[Audio] Study Guide—Exam #3 People Amos- prophet whose message was that the worship of God must show itself in concrete deeds of mercy and justice; northern kingdom Isaiah - OT prophet who prophesied about the coming of the messiah; lack of ethics in Judaean society Philemon- the great King of Persia, founder of the Achaemenid Onesimus- Former slave to Philemon, converted to Christianity by Paul, who he has a father-son relationship with. Samuel - A prophet and judge who anointed the first two kings of Israel, Saul and David. Saul - The first king of Israel, who was rejected by God for disobedience. David - The second king of Israel, known for his psalms and the story of Bathsheba. Bathsheba - Wife of Uriah, later married David after a scandalous affair. Uriah - Bathsheba's husband, whom David sent to die in battle. Amnon - David's son who assaulted his half-sister Tamar. Tamar - David's daughter who was victimized by Amnon. Absalom - David's son who avenged Tamar and later rebelled against David. Abishag - A young woman who cared for King David in his old age. Adonijah - David's son who tried to claim the throne before Solomon. Solomon - David's son and king known for wisdom and building the Temple Cyrus - Persian king who allowed the Jews to return and rebuild Jerusalem. Sheshbazzar - Led the first group of Jews back to Jerusalem after exile. Zerubbabel - Governor of Judah who played a key role in rebuilding the Temple. Ezra- jewish priest and scribe that was sent by the persian king to restore Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem; rebuilt the wall of Jerusalem Nehemiah - jewish "cupbearer" of King of Atraxerxes; Rebuilt the wall of Jerusalem with Ezra; reestablished the worship of God there after the Babylonian exile "people of the land" - those with political power or Influence In the land "golahs" - jewish exiles or captives who were taken from their homeland to live In foreign lands. Naomi - Lost both her sons. played a crucial role In Ruths life. mother-in-law of Ruth, took Ruth and her Israelite husband into household Ruth- A Moabite widow who remained loyal to her mother-in-law Naomi and became an ancestor of Jesus by marrying Boaz. Boaz - ruth's second husband Pharisees - A Jewish sect known for strict adherence to the law and traditions, often in conflict with Jesus over interpretations of the Torah. Sadducees - A priestly sect that emphasized Temple worship and rejected beliefs in resurrection and the afterlife. Essenes - A separatist community that lived in isolation, focusing on purity and possibly associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls. Peter - One of Jesus' closest disciples, known as a leader of the early church and a key figure in spreading Christianity.. 

Scene 1

Study Guide—Exam #3 
 
People 
Amos- prophet whose message was that the 
worship of God must show itself in concrete 
deeds of mercy and justice; northern kingdom 
Isaiah - OT prophet who prophesied 
about the coming of the messiah; lack of 
ethics in Judaean society 
Philemon- the great King of Persia, 
founder of the Achaemenid 
Onesimus- Former slave to Philemon, 
converted to Christianity by Paul, who 
he has a father-son relationship with. 
Samuel - A prophet and judge who 
anointed the first two kings of Israel, 
Saul and David. 
Saul - The first king of Israel, who was 
rejected by God for disobedience. 
David - The second king of Israel, known 
for his psalms and the story of 
Bathsheba. 
Bathsheba - Wife of Uriah, later married 
David after a scandalous affair. 
Uriah - Bathsheba's husband, whom 
David sent to die in battle. 
Amnon - David's son who assaulted his 
half-sister Tamar. 
Tamar - David's daughter who was 
victimized by Amnon. 
Absalom - David's son who avenged 
Tamar and later rebelled against David. 
Abishag - A young woman who cared 
for King David in his old age. 
Adonijah - David's son who tried to 
claim the throne before Solomon. 
Solomon - David’s son and king known 
for wisdom and building the Temple 
Cyrus - Persian king who allowed the 
Jews to return and rebuild Jerusalem. 
Sheshbazzar - Led the first group of 
Jews back to Jerusalem after exile. 
Zerubbabel - Governor of Judah who 
played a key role in rebuilding the 
Temple. 
Ezra- jewish priest and scribe that was 
sent by the persian king to restore 
Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem; 
rebuilt the wall of Jerusalem 
Nehemiah - jewish "cupbearer" of King of 
Atraxerxes; Rebuilt the wall of Jerusalem 
with Ezra; reestablished the worship of 
God there after the Babylonian exile 
“people of the land” - those with 
political power or Influence In the land 
“golahs” - jewish exiles or captives who 
were taken from their homeland to live 
In foreign lands.  
Naomi - Lost both her sons. played a 
crucial role In Ruths life. mother-in-law 
of Ruth, took Ruth and her Israelite 
husband into household 
 
Ruth- A Moabite widow who remained 
loyal to her mother-in-law Naomi and 
became an ancestor of Jesus by 
marrying Boaz. 
Boaz - ruth's second husband 
Pharisees - A Jewish sect known for 
strict adherence to the law and 
traditions, often in conflict with Jesus 
over interpretations of the Torah. 
Sadducees - A priestly sect that 
emphasized Temple worship and 
rejected beliefs in resurrection and the 
afterlife. 
Essenes - A separatist community that 
lived in isolation, focusing on purity and 
possibly associated with the Dead Sea 
Scrolls. 
Peter - One of Jesus’ closest disciples, 
known as a leader of the early church 
and a key figure in spreading 
Christianity.

