Name: PPT of STATISTICS
Uploaded: 2021-12-27
Duration: 4 min 39 s
Description: . . Methods of Data Presentation Remark: One of the most important aspects in any statistical investigation is the manner by which the researcher presents the data. Various Modes of Data Presentation I. Textual 11. Tabular III. Graphical Displays.

. . Methods of Data Presentation Remark: One of the most important aspects in any statistical investigation is the manner by which the researcher presents the data. Various Modes of Data Presentation I. Textual 11. Tabular III. Graphical Displays. 

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Methods of Data Presentation
Remark: One of the most important aspects in any statistical
investigation is the manner by which the researcher presents
the data.
Various Modes of Data Presentation
I. Textual
11. Tabular
III. Graphical Displays

. . Methods of Data Presentation I. Textual Presentation — the data are presented in the form of texts, phrases or paragraphs. - common among newspaper reports depicting specifically the salient or important findings. Example: The Philippine Stock Exchange composite index lost 7.19 points to 2,099.12 after trading between 2,095.30 and 2,108.47. Volume was 1.29 billion shares worth 903.15 million pesos (16.7 million dollars). The broader all share index gained 5.21 points to 1 ,221.34. (From: Freeman dated March 17, -2005). 

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Methods of Data Presentation
I. Textual Presentation — the data are presented
in the form of texts, phrases or paragraphs.
- common among newspaper reports depicting
specifically the salient or important findings.
Example: The Philippine Stock Exchange
composite index lost 7.19 points to 2,099.12
after trading between 2,095.30 and 2,108.47.
Volume was 1.29 billion shares worth 903.15
million pesos (16.7 million dollars). The
broader all share index gained 5.21 points to
1 ,221.34. (From: Freeman dated March 17,
-2005)

. . Methods of Data Presentation II. The Tabular Display—a more reliable and effective way of showing relationships or comparisons of data through the use of tables. - the tables must be accompanied by a short narrative explanation to make the facts clearer and more understandable.. 

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Methods of Data Presentation
II. The Tabular Display—a more reliable and
effective way of showing relationships or
comparisons of data through the use of tables.
- the tables must be accompanied by a short
narrative explanation to make the facts clearer
and more understandable.

. . Methods of Data Presentation Example: The following newspaper report presents a tabular data presentation . Country United States Japan United Kingdom Hongkong Switzerland Canada Singapore Peso 50. 7890 O .4140 72.5267 6.5116 28.7382 32.9756 28. 82. 

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Methods of Data Presentation
Example: The following newspaper report presents a
tabular data presentation .
Country
United States
Japan
United Kingdom
Hongkong
Switzerland
Canada
Singapore
Peso
50. 7890
O .4140
72.5267
6.5116
28.7382
32.9756
28. 82

. . Methods of Data Presentation III. The Graphical Display — the most effective way of presenting data through the use of statistical graph. - can easily attract the attention as well as the interest of the reader.. 

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Methods of Data Presentation
III. The Graphical Display — the most
effective way of presenting data through the
use of statistical graph.
- can easily attract the attention as well as
the interest of the reader.

. . Types of Graph I. Bar Graph — uses rectangular bars the length of which represents the quantity or frequency of each type or category. II. Multiple Bar Graph — useful when the researcher wants to compare figures on two or more different occurrence. - a legend is especially helpful in guiding the viewer in analyzing the data.. 

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Types of Graph
I. Bar Graph — uses rectangular bars the length of
which represents the quantity or frequency of
each type or category.
II. Multiple Bar Graph — useful when the researcher
wants to compare figures on two or more different
occurrence.
- a legend is especially helpful in guiding the
viewer in analyzing the data.

. . Types of Graph III. Pie Chart — used to present quantities that make up a whole. - constructed using percents and the slices of the pie are drawn in proportion to the different values of each class, item, group or category. I V. Line Chart -- useful in showing trends over a period of time.. 

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Types of Graph
III. Pie Chart — used to present quantities that make
up a whole.
- constructed using percents and the slices of the
pie are drawn in proportion to the different values
of each class, item, group or category.
I V. Line Chart -- useful in showing trends over a
period of time.

. . 10.3 8.4 11.8 6.5 9.3 9.8 Data Organization: The Frequency Distribution Table Definition: Data in its original form and structure are called raw data. Example: The following data represent the quarterly sales tax receipts (in thousand dollars) submitted to the comptroller of Gmoserville Township for the period ending March 2010 by all 50 business establishments in that locale: 10.1..„8.9 11.1 10.3 10.2 7.5 10.4 10.5 9.6 13.0 11.1 10.0 12.7 9.0 11.2 9.9 12.9 10.5 14.5 7.3 9.8 9.2 9.3 13.0 5.3 11.6 10.0 11.5 6.7 12.5 15.1 12.8 10.7 11.0 8.0 12.5 12.5 11.6 8.9 10.1 11.5 9.3 8.6. 

