Study Guide – Exam #2

[Audio] Study Guide—Exam #3 People Amos- prophet whose message was that the worship of God must show itself in concrete deeds of mercy and justice; northern kingdom Isaiah - OT prophet who prophesied about the coming of the messiah; lack of ethics in Judaean society Philemon- the great King of Persia, founder of the Achaemenid Onesimus- Former slave to Philemon, converted to Christianity by Paul, who he has a father-son relationship with. Samuel - A prophet and judge who anointed the first two kings of Israel, Saul and David. Saul - The first king of Israel, who was rejected by God for disobedience. David - The second king of Israel, known for his psalms and the story of Bathsheba. Bathsheba - Wife of Uriah, later married David after a scandalous affair. Uriah - Bathsheba's husband, whom David sent to die in battle. Amnon - David's son who assaulted his half-sister Tamar. Tamar - David's daughter who was victimized by Amnon. Absalom - David's son who avenged Tamar and later rebelled against David. Abishag - A young woman who cared for King David in his old age. Adonijah - David's son who tried to claim the throne before Solomon. Solomon - David's son and king known for wisdom and building the Temple Cyrus - Persian king who allowed the Jews to return and rebuild Jerusalem. Sheshbazzar - Led the first group of Jews back to Jerusalem after exile. Zerubbabel - Governor of Judah who played a key role in rebuilding the Temple. Ezra- jewish priest and scribe that was sent by the persian king to restore Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem; rebuilt the wall of Jerusalem Nehemiah - jewish "cupbearer" of King of Atraxerxes; Rebuilt the wall of Jerusalem with Ezra; reestablished the worship of God there after the Babylonian exile "people of the land" - those with political power or Influence In the land "golahs" - jewish exiles or captives who were taken from their homeland to live In foreign lands. Naomi - Lost both her sons. played a crucial role In Ruths life. mother-in-law of Ruth, took Ruth and her Israelite husband into household Ruth- A Moabite widow who remained loyal to her mother-in-law Naomi and became an ancestor of Jesus by marrying Boaz. Boaz - ruth's second husband Pharisees - A Jewish sect known for strict adherence to the law and traditions, often in conflict with Jesus over interpretations of the Torah. Sadducees - A priestly sect that emphasized Temple worship and rejected beliefs in resurrection and the afterlife. Essenes - A separatist community that lived in isolation, focusing on purity and possibly associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls. Peter - One of Jesus' closest disciples, known as a leader of the early church and a key figure in spreading Christianity..

[Audio] Cornelius - A Roman centurion and one of the first Gentiles to convert to Christianity after encountering Peter. James - Likely Jesus' brother, who led the Jerusalem church and emphasized a faith expressed through actions. Ebionites Gnostics Docetics Marcion Tertullian Places Hebron - Jebus/Jerusalem Yehud - the first community that included both Jewish and gentile followers of Jesus was established here; Peter vs. Paul Thessalonica- Home of the Thessalonians, who Paul aligns with and convinces that the parousia is imminent. Nicea- Held two famous councils, the first resulted in the adoption of the Nicene Creed. This outlined Jesus relationship to God by stating that they share the same essence. Dates 540 BCE- repatriation, when Jews could go from exile back to their home 520 - people of Judea rebuilt the temple 325 CE- emperor constantine establishes nicene creed Terms & Concepts Ethical Dimension - Hebrew Big question of ethical dimension - how do we live with the divine/sacred in relation to fellow human beings? Basis of injustice in Israelite society (Amos) Basis & descriptions of injustice in Judean society (Isa) Concept of a New Age - End predator-prey relationships, healing the nation, equality for all. class harmony, reward the loyal, punish the wicked, Golden Age, people desire the temple and to learn about God, lower infant mortality rate and longer life span, possess own houses and land Concept of the Suffering servant (identity & role) - Identity- Jacob/Israel/Abraham- all the same being; Role- light to the Gentiles, teach Gods word ,restore tribes of Jacob, embrace suffering Ethical Dimension - Christian Radical kingdom ethics (beatitudes, antithetical statements)- Beattidues: set of teachings by Jesus in Matthew 5. They all start with "blessed are those who..." Antithetical Statements - teachings by Jesus that begin with "You have heard it said that..." then he gives his interpretation of the OT quote. This creates a balance between the latter of the law and speaker of the law mercy & peacemaking - -Blessed are the humble -Blessed are those who thirst for justice -Blessed are the merciful -Blessed are the peacemakers -Turn the other cheek.