[Audio] Cornelius - A Roman centurion and one of the first Gentiles to convert to Christianity after encountering Peter. James - Likely Jesus' brother, who led the Jerusalem church and emphasized a faith expressed through actions. Ebionites Gnostics Docetics Marcion Tertullian Places Hebron - Jebus/Jerusalem Yehud - the first community that included both Jewish and gentile followers of Jesus was established here; Peter vs. Paul Thessalonica- Home of the Thessalonians, who Paul aligns with and convinces that the parousia is imminent. Nicea- Held two famous councils, the first resulted in the adoption of the Nicene Creed. This outlined Jesus relationship to God by stating that they share the same essence. Dates 540 BCE- repatriation, when Jews could go from exile back to their home 520 - people of Judea rebuilt the temple 325 CE- emperor constantine establishes nicene creed Terms & Concepts Ethical Dimension - Hebrew Big question of ethical dimension - how do we live with the divine/sacred in relation to fellow human beings? Basis of injustice in Israelite society (Amos) Basis & descriptions of injustice in Judean society (Isa) Concept of a New Age - End predator-prey relationships, healing the nation, equality for all. class harmony, reward the loyal, punish the wicked, Golden Age, people desire the temple and to learn about God, lower infant mortality rate and longer life span, possess own houses and land Concept of the Suffering servant (identity & role) - Identity- Jacob/Israel/Abraham- all the same being; Role- light to the Gentiles, teach Gods word ,restore tribes of Jacob, embrace suffering Ethical Dimension - Christian Radical kingdom ethics (beatitudes, antithetical statements)- Beattidues: set of teachings by Jesus in Matthew 5. They all start with "blessed are those who..." Antithetical Statements - teachings by Jesus that begin with "You have heard it said that..." then he gives his interpretation of the OT quote. This creates a balance between the latter of the law and speaker of the law mercy & peacemaking - -Blessed are the humble -Blessed are those who thirst for justice -Blessed are the merciful -Blessed are the peacemakers -Turn the other cheek. 

Scene 2

Cornelius - A Roman centurion and one 
of the first Gentiles to convert to 
Christianity after encountering Peter. 
James - Likely Jesus’ brother, who led 
the Jerusalem church and emphasized a 
faith expressed through actions. 
 
Ebionites 
Gnostics 
Docetics 
Marcion 
Tertullian 
 
Places 
Hebron -  
Jebus/Jerusalem 
Yehud - the first community that 
included both Jewish and gentile 
followers of Jesus was established here; 
Peter vs. Paul 
 
Thessalonica- Home of the 
Thessalonians, who Paul aligns with and 
convinces that the parousia is imminent. 
Nicea- Held two famous councils, the 
first resulted in the adoption of the 
Nicene Creed. This outlined Jesus 
relationship to God by stating that they 
share the same essence. 
 
Dates 
540 BCE- repatriation, when Jews could 
go from exile back to their home 
520 -  
people of Judea rebuilt the temple 
 
 
325 CE- emperor constantine establishes 
nicene creed 
 
Terms & Concepts 
Ethical Dimension - Hebrew 
Big question of ethical dimension - how 
do we live with the divine/sacred in 
relation to fellow human beings? 
 
Basis of injustice in Israelite society  
   (Amos)  
Basis & descriptions of injustice in    
   Judean society (Isa) 
Concept of a New Age -  
End predator-prey relationships, healing 
the nation, equality for all. class 
harmony, reward the loyal, punish the 
wicked, Golden Age, people desire the 
temple and to learn about God, lower 
infant mortality rate and longer life span, 
possess own houses and land 
Concept of the Suffering servant  
   (identity & role) - Identity- 
Jacob/Israel/Abraham- all the same 
being;  
Role- light to the Gentiles, teach Gods 
word ,restore tribes of Jacob, embrace 
suffering 
 
Ethical Dimension - Christian 
Radical kingdom ethics (beatitudes,   
   antithetical statements)-  
Beattidues: set of teachings by Jesus in 
Matthew 5. They all start with "blessed 
are those who..." Antithetical Statements 
- teachings by Jesus that begin with 
"You have heard it said that..." then he 
gives his interpretation of the OT quote. 
This creates a balance between the latter 
of the law and speaker of the law 
mercy & peacemaking -  
-Blessed are the humble 
-Blessed are those who thirst for justice 
-Blessed are the merciful 
-Blessed are the peacemakers 
-Turn the other cheek

[Audio] merciful and being peaceful is a part of Isaiah's vision for a new age Philemon story summary - While imprisoned, Paul writes a letter to Philemon, a fellow religious leader, encouraging him to take it easy on Onesimus, a runaway slave of his. Paul engages in rhetoric to appeal to Philemon's religious side. He also endorses Onesimus as a fellow Christian. Relation of Jesus' ethical teachings to Philemon narrative - esus taught that we should be merciful and forgiving, which is exactly what Paul encourages Philemon to do to Onesimus. Social Dimension: Power Struggles in Ancient Israel Theocracy - A God governed or religiously governed society. basic prophet function "son of God" Messiah - Refers to the king of the Israelites. Royal ideology - The masses expectations for a king. he king is NOT divine; King is considered God's "son"; to be obedient to God, they had to be obedient to the king; Royal code - native, no standing army, not filthy rich, not have many wives, read from Torah daily, fear of YHWH, keep righteousness/justice Roles/functions of Samuel - Samuel is a priest, prophet, and the last judge of Israel. Samuel is against the idea of a king but comes around because the people demand it. Anti- v. pro-monarchy - Samuel and his sons are anti-monarchy, but the people are clamoring for a king so Saul becomes the first king of Israel. Decentralization v. centralization Royal ideology & Samuel's farewell Speech - Samuel gathers the masses and tells them Saul will be there new King. BUT, his son's will still be around in an attempt to save the decentralized gov't. Samuel reminds them of all God has done for them. Says: "Is it not the wheat harvest day" then it immediately begins to rain. He was showing the masses that the prophets have power, not the King. Reasons for conflict between Samuel & Saul - Israel transitions from a decentralized government with judges and priests to a centralized government with a king (messiah). Centralized -> want one king to rule over the people and have complete control; Decentralized -> not one man in complete power, more distribution of power David's accession to the throne New capital - David moves the united capital of Israel from Hebron to Jebus/Jerusalem. shows David is trying to create unity between Israelites and Judeans David's non-compliance with royal code - -David is not a native Israelite -He becomes filthy rich -He acquires many wives -He has a standing army -He does not read the Torah daily Personal crisis of adultery Double standards & David - David is committing adultery and other sins that others would be severely punished for. The king is supposed to read the Torah daily to avoid creating a double standard; but since David is creating. 