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10.3
8.4
11.8
6.5
9.3
9.8
Data Organization: The Frequency Distribution Table
Definition: Data in its original form and structure are called raw data.
Example: The following data represent the quarterly sales tax
receipts (in thousand dollars) submitted to the comptroller of
Gmoserville Township for the period ending March 2010 by all
50 business establishments in that locale:
10.1..„8.9
11.1
10.3
10.2
7.5
10.4
10.5
9.6
13.0
11.1
10.0
12.7
9.0
11.2
9.9
12.9
10.5
14.5
7.3
9.8
9.2
9.3
13.0
5.3
11.6
10.0
11.5
6.7
12.5
15.1
12.8
10.7
11.0
8.0
12.5
12.5
11.6
8.9
10.1
11.5
9.3
8.6

. . Remark: When these scores are arranged in either ascending or descending magnitude, then such an arrangement is called an array. Remark: It is usually helpful to put the raw data in an array because it is easy to Identify the extreme values or the values where the scores most cluster. Definition: When the data are placed into a system wherein they are organized, then these partake the nature of grouped data. Definition: The procedure of organizing data into groups is called a Frequency Distribution Table (FDT). 

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Remark: When these scores are arranged in either ascending
or descending magnitude, then such an arrangement is called
an array.
Remark: It is usually helpful to put the raw data in an array
because it is easy to Identify the extreme values or the values
where the scores most cluster.
Definition: When the data are placed into a system wherein
they are organized, then these partake the nature of grouped
data.
Definition: The procedure of organizing data into groups is
called a Frequency Distribution Table (FDT)

. . Example: The following presents a frequency distribution table of the scores of fifteen Behavioral Statistics Graduate Students. 20 -29 30-39 40 — 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 Scores Frequency 5 4 3 2 1 15. 

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Example: The following presents a frequency distribution
table of the scores of fifteen Behavioral Statistics Graduate
Students.
20 -29
30-39
40 — 49
50 - 59
60 - 69
Scores
Frequency
5
4
3
2
1
15

. . Components of a Frequency Distribution Table I. Class Interval — these are the numbers defining the class. - consist of the end numbers called the class limits namely the lower limit and upper limit. II. Class Frequency (O — shows the number of observations falling in the class. III. Class Boundaries — these are the so called "true class limits" classified as: - Lower Class Boundary (LCB) is defined as the middle value of the lower class limits of the class and the upper class limit of the preceding class—. 

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Components of a Frequency Distribution Table
I. Class Interval — these are the numbers defining the class.
- consist of the end numbers called the class limits namely
the lower limit and upper limit.
II. Class Frequency (O — shows the number of observations
falling in the class.
III. Class Boundaries — these are the so called "true class limits"
classified as:
- Lower Class Boundary (LCB) is defined as the middle
value of the lower class limits of the class and the upper
class limit of the preceding class—

. . Components of a Frequency Distribution Table - Upper Class Boundary is defined as the middle value between the upper class limit of the class and the lower limit of the next class. IV. Class Size — the difference between two consecutive upper limits or two consecutive lower limits. V. Class Mark (CM) — midpoint or the middle value ofa class interval.. 

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Components of a Frequency Distribution Table
- Upper Class Boundary is defined as the middle value
between the upper class limit of the class and the lower limit
of the next class.
IV. Class Size — the difference between two consecutive upper
limits or two consecutive lower limits.
V. Class Mark (CM) — midpoint or the middle value ofa class
interval.

. . Components of a Frequency Distribution Table VI. Cumulative frequency — shows the accumulated frequencies of successive classes. Types of Cumulative Frequencies A. Greater than CF (> CF) — shows the number of observations greater than LCB. B. Less than CF (< CF) - shows the number of observations less than UCB.. 

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Components of a Frequency Distribution Table
VI. Cumulative frequency — shows the accumulated frequencies
of successive classes.
Types of Cumulative Frequencies
A. Greater than CF (> CF) — shows the number of
observations greater than LCB.
B. Less than CF (< CF) - shows the number of
observations less than UCB.

. . The following are the suggested steps in constructing a Frequency Distribution Table. 3. Determine the number of classes. For first approximation, it is suggested to use the Sturge's Approximation Formula. IC=I + 3.322 log n where K = approximate number of classes n = number of cases 2. Determine the range R, where R = maximum value — minimum value 3. Determine the approximate class size C using the formula —C = R / K.It is usually convenient to round off C to a nearest whole number. 

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The following are the suggested steps in constructing a
Frequency Distribution Table.
3. Determine the number of classes. For first approximation, it is
suggested to use the Sturge's Approximation Formula.
IC=I + 3.322 log n
where K = approximate number of classes
n = number of cases
2. Determine the range R, where R = maximum value —
minimum
value
3. Determine the approximate class size C using the formula
—C = R / K.It is usually convenient to round off C to a nearest
whole number

. . 4. Determine the lowest class interval (or the first class). This class should include the minimum value in the data set. For uniformity, let us agree that for our purposes, the lower limit of the class interval should start at the minimum value. 5. Determine all class limits by adding the class size C to the limits of the previous class. 6. Tally the scores / observations falling in each class.. 

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4. Determine the lowest class interval (or the first class). This
class should include the minimum value in the data set. For
uniformity, let us agree that for our purposes, the lower limit
of the class interval should start at the minimum value.
5. Determine all class limits by adding the class size C to the
limits of the previous class.
6. Tally the scores / observations falling in each class.