Maintenance, & Road Signs. This lesson will also provide activities and exercises that will assess the students understanding of the topic..

Targets/Objectvies:. familiarize with the History of Automotive; identify the Automotive Parts and Services, Occupation, Problems, and Benefits, Car driving and Maintenance, & Road Signs..

HISTORY OF AUTOMOTIVE. The automobile was first invented and perfected in Germany and France in the late 1800s, though Americans quickly came to dominate the automotive industry in the first half of the twentieth century. Henry Ford innovated mass-production techniques that became standard, and Ford, General Motors and Chrysler emerged as the “Big Three” auto companies by the 1920s. Manufacturers funneled their resources to the military during World War II, and afterward automobile production in Europe and Japan soared to meet growing demand. Once vital to the expansion of American urban centers, the industry had become a shared global enterprise with the rise of Japan as the leading automaker by 1980..

When were cars invented?. The 1901 Mercedes, designed by Wilhelm Maybach for Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft, deserves credit for being the first modern motorcar in all essentials. Its thirty-five-horsepower engine weighed only fourteen pounds per horsepower, and it achieved a top speed of fifty-three miles per hour. By 1909, with the most integrated automobile factory in Europe, Daimler employed some seventeen hundred workers to produce fewer than a thousand cars per year. Nothing illustrates the superiority of European design better than the sharp contrast between this first Mercedes model and Ransom E. Olds‘ 1901-1906 one-cylinder, three-horsepower, tiller-steered, curved-dash Oldsmobile, which was merely a motorized horse buggy. But the Olds sold for only $650, putting it within reach of middle-class Americans, and the 1904 Olds output of 5,508 units surpassed any car production previously accomplished..

2. 1. Automotive Parts and Services. Battery The battery is a critical component. It allows your vehicle to turn on in the first place. Car batteries provide the jolt of electricity that is needed to power the engine as well as the electrical accessories in your vehicle. Your battery transforms chemical energy into electrical energy that is delivered to the starter to start the engine. In a majority of cars, it will be located under the hood, and you can identify it with the (-) and (+) symbols. In the event you need to jump-start your vehicle, you need to connect the red clamp of the jumper cable to the (+) symbol and the black clamp to the (-) symbol..

2. 1. Automotive Parts and Services. Alternator The alternator generates electricity that transfers mechanical energy into electrical energy by an alternating current (AC). In cooperation with the battery, it is used to provide power to the vehicle’s electrical system. As the vehicle moves, the alternator uses the mechanical energy created to recharge the battery. Battery struggles can be the result of overcharging from the alternator..

2. 1. Automotive Parts and Services. Axle Axles are an important part when you want to move, brake and turn. Axles are attached to the wheels and support the weight of your vehicle, transfer power, and are a vital component in the steering system. Most modern vehicles are equipped with a split axle, where each wheel on each side is connected to an independent shaft, making the ride smoother and more comfortable as well as improving cornering and traction, which extends the life of the tires..

2. 1. Automotive Parts and Services. Brakes There are numerous components to your car’s brake system. There is the brake pedal, caliper, light switch, pad and rotor. Most of the time when something is amiss with the brakes, it is a result of something going wrong with the caliper, pad, or rotor. Brake calipers can either be located in the front or rear of the car, but they will be behind a wheel. Brake pads are also behind a wheel, and, over time, the padding will begin to wear down. You know a pad is on its last legs when you start to hear a loud, screeching sound every time you brake..

2. 1. Automotive Parts and Services. Radiator You will find the radiator underneath the hood. It will be located near the engine because its responsibility is to cool the engine down and prevent it from overheating. It needs to have sufficient quantities of engine coolant to ensure the engine temperature never rises too high..

2. 1. Automotive Parts and Services. AC Compressor The AC compressor is found in the engine compartment. It will be on one of the sides and attached to the serpentine drive belt. The AC compressor cycles through Freon in order to provide cool air throughout the vehicle. If you want to use your car’s AC system during the hot summer months, then you need the compressor to be fully operational. You will know when the compressor is damaged because you will not feel any cold air coming through the vents, and the compressor will make loud, bothersome noises when in operation..