Scene 3

merciful and being peaceful is a part of 
Isaiah's vision for a new age 
Philemon story summary -  
While imprisoned, Paul writes a letter to 
Philemon, a fellow religious leader, 
encouraging him to take it easy on 
Onesimus, a runaway slave of his. Paul 
engages in rhetoric to appeal to 
Philemon's religious side. He also 
endorses Onesimus as a fellow Christian. 
Relation of Jesus’ ethical teachings to  
   Philemon narrative - esus taught that 
we should be merciful and forgiving, 
which is exactly what Paul encourages 
Philemon to do to Onesimus. 
Social Dimension:  Power Struggles in 
Ancient Israel 
Theocracy - A God governed or 
religiously governed society. 
basic prophet function 
“son of God” 
Messiah - Refers to the king of the 
Israelites. 
Royal ideology - The masses 
expectations for a king. he king is NOT 
divine; King is considered God's "son"; 
to be obedient to God, they had to be 
obedient to the king; 
Royal code - native, no standing army, 
not filthy rich, not have many wives, read 
from Torah daily, fear of YHWH, keep 
righteousness/justice 
Roles/functions of Samuel - Samuel is a 
priest, prophet, and the last judge of 
Israel. Samuel is against the idea of a 
king but comes around because the 
people demand it. 
Anti- v. pro-monarchy -  
Samuel and his sons are anti-monarchy, 
but the people are clamoring for a king 
so Saul becomes the first king of Israel. 
Decentralization v. centralization 
Royal ideology & Samuel’s farewell  
   Speech - Samuel gathers the masses 
and tells them Saul will be there new 
King. BUT, his son's will still be around in 
an attempt to save the decentralized 
gov't. Samuel reminds them of all God 
has done for them. Says: "Is it not the 
wheat harvest day" then it immediately 
begins to rain. He was showing the 
masses that the prophets have power, 
not the King. 
 
Reasons for conflict between Samuel &  
   Saul - Israel transitions from a 
decentralized government with judges 
and priests to a centralized government 
with a king (messiah). Centralized -> 
want one king to rule over the people 
and have complete control; 
Decentralized -> not one man in 
complete power, more distribution of 
power 
David’s accession to the throne 
New capital - David moves the united 
capital of Israel from Hebron to 
Jebus/Jerusalem. shows David is trying 
to create unity between Israelites and 
Judeans 
David’s non-compliance with royal code 
- -David is not a native Israelite 
-He becomes filthy rich 
-He acquires many wives 
-He has a standing army  
-He does not read the Torah daily 
Personal crisis of adultery 
Double standards & David - David is 
committing adultery and other sins that 
others would be severely punished for. 
The king is supposed to read the Torah 
daily to avoid creating a double 
standard; but since David is creating a 
double standard we can infer that he is 
not reading the Torah daily, a violation 
of the royal code.

[Audio] Absalom's rebellion - Wants justice for his sister Tamar, gathers 50 men to try and overthrow his father. They go to the gates of the court in Hebron (former capital) and talk poorly about David and what Absalom would do if he was king. He takes this new mass of people and kicks his father out and across the Jordan river. His father has rocks thrown at him and is cursed at. Israelites do not like David anymore. Absalom becomes king with both Jerusalem and Judah on his side. Defective administration of justice - David falsely claims he will listen to lawsuits, but he does not, emphasizing how dysfunctional his administration is during his reign. Royal ideology & David's impotence - David's servants bring him a girl named Abishag for him to sleep with so he can remain on the throne, but he is impotent so he must forfeit his power. Solomon's "wisdom" - Solomon is said to be very wise, but examples from the text prove this to be satire. Ex. The maternity case (Many wives, excessive money) Social Dimension: Politics of Identity in Postexilic Israel Repatriation - This is when Sheshbazzar brings back the first migrants group of exiled Jews and attempts to rebuild the temple. the act of returning to the country of origin basis for identity of "Israel" - No country, nation, territory at this time of repatriation, Israel is a constructed Identity with many different nationalities during this time. 1. Ethnic identity 2. National identity Nehemiah's reform – ban on intermarriages & consequence - Nehemiah's reform included a strict ban on intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews to maintain religious purity and adherence to God's laws (Nehemiah 13:23-27). The consequence of this reform was a social and religious crackdown, where families were separated, and offenders were publicly reprimanded, underscoring Nehemiah's dedication to preserving Jewish identity and covenantal faithfulness. Ezra's reform – ban on Sabbath Commerce - Ezra's reform included a ban on commerce during the Sabbath to restore proper observance of the holy day and align the community with God's laws significance of Ruth to P.O.T.L. position Sect - A sect is a subgroup within a larger religious, political, or philosophical tradition that has distinct beliefs, practices, or interpretations that set it apart from the mainstream group. Hellenists - Adopting all aspects of the culture being imposed ·Abandon own Jewish heritage Nazarenes - Early Christians that never considered Jesus as divine did not believe in the virgin birth, they believed that Jesus was the messiah and that he was given his messiahship after being baptized by John. They accepted the teachings of Paul. God-fearer - Non-Jew Gentiles · Doesn't follow the dietary restrictions of the Jewish religion · Not circumcised Proselyte - Gentiles that become full Jews · Would get circumcised, do everything, etc. Jerusalem conference (issue, parties represented, final resolution) - Issue: Whether or not non-ethnic Jews. 