[Audio] merciful and being peaceful is a part of Isaiah's vision for a new age Philemon story summary - While imprisoned, Paul writes a letter to Philemon, a fellow religious leader, encouraging him to take it easy on Onesimus, a runaway slave of his. Paul engages in rhetoric to appeal to Philemon's religious side. He also endorses Onesimus as a fellow Christian. Relation of Jesus' ethical teachings to Philemon narrative - esus taught that we should be merciful and forgiving, which is exactly what Paul encourages Philemon to do to Onesimus. Social Dimension: Power Struggles in Ancient Israel Theocracy - A God governed or religiously governed society. basic prophet function "son of God" Messiah - Refers to the king of the Israelites. Royal ideology - The masses expectations for a king. he king is NOT divine; King is considered God's "son"; to be obedient to God, they had to be obedient to the king; Royal code - native, no standing army, not filthy rich, not have many wives, read from Torah daily, fear of YHWH, keep righteousness/justice Roles/functions of Samuel - Samuel is a priest, prophet, and the last judge of Israel. Samuel is against the idea of a king but comes around because the people demand it. Anti- v. pro-monarchy - Samuel and his sons are anti-monarchy, but the people are clamoring for a king so Saul becomes the first king of Israel. Decentralization v. centralization Royal ideology & Samuel's farewell Speech - Samuel gathers the masses and tells them Saul will be there new King. BUT, his son's will still be around in an attempt to save the decentralized gov't. Samuel reminds them of all God has done for them. Says: "Is it not the wheat harvest day" then it immediately begins to rain. He was showing the masses that the prophets have power, not the King. Reasons for conflict between Samuel & Saul - Israel transitions from a decentralized government with judges and priests to a centralized government with a king (messiah). Centralized -> want one king to rule over the people and have complete control; Decentralized -> not one man in complete power, more distribution of power David's accession to the throne New capital - David moves the united capital of Israel from Hebron to Jebus/Jerusalem. shows David is trying to create unity between Israelites and Judeans David's non-compliance with royal code - -David is not a native Israelite -He becomes filthy rich -He acquires many wives -He has a standing army -He does not read the Torah daily Personal crisis of adultery Double standards & David - David is committing adultery and other sins that others would be severely punished for. The king is supposed to read the Torah daily to avoid creating a double standard; but since David is creating.

[Audio] Absalom's rebellion - Wants justice for his sister Tamar, gathers 50 men to try and overthrow his father. They go to the gates of the court in Hebron (former capital) and talk poorly about David and what Absalom would do if he was king. He takes this new mass of people and kicks his father out and across the Jordan river. His father has rocks thrown at him and is cursed at. Israelites do not like David anymore. Absalom becomes king with both Jerusalem and Judah on his side. Defective administration of justice - David falsely claims he will listen to lawsuits, but he does not, emphasizing how dysfunctional his administration is during his reign. Royal ideology & David's impotence - David's servants bring him a girl named Abishag for him to sleep with so he can remain on the throne, but he is impotent so he must forfeit his power. Solomon's "wisdom" - Solomon is said to be very wise, but examples from the text prove this to be satire. Ex. The maternity case (Many wives, excessive money) Social Dimension: Politics of Identity in Postexilic Israel Repatriation - This is when Sheshbazzar brings back the first migrants group of exiled Jews and attempts to rebuild the temple. the act of returning to the country of origin basis for identity of "Israel" - No country, nation, territory at this time of repatriation, Israel is a constructed Identity with many different nationalities during this time. 1. Ethnic identity 2. National identity Nehemiah's reform – ban on intermarriages & consequence - Nehemiah's reform included a strict ban on intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews to maintain religious purity and adherence to God's laws (Nehemiah 13:23-27). The consequence of this reform was a social and religious crackdown, where families were separated, and offenders were publicly reprimanded, underscoring Nehemiah's dedication to preserving Jewish identity and covenantal faithfulness. Ezra's reform – ban on Sabbath Commerce - Ezra's reform included a ban on commerce during the Sabbath to restore proper observance of the holy day and align the community with God's laws significance of Ruth to P.O.T.L. position Sect - A sect is a subgroup within a larger religious, political, or philosophical tradition that has distinct beliefs, practices, or interpretations that set it apart from the mainstream group. Hellenists - Adopting all aspects of the culture being imposed ·Abandon own Jewish heritage Nazarenes - Early Christians that never considered Jesus as divine did not believe in the virgin birth, they believed that Jesus was the messiah and that he was given his messiahship after being baptized by John. They accepted the teachings of Paul. God-fearer - Non-Jew Gentiles · Doesn't follow the dietary restrictions of the Jewish religion · Not circumcised Proselyte - Gentiles that become full Jews · Would get circumcised, do everything, etc. Jerusalem conference (issue, parties represented, final resolution) - Issue: Whether or not non-ethnic Jews.