2. 1. Automotive Parts and Services. Muffler The muffler is part of your car’s exhaust system and is responsible for keeping it quiet when you drive around town. The muffler itself is located between the engine in the front and tailpipe in the back. Make sure to repair any muffler problems as soon as you notice them, because total catalytic converter failure can result in costly repair bills..

2. 1. Automotive Parts and Services. Transmission When you look at a car parts diagram, you need to take into consideration whether you own a front-wheel drive or rear-wheel drive vehicle. With front-wheel drive, the transmission will be located between the transaxles behind the engine block. With rear-wheel drive, it will be found bolted directly to the back of the engine. The transmission has a series of gears that vary based on the driver’s desired speed. Manual transmissions are shifted by the driver from a gearing device inside the power train. Automatic transmissions are regulated by the vehicle’s internal computer. An automatic transmission’s gear ratios are changed automatically with the aid of transmission fluid. CVT transmissions change gears smoothly through a continuous range of gear ratios..

2. 1. Automotive Parts and Services. Shock Absorbers Shock absorbers help keep your vehicle stable when you drive over uneven roadways. The absorbers will be located on the underside of your car. Immediate replacement is necessary to prevent further wear and tear to your car’s suspension system..

2. 1. Automotive Parts and Services. Catalytic Converter The catalytic converter is part of the emissions system and is used to reduce the nitrous oxide, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide that is produced during the combustion process. The converter is made of stainless steel using a catalyst to remove harmful emissions. A vehicle with a faulty catalytic converter will trigger the check engine light..

Automotive SERVICES.

Automotive Servicing is the service that allows you to check on your car's engine and see what exactly is going on in there. Automotive service technicians inspect, maintain, and repair automobiles and light trucks that run on gasoline, electricity, or alternative fuels, such as ethanol. They perform basic care maintenance, such as oil changes and tire rotations, diagnose more complex problems, and plan and execute vehicle repairs..

Below are the lists of Repair & Maintenance Services:.

Occupation, Problems, and Benefits : Below are the lists of careers in Automotive Industry:.

Car driving and maintenance.

Car driving How to Drive a Car ? Learning how to drive is a lot easier than it looks. It looks intimidating from the passenger's seat, or in films, but once you get behind the wheel and gently put your foot on the pedal, the process becomes very intuitive. Learn to take things slow in the beginning and you'll be well on your way to mastering the basics. This article assumes you'll be driving a vehicle with an automatic transmission. If you're not driving an automatic, you'll need to read about the basics of driving stick-shift (manual transmission) instead, although the general process will still be similar..

Part 1: Getting Comfortable with the Car's Controls 1.Adjust the seat so that your feet comfortably reach both pedals. 2.Familiarize yourself with the foot pedals. 3.Adjust your car's mirrors so that you can see through them clearly and effectively. 4.Know where the parking brake (also called a handbrake, e-brake or emergency brake) is and what it does. 5.Get a feel for the gear stick (also called shift lever, gear lever, shifter or simply, "the stick"). 6.Understand the basic dashboard controls/symbols..

Part 2: Getting the Basics Down 1.Put on your seatbelt. 2.Always start your car with your foot on the brake. 3.Turn on the engine and release the parking brake, if necessary. 4.Learn how to back your car out. 5.When you're ready to move your car forwards, come to a complete stop and put the car into "Drive". 6.Hold both hands on the steering wheel at the "9 and 3 o'clock" position. 7.Use your blinkers (also called indicators or turn signals). 8.Learn how to turn the car using the hand over hand method. 9.Learn how to switch lanes. 10.Stay a healthy distance behind other cars, and avoid tailgating..

Part 3: Putting It All Together 1.Drive defensively. 2.Stay in the right lanes for slower speeds and the left lanes for faster speeds. 3.Whenever possible, pass cars on the left side instead of the right side. 4.Abide by the speed limits. 5.Be extremely careful in abnormal driving conditions. 6.Be courteous on the road. 7.Have fun..

Part 4: Mastering Advanced Driving Techniques 1.Learn how to parallel park. 2.Learn how to merge in heavy traffic. 3.Use a roundabout. 4.Learn how to drive uphill. 5.Save gas..

Maintenance.