Scene 4

Absalom’s rebellion - Wants justice for 
his sister Tamar, gathers 50 men to try 
and overthrow his father. They go to the 
gates of the court in Hebron (former 
capital) and talk poorly about David and 
what Absalom would do if he was king. 
He takes this new mass of people and 
kicks his father out and across the 
Jordan river. His father has rocks thrown 
at him and is cursed at. Israelites do not 
like David anymore. Absalom becomes 
king with both Jerusalem and Judah on 
his side. 
Defective administration of justice - 
David falsely claims he will listen to 
lawsuits, but he does not, emphasizing 
how dysfunctional his administration is 
during his reign. 
Royal ideology & David’s impotence - 
David's servants bring him a girl named 
Abishag for him to sleep with so he can 
remain on the throne, but he is impotent 
so he must forfeit his power. 
Solomon’s “wisdom” - Solomon is said 
to be very wise, but examples from the 
text prove this to be satire. Ex. The 
maternity case (Many wives, excessive 
money) 
Social Dimension:  Politics of Identity in 
Postexilic Israel 
Repatriation - This is when Sheshbazzar 
brings back the first migrants group of 
exiled Jews and attempts to rebuild the 
temple. the act of returning to the 
country of origin 
basis for identity of “Israel” - No country, 
nation, territory at this time of 
repatriation, Israel is a constructed 
Identity with many different nationalities 
during this time. 1. Ethnic identity 2. 
National identity 
Nehemiah’s reform – ban on  
   intermarriages & consequence - 
Nehemiah’s reform included a strict ban 
on intermarriage between Jews and 
non-Jews to maintain religious purity 
and adherence to God’s laws (Nehemiah 
13:23-27). The consequence of this 
reform was a social and religious 
crackdown, where families were 
separated, and offenders were publicly 
reprimanded, underscoring Nehemiah’s 
dedication to preserving Jewish identity 
and covenantal faithfulness. 
Ezra’s reform – ban on Sabbath  
   Commerce - Ezra’s reform included a 
ban on commerce during the Sabbath to 
restore proper observance of the holy 
day and align the community with God’s 
laws 
significance of Ruth to P.O.T.L. position 
Sect - A sect is a subgroup within a 
larger religious, political, or 
philosophical tradition that has distinct 
beliefs, practices, or interpretations that 
set it apart from the mainstream group. 
Hellenists - Adopting all aspects of the 
culture being imposed 
·Abandon own Jewish heritage 
Nazarenes - Early Christians that never 
considered Jesus as divine did not 
believe in the virgin birth, they believed 
that Jesus was the messiah and that he 
was given his messiahship after being 
baptized by John. They accepted the 
teachings of Paul. 
God-fearer - Non-Jew Gentiles 
· Doesn't follow the dietary restrictions 
of the Jewish religion 
· Not circumcised 
Proselyte - Gentiles that become full 
Jews 
· Would get circumcised, do everything, 
etc. 
Jerusalem conference (issue, parties  
   represented, final resolution) - Issue: 
Whether or not non-ethnic Jews can 
become Jewish without getting

[Audio] circumsized. Parties: James vs. Paul Result: Non-ethnic Jews can become Jewish without circumcision. Jesus movement – from separatism to Accommodationism- By having the conference and allowing people to become followers without first converting to Judaism allowed for more followers and more people to be preachers of His messages. Doctrinal Dimension: Death & Afterlife Hebrew/Israelite view of the human Composition - Believed humans were made up of body, soul, and spirit. The soul is the intellectual component of ones being, varies from person to person. The spirit is what enlivens us and is uniform across all people. They believed that when the physical body died, the soul and spirit would travel to the Netherworld. Netherworld - The underworld. All religions go there after the death, but the process of arriving varies according to beliefs. Sheol, Mot, Hades - Sheol: Hebrew idea of the underworld, similar to Hades. Mot: Canaanite demon of the underworld. Hades: General term for underworld in Greco-Roman afterlife. Development of Jewish view of afterlife - Initially it was believed that it did not matter how you lived on Earth, everyone went to the Netherworld. Of course, this created ethical problems within the Jewish community, so they changed it to where the good were rewarded and the evil were punished. Jewish ideas of resurrection - Body is resurrected, soul is immortal. Greco-Roman view of afterlife - Underworld is known as Hades. When someone dies a coin is placed in their mouth to pay for the ferry ride across the river styx. Tartarus is where bad people go, Elysian Fields is where good people go. Tartarus had different levels like a pyramid, being on the bottom was the worst. People on the top of the pyramid could fall off of the pyramid and go back to the plain of judgement and perhaps the Elysian Fields. Tartarus - Place of punishment in Hades. Place where bad spirits/people went. elysian fields Paradise - First reference to heaven in the Bible, Jesus tells the thief that he will join him in paradise. the abode of righteous souls after death Eschatology – studu of end times Parousia - The second coming of christ when the Lord will judge the living and dead, end of the world as depicted in Revelations. Paul's view of parousia - Tells Thessalonians to not worry about when Parousia will come, continue working and leading a good life. There will be a great rebellion to reveal the "lawless one", and the "restraining one" will be removed and then Christ will come. (1) Great rebellion, (2), Man of lawlessness revealed, (3) Lawless one removed, (4) Christ's return Apostasy - A great rebellion leading to the end of the world. One of the requirements for the parousia to occur. the state of having rejected your religious beliefs or your political party or a cause (often in favor of opposing beliefs or causes) "man. 