[Audio] circumsized. Parties: James vs. Paul Result: Non-ethnic Jews can become Jewish without circumcision. Jesus movement – from separatism to Accommodationism- By having the conference and allowing people to become followers without first converting to Judaism allowed for more followers and more people to be preachers of His messages. Doctrinal Dimension: Death & Afterlife Hebrew/Israelite view of the human Composition - Believed humans were made up of body, soul, and spirit. The soul is the intellectual component of ones being, varies from person to person. The spirit is what enlivens us and is uniform across all people. They believed that when the physical body died, the soul and spirit would travel to the Netherworld. Netherworld - The underworld. All religions go there after the death, but the process of arriving varies according to beliefs. Sheol, Mot, Hades - Sheol: Hebrew idea of the underworld, similar to Hades. Mot: Canaanite demon of the underworld. Hades: General term for underworld in Greco-Roman afterlife. Development of Jewish view of afterlife - Initially it was believed that it did not matter how you lived on Earth, everyone went to the Netherworld. Of course, this created ethical problems within the Jewish community, so they changed it to where the good were rewarded and the evil were punished. Jewish ideas of resurrection - Body is resurrected, soul is immortal. Greco-Roman view of afterlife - Underworld is known as Hades. When someone dies a coin is placed in their mouth to pay for the ferry ride across the river styx. Tartarus is where bad people go, Elysian Fields is where good people go. Tartarus had different levels like a pyramid, being on the bottom was the worst. People on the top of the pyramid could fall off of the pyramid and go back to the plain of judgement and perhaps the Elysian Fields. Tartarus - Place of punishment in Hades. Place where bad spirits/people went. elysian fields Paradise - First reference to heaven in the Bible, Jesus tells the thief that he will join him in paradise. the abode of righteous souls after death Eschatology – studu of end times Parousia - The second coming of christ when the Lord will judge the living and dead, end of the world as depicted in Revelations. Paul's view of parousia - Tells Thessalonians to not worry about when Parousia will come, continue working and leading a good life. There will be a great rebellion to reveal the "lawless one", and the "restraining one" will be removed and then Christ will come. (1) Great rebellion, (2), Man of lawlessness revealed, (3) Lawless one removed, (4) Christ's return Apostasy - A great rebellion leading to the end of the world. One of the requirements for the parousia to occur. the state of having rejected your religious beliefs or your political party or a cause (often in favor of opposing beliefs or causes) "man.

[Audio] 3 people 1 God Trinitas - one God three persons, coined by Tertullian Lists 4 8th century BCE classical prophets - Isaiah, Micah, Amos, Hosea 3 major concepts in Isaiah - 1. Demand for Justice 2. Promise/vision of a new age 3. Suffering servant 4 captivity letters - Philemon, Philippians, Colossians, Ephesians 2 expectations of king in royal ideology - justice and prosperity 4 stipulations of royal code - 1. Must be an Israelite 2. Cannot have many wives 3. Cannot have a standing army 4. Cannot be rich 3 means of David establishing his Administration - 1. Creates a new capital 2. Moves the arc of the covenant to the new capital 3. Engages in imperialistic activity 4 stages of immigrancy to Yehud - 1st wave: The repatriation stage led by Zerubbabel. They laid the foundation of the temple. 2nd wave: Rebuilding stage led by Sheshbazzar. 3rd wave: Religious reform stage led by Ezra. 4th wave: Socioeconomic stage led by Nehemiah. 3 means of cultural interaction - 1) Assimilate 2) Accommodate 3) Separate of the requirements for the parousia to occur. "restraining One" - Person who must be removed because he conceals the identity of the man of lawlessness. One of the requirements for the parousia to occur. Doctrinal Dimension: Monotheism/Trinitarianism Monotheism/polytheism/henotheism - Monotheism: Belief in one God Polytheism: Belief in multiple gods Henotheism: Allegiance to one God but belief in other gods. Jewish-Christians' view of God/Jesus Adoptionism - Adoptionists: belief that Christ was the adopted and not natural son of God View of God: Rigidly monotheistic View of Jesus: Totally human, no virgin birth Gentile Christians' view of God/Jesus Ditheism - Ditheistic, God of the OT, God of the NT. View of God: OT God is wrathful, NT God is merciful. View of Jesus: Only appeared to be human but was totally divine Gnostic Christians' view of God/Jesus Gnosis - Jesus is divine not human, if he was human he would be evil (cosmic dualism), Jesus (Body) and Christ (Spirit) are two separate beings. believed Christ was totally divine; believed there were two Jesus' - total humanity, total divinity (double vision Jesus) Proto-orthodox Christians' view of God/Jesus - Forerunners to orthodox position. View of God: Less rigid monotheism. View of Jesus: Trinitas, Jesus is both 100% human and 100% divine. total divinity and total humanity; trinity,.

[Audio] 3 cautionary words to Gentiles joining Jesus movement - 1. Avoid the consumption of blood or raw meat 2. Avoid the consumption of meat sacrificed to idols 3. Abstain from sexual immorality 3 functions of doctrines - 1. credible- relating how your perspective connects to the cultural belief around you in the larger culture 2. practical 3. stabilizing- bringing order to conflict or chaos 4 concerns in Thessalonian church - 1. Christians are walking around jobless with no money. 2. Whether or not the dead Christians will get to partake in the parousia. 3. When the parousia will occur. 4. Lack of respect for the leaders of the church. 3 events before parousia - 1. Great rebellion 2. man of lawlessness revealed 3. restraining figure removed then the MOL will be released.