Basics of Car Maintenance Maintaining your vehicle may seem daunting at first glance. It may help to think of your car or truck as a collection of simple mechanical devices that work together to get you from place to place, instead of looking at your vehicle as one extremely complicated machine. Try to focus on each function of the car and what is required to maintain it. Proper maintenance will significantly prolong the life of your vehicle and reduce the headaches of repairs in the future..

Method 1: Inspecting Your Vehicle 1.Check the tread depth on your tires regularly. 2.Ensure your tires are properly inflated. 3.Inspect your serpentine or accessory belts for signs of damage. 4.Check your oil level regularly. 5.Ensure your vehicle has enough coolant and brake fluid. 6.Test your headlights, tail lights and turn signals. 7.Take immediate action if you see a dashboard warning light. 8.Keep your vehicle battery clean and secure..

Method 2: Conducting Regular Maintenance 1.Change the oil every 3,000 miles, or as directed in your owner’s manual. 2.Rotate your tires every 6,000 miles. 3.Replace your brake pads every 20,000 miles or as needed. 4.Put in new spark plugs every 30,000 miles. 5.Replace your air filter every 45,000 miles. 6.Install a new fuel filter every 60,000 miles. 7.Drain and flush your coolant system every two to five years. 8.Install new windshield wipers as needed..

Method 3: Addressing Maintenance that Requires a Professional 1.Review your owner’s manual. 2.Contact the service manager at your local dealership. 3.Get quotes from other trusted dealerships or shops. 4.Schedule a service appointment. 5.Consider service recommendations made by the dealership..

ROAD SIGNS.

Traffic Sign or Road Sign is a sign usually on the side of a street or highway bearing symbols or words of warning or direction to motorists or pedestrians and often having a characteristic shape — compare stop sign. The types of road signs in the Philippines are regulated and standardized by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), and they all have a minor influence on Australian and US signs. Road signs in the Philippines seem quite different from those of other countries around the world. If you plan to go to the Philippines to travel or work, learn as much about the signs as possible. Since the traffic system and the number of signs in the Philippines are numerous, having a thorough understanding of each type of sign will avoid unnecessary traffic violations. A list of the most common types of signs will be outlined as below:.

Road Signs And Symbols Philippines: Regulatory Signs Regulatory signs with various symbols are used to display or enforce traffic laws, regulations, or specifications that apply in a specific location on a highway or on the street. Regulatory traffic signs Philippines will support better traffic flow management. It is one of the most popular road signages in the Philippines, and motorists in the Philippines need to understand their meaning while traveling..

According to the traffic signs Philippines LTO, there are six subgroups of signs in this regulatory sign group: ●Parking and stopping ●Miscellaneous signs. ●Priority ●Direction prohibitive/restrictive ●Speed limit.

Road And Traffic Signs In The Philippines: Warning Signs Signs on this list all have the form of an upward triangle and a red border. Warning road signs act to alert the driver of potential hazards ahead or the layout on the road ahead..

Traffic Signs And Symbols In The Philippines: Guide/Informative Signs Coming to Guide / Informative Signs indicate that a turn is crucial in front or behind an exit, especially a gas station, hospital, restaurant, airport, or resort. In the Philippines, other types of signs, symbols, and markers such as landmarks are also often used to inform us how far away we are from that place..

Philippine Road Signs And Meaning: Signs On Expressways These types of Signs On Expressways are usually green or blue but sometimes are neutral white to indicate the direction of the vehicle owner. Sometimes, they will appear in red to announce the slowdown to the driver..

Traffic Signs In The Philippines With Meaning: Traffic Instruction Signs This type of sign is used to guide the flow of information within a specific area as some areas will have their own rules for road users, for example, in the Metro Manila area..

Traffic Signs Meaning Philippines: Hazard Markers This type of Hazard Markers sign is very popular in rural areas because there are only two lanes and only the direction of the road..

SUMMARY OF MODULE 2.

Description of the lesson:. This lesson will introduce the Materials and Equipment in Drawing, Mensuration, Freehand and Mechanical drawing, Alphabet of Lines, of the Pictorial Drawing, and Orthographic Drawing. This lesson will also provide activities and exercises that will assess the students understanding of the topic..