Scene 5

circumsized. 
Parties: James vs. Paul 
Result: Non-ethnic Jews can become 
Jewish without circumcision. 
Jesus movement – from separatism to  
   Accommodationism- By having the 
conference and allowing people to 
become followers without first 
converting to Judaism allowed for more 
followers and more people to be 
preachers of His messages. 
Doctrinal Dimension:  Death & Afterlife 
Hebrew/Israelite view of the human  
   Composition - Believed humans were 
made up of body, soul, and spirit. The 
soul is the intellectual component of 
ones being, varies from person to 
person. The spirit is what enlivens us and 
is uniform across all people. They 
believed that when the physical body 
died, the soul and spirit would travel to 
the Netherworld. 
Netherworld - The underworld. All 
religions go there after the death, but 
the process of arriving varies according 
to beliefs. 
Sheol, Mot, Hades 
- Sheol: Hebrew idea of the underworld, 
similar to Hades. 
Mot: Canaanite demon of the 
underworld. 
Hades: General term for underworld in 
Greco-Roman afterlife. 
Development of Jewish view of afterlife - 
Initially it was believed that it did not 
matter how you lived on Earth, everyone 
went to the Netherworld. Of course, this 
created ethical problems within the 
Jewish community, so they changed it to 
where the good were rewarded and the 
evil were punished. 
Jewish ideas of resurrection - Body is 
resurrected, soul is immortal. 
Greco-Roman view of afterlife - 
Underworld is known as Hades. When 
someone dies a coin is placed in their 
mouth to pay for the ferry ride across 
the river styx. Tartarus is where bad 
people go, Elysian Fields is where good 
people go. Tartarus had different levels 
like a pyramid, being on the bottom was 
the worst. People on the top of the 
pyramid could fall off of the pyramid 
and go back to the plain of judgement 
and perhaps the Elysian Fields. 
Tartarus - Place of punishment in Hades. 
Place where bad spirits/people went. 
elysian fields 
Paradise - First reference to heaven in 
the Bible, Jesus tells the thief that he will 
join him in paradise. the abode of 
righteous souls after death 
Eschatology – studu of end times 
Parousia - The second coming of christ 
when the Lord will judge the living and 
dead, end of the world as depicted in 
Revelations. 
Paul’s view of parousia - Tells 
Thessalonians to not worry about when 
Parousia will come, continue working 
and leading a good life. There will be a 
great rebellion to reveal the "lawless 
one", and the "restraining one" will be 
removed and then Christ will come. (1) 
Great rebellion, (2), Man of lawlessness 
revealed, (3) Lawless one removed, (4) 
Christ's return 
Apostasy - A great rebellion leading to 
the end of the world. One of the 
requirements for the parousia to occur. 
the state of having rejected your 
religious beliefs or your political party or 
a cause (often in favor of opposing 
beliefs or causes) 
“man of lawlessness” - A man of sin, 
antichrist, his identity is unknown. One

[Audio] 3 people 1 God Trinitas - one God three persons, coined by Tertullian Lists 4 8th century BCE classical prophets - Isaiah, Micah, Amos, Hosea 3 major concepts in Isaiah - 1. Demand for Justice 2. Promise/vision of a new age 3. Suffering servant 4 captivity letters - Philemon, Philippians, Colossians, Ephesians 2 expectations of king in royal ideology - justice and prosperity 4 stipulations of royal code - 1. Must be an Israelite 2. Cannot have many wives 3. Cannot have a standing army 4. Cannot be rich 3 means of David establishing his Administration - 1. Creates a new capital 2. Moves the arc of the covenant to the new capital 3. Engages in imperialistic activity 4 stages of immigrancy to Yehud - 1st wave: The repatriation stage led by Zerubbabel. They laid the foundation of the temple. 2nd wave: Rebuilding stage led by Sheshbazzar. 3rd wave: Religious reform stage led by Ezra. 4th wave: Socioeconomic stage led by Nehemiah. 3 means of cultural interaction - 1) Assimilate 2) Accommodate 3) Separate of the requirements for the parousia to occur. "restraining One" - Person who must be removed because he conceals the identity of the man of lawlessness. One of the requirements for the parousia to occur. Doctrinal Dimension: Monotheism/Trinitarianism Monotheism/polytheism/henotheism - Monotheism: Belief in one God Polytheism: Belief in multiple gods Henotheism: Allegiance to one God but belief in other gods. Jewish-Christians' view of God/Jesus Adoptionism - Adoptionists: belief that Christ was the adopted and not natural son of God View of God: Rigidly monotheistic View of Jesus: Totally human, no virgin birth Gentile Christians' view of God/Jesus Ditheism - Ditheistic, God of the OT, God of the NT. View of God: OT God is wrathful, NT God is merciful. View of Jesus: Only appeared to be human but was totally divine Gnostic Christians' view of God/Jesus Gnosis - Jesus is divine not human, if he was human he would be evil (cosmic dualism), Jesus (Body) and Christ (Spirit) are two separate beings. believed Christ was totally divine; believed there were two Jesus' - total humanity, total divinity (double vision Jesus) Proto-orthodox Christians' view of God/Jesus - Forerunners to orthodox position. View of God: Less rigid monotheism. View of Jesus: Trinitas, Jesus is both 100% human and 100% divine. total divinity and total humanity; trinity,. 

Scene 6

of the requirements for the parousia to 
occur. 
“restraining One” - Person who must be 
removed because he conceals the 
identity of the man of lawlessness. One 
of the requirements for the parousia to 
occur. 
Doctrinal Dimension:  
Monotheism/Trinitarianism 
Monotheism/polytheism/henotheism - 
Monotheism: Belief in one God 
Polytheism: Belief in multiple gods 
Henotheism: Allegiance to one God but 
belief in other gods. 
Jewish-Christians’ view of God/Jesus 
Adoptionism - Adoptionists: belief that 
Christ was the adopted and not natural 
son of God 
View of God: Rigidly monotheistic 
View of Jesus: Totally human, no virgin 
birth 
Gentile Christians’ view of God/Jesus 
Ditheism - Ditheistic, God of the OT, 
God of the NT. 
View of God: OT God is wrathful, NT 
God is merciful. 
View of Jesus: Only appeared to be 
human but was totally divine 
Gnostic Christians’ view of God/Jesus 
Gnosis - Jesus is divine not human, if he 
was human he would be evil (cosmic 
dualism), Jesus (Body) and Christ (Spirit) 
are two separate beings.  
believed Christ was totally divine; 
believed there were two Jesus' - total 
humanity, total divinity (double vision 
Jesus) 
Proto-orthodox Christians’ view of  
   God/Jesus - Forerunners to orthodox 
position. 
View of God: Less rigid monotheism. 
View of Jesus: Trinitas, Jesus is both 
100% human and 100% divine. 
total divinity and total humanity; trinity, 
3 people 1 God 
Trinitas - one God three persons, coined 
by Tertullian 
 
 
Lists 
4 8th century BCE classical prophets - 
Isaiah, Micah, Amos, Hosea 
3 major concepts in Isaiah - 1. Demand 
for Justice 
2. Promise/vision of a new age 
3. Suffering servant 
4 captivity letters - Philemon, 
Philippians, Colossians, Ephesians 
2 expectations of king in royal ideology 
- justice and prosperity 
4 stipulations of royal code - 1. Must be 
an Israelite 
2. Cannot have many wives 
3. Cannot have a standing army 
4. Cannot be rich 
3 means of David establishing his   
   Administration - 1. Creates a new 
capital  
2. Moves the arc of the covenant to the 
new capital  
3. Engages in imperialistic activity 
4 stages of immigrancy to Yehud - 1st 
wave: The repatriation stage led by 
Zerubbabel. They laid the foundation of 
the temple. 
 
