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SS 1 CRASH COURSE UNIT 1- 6.

Chapter REVOLUTIONS THAT INFLUENCED THE WORLD.

Mercantilist Laws The goods to and from the colonies must be carried only in British ships or ships built in the British colonies. British stamp must be affixed on all the legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, license, etc. Products of the colonies like sugar, wool, cotton, tobacco, etc. could only be exported to England. Colonies must provide food and quarters for the British which were troops maintained in the colonies. Import tax must be paid for the import of tea, glass, paper, etc..

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First Philadelphia Congress 1774 * To protest against the policies and rules imposed on 13 colonies. * People submitted a petition to the King of England. * They demanded the revocation of unnecessary laws. * No taxation without representation' was their slogan. * It was followed by the war between England and the colonies..

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RESULTS : AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE • Gave direction and motivation to the later freedom struggles and revolutions all over the world • Put forward the concept of republican form of government • Prepared the first written constitution. • Contributed to the concept of federal system that ensured freedom and authority of states in the union..

JAMES OTTIS COMMONSENSE THOMAS PAINE CONSTITUTION THOMAS JEFFERSON “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION” JAMES MADISON FIRST PRESIDENT JOERGE WASHINGTON DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.

ഫ്രഞ്ച് വിപ്ലവം കാരണങ്ങൾ ഫ്രാൻസിൽ നിലനിന്നിരുന്ന ഏകാധിപത്യഭരണം. ഭരണാധികാരികൾ ധൂർത്തൻ മാരായിരുന്നു. സാമൂഹിക സാമ്പത്തിക അസമത്വങ്ങൾ . സാമ്പത്തിക പ്രതിസന്ധി. ചിന്തകന്മാരുടെ പ്രചോദനം. French Revolution causes Autocratic rule. Rulers where squanders. Financial crisis. The influence of fingers the social and economic . Social and economical inequalities.

• Held vast land • Collected the tax called 'Tithe' from farmers • Engaged in military service • Collected various taxes from farmers • Made farmers work without wages • No role in the administration • Paid land tax namely 'Taille' to the government French society FIRST ESTATE Clergy SECOND ESTATE Nobility THIRD ESTATE • The middle class including traders, writers, lawyers, officials, teachers, and bankers. Farrners and craftsmen • Exempted from all taxes Controlled higher posi tions in administrative and military service Exempted from taxes Led luxurious life Held vast lands • Low social status • Paid taxes to clergy and nobles.

The members of the Third Estate declared themselves as the National Assembly of France. They assembled in the tennis court nearby, and swore not to leave until they had framed a constitution of France. This event is known as the 'Tennis Court Oath'. ഫ്രാൻസിലെ മൂന്നാം എസ്റ്റേറ്റ് അംഗങ്ങൾ തങ്ങളാണ് ഫ്രാൻസിലെ ദേശീയ അസംബ്ലി എന്ന് പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു അവർ അടുത്തുള്ള ടെന്നീസ് കോർട്ട് സമ്മേളിച്ചു ഒരു ഭരണഘടന തയ്യാറാക്കിയ ശേഷമേ പിരി കയുള്ളൂ എന്ന് അവർ പ്രതിജ്ഞ ചെയ്തു ഇത് ടെന്നീസ് കോർട്ട് പ്രതിജ്ഞ എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നു.

ഫ്രഞ്ച് വിപ്ലവത്തിന് സ്വാധീനം വിവരിക്കുക അഥവാ ഫ്രഞ്ച് വിപ്ലവത്തിന് ഫലങ്ങൾ വിവരിക്കുക.

Explain the impact of French revolution in the world history.

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION The circumstances that led russian revolution. • Farmers and factory workers in Russia led a tragic life under the autocracy of the Tzartist emperors, who ruled Russia. • The low agricultural production affected the farmer's income. Moreover, the landless farmers had to pay huge tax. • Though Russia was rich in natural resources, their industrial production was meagre. It was the foreigners who controlled majority of the industries that existed there..

റഷ്യൻ വിപ്ലവത്തിലേക്ക് നയിച്ച സാഹചര്യങ്ങൾ എന്തെല്ലാമായിരുന്നു കർഷകരുടെയും യും ഫാക്ടറി തൊഴിലാളികളുടെയും ദുരിതപൂർണ്ണമായ ജീവിതം. കുറഞ്ഞ കാർഷിക ഉല്പാദനവും ഉയർന്ന നികുതികളും. റഷ്യയിലെ വ്യാവസായിക ഉത്പാദനം വളരെ തുച്ഛം ആയിരുന്നു. സർ ചക്രവർത്തിമാരുടെ ഏകാധിപത്യ ഭരണം..

Thousands of women marched along the streets of Petrograd on 8 March 1917 clamouring for bread. The workers organized protest march in Petrograd. Though the soldiers clashed with the demonstrators in the beginning, later they joined the workers. The workers captured Petrograd and Nicholas II was thrown out of power. A provisional government was formed under Alexander Kerensky , the Menshevik leader. Its known as febuary revolution.

In October 1917 , the Bolsheviks organized an armed rebellion against the provisional government. Kerensky fled from the country and Russia came under the control of the Bolsheviks. This event, through which the Bolsheviks attained power, is known as the October Revolution (as per Russian Calendar). Lenin came to power.

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Chapter 02 WORLD IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.

Triple Alliance ( ;ertnanv . ustrta- I lungarv England Triple Entente France Russia.

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Impact of first world war on commom people 1. War 2. Miseries for people 3. Economic crisis - unemployment - Inflation - Poverty Banks collapsed - Goods were kept unsold 1. Many lost wealth 2. Many committed suicide.

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Antagonism to democracy Glorifying the nation Justifying war Deifying the past Military dictatorship Fascism Opposition to socialism Adoring the purity of race Diffusion of aggressive nationalism Indoctrination of ideologies through arts, literature and education Destruction of political rivals.

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Non-Aligned Movement Following the Second World War, many Asian, African and Latin American countries became independent. The liberated nations decided not to join any of the blocs and formed the Non-Aligned Movement. The idea of the Non-Aligned Movement was mooted at a meeting held Bandung in Indonesia in 1955. The first conference of the nonaligned countries was held in Belgrade in 1961..

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Jawaharlal Nehru India Gamal Abdul N asser Egypt Marshal Tito Yugoslavia Ahmed Sukarno Indonesia.

Chapter PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.

Public Administration.

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Provide goods and services Formulate governmental policies Significance of public administration Findout solutions to public issues Ensure welfare of the people.

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The employees who work under public administrative system and administer the country are together known as ‘bureaucracy’..

Hierarchical organisation Bureaucracy is organised in such a way that there is one employee at the top and the number increases when it reaches the lower levels. This is known as hierarchical organisation. Pertnanence Persons appointed will continue in service till the age of retirement. Appointrnent on the basis of Qualification Employees are recruited and appointed on the basis of educational qualification. Political Neutrality Bureaucrats are liable to Implement the policies of whichever party cornes to power. Party interests should not reflect in their work. They should act neutrally. Professionalisrn Every government employee must be skilled in their work..

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All the employees who work under the central and the state governments and the employees under the public sector undertakings are part of India's civil service. Observe the chart showing the classification of India's civil service. All India Services Recruits at national level Appoints in central or state service Eg: Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service Indian Civil Service Central Services Recruits at national level Appoints in central government departments only Eg: Indian Foreign Service, Indian Railway Service State Services Recruits at state level Appoints in state government departments only Eg : Sales tax officer.

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Chapter BRITISH EXPLOITATION AND RESISTANCE. ß'LSLlU9).