Targets/Objectvies:. At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: familiarize with the Materials and Equipment in Drawing, Mensuration, Freehand and Mechanical drawing, Alphabet of Lines, Pictorial Drawing, andOrthographic Drawing; identify the Materials and Equipment in Drawing..

Lecture Guide Drafting. Drafting, also spelled draughting, also called engineering drawing, graphica lrepresentation of structures, machines, and their component parts that communicates the engineering intent of a technical design to the crafts manor worker who makes the product. At the design stage, both free hand and mechanical drawings serve th efunctions of inspiring and guiding the designer and of communicating among the designer, collaborators, production department, and marketing or management personnel. At this stage, exact mechanical drawings canclarify, confirm, or disqualify a scheme that looked promising in a freehand sketch. Actually, both the sketch and the exact mechanical drawing are essential partsof the process of designing, and both belong to the field of drafting..

After the basic design has been established, drafting skills aid in the development and transmission of the wealth of data necessary for the production and assembly of the parts. For an automobile, a skyscraper, or a spacecraft, tens of thousands of drawings may be needed to convey all of the requirements of the finished product from the designers to the fabricators. The completion of the set of drawings necessary for the manufacture of aproduct or the construction of a project involves three important factors:(1)itemization of every detail and requirement of the final product or project; (2)application of good judgment and knowledge of standard drafting procedures to select the combination of drawings and specifications that will convey the information identified in stage (1) in the clearest possible manner; and(3)deployment of skilled personnel and suitable equipment to produce the documents specified in stage (2). Drafting is based on the concept of orthographic projection, which in turn is the principal concern of the branch of mathematics called descriptive geometry. Although preceded by the publication of related material andfollowed by an extensive development, the book Géométrie descriptive(1798) by Gaspard Monge, an 18th-century French mathematician, isregarded as the first exposition of descriptive geometry and the formalization of orthographic projection. The growth and development of the drafting profession were favoured by the application of the concepts published by Monge, the need to manufacture interchangeable parts, the introduction of the blueprinting process, and the economy offered by a set of drawings that in most cases made the building of a working model unnecessary..

Materials and Equipment in Drawing Instruments Used in Engineering Drawing The instruments used in engineering drawing are: 1. Drawing sheet 2. Drawing board 3. Mini drafter 4. T square 5. Compass 6. Divider 7. Set squares 8. Clinograph 9. Protractor 10. French curves 11. Templates 12. Pencils 13. Eraser.

Materials and Equipment in Drawing 1. Drawing Sheet Drawing sheet is a white paper on which an object is drawn which is availa ble in various sizes. The sheet used for engineering should be of goodquality. Itshould be white in color with uniform thickness with must resist theeasytornof paper. The surface of sheet must be smooth..

Materials and Equipment in Drawing 2. Drawing Board Drawing board is generally made of soft wood and it is in rectangularshape.is used to support drawing sheet, so, the size of board is made accordingthesize of the drawing sheet. The wood portions are joined by tongue and grove type joint topreventcracks.At the edge of board, straight ebony edge is provided for the T-squareusage..

Materials and Equipment in Drawing 3. Mini Drafter Mini drafter is an instrument which can be used for multiple functions in drawing. It contains two arms which is adjustable to required angleandattheend of the lower arm a scale set is attached. The scale set contains two scales connected perpendicular to eachwhichcannot be separated. This instrument is fixed to the drawing boardat oneedgewith the help of screw provided for the drafter. Mini drafter is used for drawing horizontal lines, vertical lines, inclinedlines,angles, parallel lines, perpendicular lines etc..

Materials and Equipment in Drawing 4. T-Square T square is used to draw horizontal and vertical lines on drawing sheet. It made of wood or plastic and in T shape. The vertical part of Tis called as blade and horizontal part of T is called as head. The edge of head is uniform level and attached to the edge of the board. Theworking edge is used to draw lines anywhere on the sheet by moving the instrument top to bottom..

Materials and Equipment in Drawing 5. Compass Compass is used to draw an arc or circle with known dimensions engineering drawing. It is generally made of steel and consists two legs. One leg contains needle at the bottom and other leg contains a ring in which a pencil is placed. The needle tip is placed at the respected point and pencil tip is adjusted to the height at least 1mm just above the tip of the needle. The gap is nothing but the paper thickness..