2nd wave: Rebuilding  stage led by 
Sheshbazzar. 
 
3rd wave: Religious reform stage led by 
Ezra.  
 
4th wave: Socioeconomic stage led by 
Nehemiah. 
3 means of cultural interaction - 1) 
Assimilate  
2) Accommodate 
3) Separate

[Audio] 3 cautionary words to Gentiles joining Jesus movement - 1. Avoid the consumption of blood or raw meat 2. Avoid the consumption of meat sacrificed to idols 3. Abstain from sexual immorality 3 functions of doctrines - 1. credible- relating how your perspective connects to the cultural belief around you in the larger culture 2. practical 3. stabilizing- bringing order to conflict or chaos 4 concerns in Thessalonian church - 1. Christians are walking around jobless with no money. 2. Whether or not the dead Christians will get to partake in the parousia. 3. When the parousia will occur. 4. Lack of respect for the leaders of the church. 3 events before parousia - 1. Great rebellion 2. man of lawlessness revealed 3. restraining figure removed then the MOL will be released. 

Scene 7

3 cautionary words to Gentiles joining   
   Jesus movement - 1. Avoid the 
consumption of blood or raw meat 
2. Avoid the  consumption of meat 
sacrificed to idols 
3. Abstain from sexual immorality 
3 functions of doctrines 
- 
1. credible- relating how your 
perspective connects to the 
cultural belief around you in the 
larger culture 
2. practical 
3. stabilizing- bringing order to 
conflict or chaos 
4 concerns in Thessalonian church - 1. 
Christians are walking around jobless 
with no money. 
2. Whether or not the dead Christians 
will get to partake in the parousia. 
3. When the parousia will occur. 
4. Lack of respect for the leaders of the 
church. 
 
 
3 events before parousia 
 
 
- 
1. Great rebellion 
2. man of lawlessness revealed 
3. restraining figure removed 
then the MOL will be released

Study Guide – Exam #2


Study Guide—Exam #3 People Amos, a prophet whose message was that the worship of God must manifest itself in tangible acts of kindness and justice; northern kingdom Isaiah, an Old Testament prophet who prophesied about the coming of the Messiah; Philemon, the great King of Persia and founder of the Achaemenid empire; Onesimus, a former slave of Philemon who converted to Christianity through Paul and had a father son relationship with him; Samuel, a prophet and judge who anointed the first two kings of Israel, Saul and David; Saul, the first king of Israel who was rejected by God for his disobedience; David, the second king of Israel known for his psalms and the story of Bathsheba; Bathsheba, the wife of Uriah who later married David after a scandalous affair; Uriah, the husband of Bathsheba who was sent by David to die in battle; Amnon, David's son who assaulted his half sister Tamar; Tamar, David's daughter who was victimized by Amnon; Absalom, David's son who avenged Tamar and later rebelled against David; Abishag, a young woman who cared for King David in his old age; Adonijah, David's son who attempted to claim the throne before Solomon; Solomon, David's son and king known for his wisdom and building the Temple; Cyrus, the Persian king who allowed the Jews to return and rebuild Jerusalem; Sheshbazzar, who led the first group of Jews back to Jerusalem after the exile; Zerubbabel, the governor of Judah who played a key role in rebuilding the Temple; Ezra, a Jewish priest and scribe who was sent by the Persian king to restore Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem and also rebuilt the city walls; Nehemiah, a Jewish cupbearer of King Artaxerxes who rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem with Ezra and reestablished the worship of God there after the Babylonian exile; people of the land, those with political power or influence in the land; golahs, Jewish exiles or captives who were taken from their homeland to live in foreign lands; Naomi, who lost both her sons and played a crucial role in Ruth's life.

Ruth's mother in law welcomed Ruth and her Israelite husband into her household. Ruth, a widow from Moab, remained faithful to her mother in law Naomi and became an ancestor of Jesus by marrying Boaz. Boaz was Ruth's second husband.

The Pharisees were a Jewish sect known for their strict adherence to the law and traditions. They often clashed with Jesus over interpretations of the Torah.

The Sadducees were a priestly sect that placed emphasis on Temple worship and rejected beliefs in resurrection and the afterlife.

The Essenes were a community that lived in isolation and focused on purity. They may have been associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Peter was one of Jesus' closest disciples and was known as a leader of the early church. He played a key role in spreading Christianity.

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Cornelius was a Roman centurion who was one of the first Gentiles to convert to Christianity after encountering Peter. James, likely the brother of Jesus, led the Jerusalem church and emphasized a faith expressed through actions. The Ebionites, Gnostics, Docetics, Marcion, and Tertullian were all religious groups or individuals who played a role in the development of Christianity.

There were also important places in the history of Christianity, such as Hebron, Jebus/Jerusalem, and Yehud, where the first community that included both Jewish and Gentile followers of Jesus was established. There were also conflicts within the early church, such as the tensions between Peter and Paul.

Thessalonica was home to the Thessalonians, who Paul aligned with and convinced that the parousia, or second coming of Christ, was imminent. Nicea also played a significant role in the development of Christianity, as it was the site of two famous councils, with the first resulting in the adoption of the Nicene Creed. This creed defined Jesus' relationship to God by stating that they share the same essence.

There were various dates of significance as well, including 540 B-C-E, when the Jews were allowed to return from exile to their homeland, and 520 B-C-E when the people of Judea rebuilt the temple. In 325 CE, Emperor Constantine established the Nicene Creed as the official statement of Christian belief.

Some key terms and concepts in Christianity include the ethical dimension, the Hebrew people, the concept of a New Age, and the suffering servant. The ethical dimension refers to the question of how to live with the divine/sacred in relation to fellow human beings. This was addressed by prophets such as Amos and Isaiah, who spoke out against injustices in Israelite and Judean societies.

The concept of a New Age includes the idea of ending relationships of predator and prey, healing the nation, and promoting equality for all. This New Age would bring about the Golden Age, where people desire to worship God and live in harmony with one another. This would also result in a lower infant mortality rate, longer life span, and owning one's own land and house.

The suffering servant is a key figure in Christianity, with many identifying this figure as Jacob/Israel/Abraham. The role of the suffering servant is to be a light to the Gentiles, to teach God's word, restore the tribes of Jacob, and embrace suffering. This also has an ethical dimension, as it challenges believers to follow Jesus' example of humility, justice, mercy, and peacemaking.

Overall, Christianity is characterized by a radical kingdom ethic, as seen in the Beatitudes (a set of teachings by Jesus in Matthew 5) and antithetical statements (where Jesus contrasts his interpretation of the law with traditional teachings). These teachings promote values such as humility, thirst for justice, mercy, and peacemaking, and also challenge believers to turn the other cheek and seek reconciliation.


Being merciful and striving for peace is a key aspect of Isaiah's vision for a new era. The story of Philemon is a summary of events where Paul, while imprisoned, writes a letter to Philemon, a fellow religious leader, urging him to show leniency towards his runaway slave, Onesimus. Paul uses persuasive language to appeal to Philemon's religious beliefs and also endorses Onesimus as a fellow Christian. This narrative aligns with Jesus' teachings on forgiveness and compassion. 

In the social context of ancient Israel, power struggles were common due to the concept of theocracy  a society governed by or under the control of religious authorities. The role of a prophet was often referred to as the son of God, and the title of Messiah was reserved for the king of the Israelites. The masses had certain expectations for their king, who was not considered divine, but rather seen as God's son and expected to obey God's laws. These laws included not having a standing army, being humble, and showing devotion to God by reading from the Torah daily, fearing God, and upholding righteousness and justice. 

Samuel, a priest and prophet, served as the last judge of Israel. He initially opposed the idea of a king, but eventually gave in to the demands of the people. Samuel and his sons were against having a monarchy, but the people insisted, and so Saul became the first king of Israel. This transition from a decentralized government with judges and priests to a centralized government with a king caused conflict between Samuel and Saul. 

The tensions between Samuel and Saul were rooted in the centralization of power and the implementation of a new royal ideology. In his farewell speech, Samuel reminds the people of all that God has done for them and uses the example of the rain during the wheat harvest to demonstrate the power of the prophets, rather than the king. This highlights the conflict between decentralization and centralization of government and the clash between the role of the prophet and the role of the king. 

Centralized -> refers to the desire for one king to rule over the people and hold complete control; Decentralized -> does not have one man in complete power, but instead allows for more distribution of power. David's rise to the throne and establishment of a new capital. David moves the united capital of Israel from Hebron to Jebus/Jerusalem, demonstrating his efforts to unite the Israelites and Judeans. David's disregard for the royal code  he is not a native Israelite, becomes extremely wealthy, takes multiple wives, maintains a standing army, and does not read the Torah daily. Personal crisis of adultery and double standards. David is engaging in adultery and other sins that others would be severely punished for. The king is expected to read the Torah daily to avoid creating a double standard, but David is not following this practice.


Absalom's rebellion was a movement seeking justice for his sister Tamar. He gathered 50 men to try and overthrow his own father. They went to the gates of the court in Hebron (formerly the capital) and spoke negatively about David and what Absalom would do if he were to become king. Absalom used this support to overthrow his father and force him to flee across the Jordan river. As David was chased away, he was pelted with rocks and cursed by the Israelites who no longer liked him. Absalom took control and became king with the backing of both Jerusalem and Judah. However, during his reign, there was a lack of proper administration of justice. David falsely claimed to listen to lawsuits, but in reality, he did not, highlighting the dysfunctional nature of his rule. Additionally, there were issues with royal ideology and David's own impotence, as his servants brought him a young girl named Abishag to sleep with in order to maintain his grip on the throne, but he was unable to do so and ultimately lost his power. 

Solomon, who was said to be wise, was actually portrayed satirically in the text. For example, the case of multiple wives and excessive wealth reveal the folly of his supposed wisdom. 

The social dimension during this time was also important, as the politics of identity in postexilic Israel were complicated. The act of repatriation, when Sheshbazzar brought back the first group of exiled Jews to rebuild the temple, was a crucial part of rebuilding the identity of Israel. At this time, there was no specific country, nation, or territory associated with Israel, as it was a constructed identity comprised of many different nationalities. This identity was based on both ethnic and national elements. 

Nehemiah's reform included a strict ban on intermarriage between Jews and non Jews, in order to maintain religious purity and adherence to God's laws (Nehemiah 13:23-27). This resulted in a social and religious crackdown, with families being separated and offenders being publicly reprimanded. This reflects Nehemiah's strong dedication to preserving Jewish identity and faithfulness to their covenant. 

Ezra's reform also aimed to maintain the community's adherence to God's laws, as he banned commerce on the Sabbath. This was seen as an important step in restoring proper observance of the holy day. 

The book of Ruth also holds significance in this period of time, as it highlights the position of women and foreign individuals in the People of the Land (P O T L). 

Lastly, there were also different sects within the larger religious community, each with its own beliefs and practices.

A political or philosophical tradition that has distinct beliefs, practices, or interpretations that distinguish it from the mainstream group. Hellenists adopt all aspects of the culture being imposed and abandon their own Jewish heritage. Nazarenes were early Christians who did not consider Jesus divine and did not believe in the virgin birth. They believed Jesus was the Messiah and that he was given this status after being baptized by John. They also accepted the teachings of Paul. God fearers are non Jewish Gentiles who do not follow the dietary restrictions of the Jewish religion and are not circumcised. Proselytes are Gentiles who become full Jews by getting circumcised and following all other Jewish customs. The Jerusalem conference was held to discuss the issue of whether or not non ethnic Jews should be required to follow Jewish customs. The parties represented at the conference had differing opinions, but the final resolution was reached.


Circumcised, the parties involved were James against Paul. The result was that non ethnic Jews could become Jewish without being circumcised. The Jesus movement shifted from separatism to accommodationism by holding conferences and allowing individuals to become followers without first converting to Judaism. This allowed for more followers and preachers of His message. In terms of doctrine, the Hebrew/Israelite belief was that humans were composed of body, soul, and spirit. The soul was considered the intellectual aspect of one's being and varied from person to person, while the spirit was seen as the animating force that was uniform among all people. After physical death, it was believed that the soul and spirit would travel to the Netherworld, which was the Hebrew/Israelite concept of the underworld. All religions were believed to go to the Netherworld after death, but the specifics of the journey varied according to beliefs. In Hebrew, the Netherworld was known as Sheol, similar to the Greek concept of Hades. There was also the Canaanite belief in the demon Mot as the ruler of the underworld. In Greco Roman culture, the underworld was also known as Hades, and the process of crossing over was symbolized by paying a coin for the ferry ride across the river Styx. The bad were sent to the depths of Tartarus, while the good resided in the Elysian Fields. The Jewish view of the afterlife initially believed that everyone would go to the Netherworld regardless of their actions on Earth. However, this caused ethical problems and was later changed to include rewards for the good and punishment for the evil. The Jewish belief in resurrection included the physical body being resurrected and the soul being immortal. In Greco Roman culture, the underworld was known as Hades and had different levels, with Tartarus being the place of punishment for bad spirits or people. The Elysian Fields were seen as a paradise, and it was the first reference to heaven in the Bible.

Jesus tells the thief that he will join him in paradise, the abode of righteous souls after death. Eschatology is the study of end times, including the Parousia, which is the second coming of Christ. During this time, the Lord will judge the living and dead, leading to the end of the world as depicted in Revelations. Paul's view of Parousia is that he tells the Thessalonians to not worry about when it will come, but rather to continue working and leading a good life. He also predicts that there will be a great rebellion, revealing the lawless one, and the restraining one will be removed, after which Christ will come. This sequence of events includes a great rebellion, the revelation of the man of lawlessness, the removal of the lawless one, and ultimately Christ's return. The term apostasy refers to a great rebellion that leads to the end of the world, and is one of the requirements for the Parousia to occur. It is a state of having rejected one's religious beliefs or political party or cause, often in favor of opposing beliefs or causes.

3 people 1 God Trinitas one God three persons, coined by Tertullian Lists 4 8th century B.C.E. classical prophets Isaiah, Micah, Amos, Hosea. These prophets represent the belief in one God in three persons, a concept coined by Tertullian. 

The list also includes 4 prophets from the 8th century B.C.E.: Isaiah, Micah, Amos, and Hosea. In the book of Isaiah, there are 3 major concepts that are emphasized: demand for justice, promise/vision of a new age, and the suffering servant. The letters written during captivity, including Philemon, Philippians, Colossians, and Ephesians, also reflect these concepts.

In royal ideology, there are 2 main expectations for a king: justice and prosperity. The royal code also includes 4 stipulations that a king must abide by: being an Israelite, having only one wife, not having a standing army, and not being wealthy. These stipulations were ways to establish a just and prosperous reign.

In order for King David to establish his administration, he must have 3 means: creating a new capital, moving the ark of the covenant to the new capital, and engaging in imperialistic activity. These actions would solidify his power and establish his rule.

The 4 stages of immigration to Yehud are as follows: the 1st wave, led by Zerubbabel, focused on rebuilding the temple. The 2nd wave, led by Sheshbazzar, focused on rebuilding the city. The 3rd wave, led by Ezra, focused on religious reform. And the 4th wave, led by Nehemiah, focused on socioeconomic reforms.

There are 3 means of cultural interaction: assimilate, accommodate, or separate. These are necessary for the parousia, or second coming of Christ, to occur. In order for this to happen, the restraining One, a person who conceals the identity of the man of lawlessness, must be removed.

There are several dimensions to consider in the doctrine of monotheism and trinitarianism. Monotheism refers to the belief in one God, while polytheism refers to the belief in multiple gods and henotheism refers to the allegiance to one God while acknowledging the existence of other gods.

Jewish Christians held a rigidly monotheistic view of God and Jesus, believing in the adoptionist perspective which held that Jesus was adopted, not naturally a son of God. They also believed Jesus to be fully human, with no belief in the virgin birth.

Gentile Christians, on the other hand, held a ditheistic view of God, believing in two separate gods of the Old and New Testaments. They saw the God of the Old Testament as wrathful and the God of the New Testament as merciful. They also believed Jesus to be only appearing as human, but being fully divine.

Gnostic Christians believed in gnosis, the idea that Jesus was not human, but completely divine. They also held a belief in cosmic dualism, where Jesus (Body) and Christ (Spirit) were two separate beings. Some believed in a double vision of Jesus, where he was both fully human and fully divine.

Proto orthodox Christians held a forerunner position to the orthodox belief. They had a less rigid monotheistic view of God and believed in the concept of Trinitas, where Jesus was both fully human and fully divine. This belief in total divinity and total humanity laid the foundation for the orthodox view of God and Jesus.


3 warnings for non Jews joining the Jesus movement:

1. Avoid consuming blood or raw meat.
2. Stay away from meat that has been sacrificed to idols.
3. Abstain from any sexual immorality.

3 purposes of doctrines:
1. To explain how your beliefs connect with the cultural norms around you.
2. To provide practical guidance.
3. To maintain order and resolve conflicts.

4 concerns in the Thessalonian church:
1. Some Christians are without work and money.
2. Uncertainty about whether deceased Christians will participate in the parousia.
3. The timing of the parousia.
4. Lack of respect for church leaders.

3 events before the parousia:
1. A great rebellion.
2. The revelation of the man of lawlessness.
3. The removal of the restraining figure, leading to the release of the man of lawlessness.