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TITLE : STUDIES ON THE SEASONAL RESPONSE OF TWO BIVOLTINE HYBRID VARIETIES OF MULBERRY SILKWORM, Bombyx mori L., WITH COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF SHELF REARING VS. SHOOT REARING IN KHAMMAM DISTRICT..

[Audio] Introduction Sericulture has been practiced in India from very ancient times Yet its transformation from a traditional art to a modern scientific technology is of recent origin. The word Sericulture derived from the Greek “Sericos” meaning Silk and The English “Culture” meaning rearing. Sericulture refers to the conscious mass scale rearing of silk producing organisms in order to obtain silk from them..

[Audio] Silk history The first authentic reference to silk is found in chronicles of the chou king of china(2200 B C ) From China the secret of Sericulture spread to all world through silk road. According to some historians, raw silk was exported from India to Rome during the period of Kanishka in 58 B C.

[Audio] Importance Of Silk Silk is the most elegant textile in the world with unparalleled grandeur, nature sheen and inherent affinity for dyes, high absorbance , light weight ,soft touch and high durability and known as the “Queen of the Textiles” in the World over . In the other hand it stands for livelihood opportunity of millions owing to high employment oriented, low capital intensive and remunerative nature its production. The very nature of this Industry with its rural based on farm and off farm activities and enormous employment generation potential as attracted the attention of the planners and policy makers to recognize the Industry among one of the most appropriate avenues for socio economic development of largely agrarian economy like India..

[Audio] Sericulture industry provides employment to approximately 8.03 million persons in rural & semi urban areas in India. * India is the second largest producer of silk in the world. Silk production (India): 2013-2014 26480 (M-T---) 2014-2015 28474 (M-T---) Bivoltine Raw Silk 3870 Mt Multi Voltine Raw Silk 17520 Mt.

[Audio] Silk Demand The Sericulture in India has been facing two major problems 1. Gap between demand and supply and quality cocoons production. 2. As against the demand 36000 M T Of raw silk and fabric silks, India was producing only 28000 plus metric tonnes. * The additional requirement of about 8000 M T of silk particularly bivoltine mulberry silk of international quality is imported from China..

[Audio] Hence the Biggest challenge is to produce more and more silk by introducing better method rearing selection of good variety of silk worm seed to the adoptable season and region to meet demand of ever growing population. * For this purpose I selected the following objectives to appropriate the title of thesis..

[Audio] Objectives To investigation two genotypes of silk worm were evaluated for economic traits against seasonal and region variation in Khammam District climatic condition. To evaluate the performance of shelf and shoot rearing of mulburry silk worm and silk worm growth development and quality cocoon production . To analyze the bivoltine (single breed & double breed) hybrids rearing performance ..

[Audio] Material & Methods The main Objective of the study was to evaluate two different bivoltine breed and different rearing methods under khammam district climatic conditions. Considerable variation exits among the bivoltine silk worm breed at different rearing conditions and rearing methods, which opens an avenue for selection of suitable breed for tropical condition of khammam district. Materials : Test insect : Mulberry bivoltine silk worms ( Bombyx mori.L ) Single breed (CSR2 x CSR4) and double breed (CSR6 x CSR26) x (CSR2 x CSR27).

[Audio] Test insect classification : Phylum Arthro poda Class insecta Order – lepidoptera Family – Bombicidae Genus – Bombyx Species – mori Rearing site : Govt.Degreecollege.rearing unit, Bhadrachalam. Food plant : Mulberry variety – V1 (Victory) Mulberry Garden Fig1 Rearing House Fig2.

[Audio] Rearing Methods : Shelf rearing VS Shoot rearing. Rearing Room : For the rearing purpose a separate rearing room maintained. The room allowed good ventilator with exhaust fans and sufficient windows. Seed source D-F-L's obtained from silkworm seed centre, C-S-B--, Vijayawada, A P Disinfections : Disinfection done with 2% formalin. Brushing : In this process, newly hatched Worms egg shells are separated for rearing them in trays..

[Audio] Environmental Conditions : The optimum temperature and relative humidity constantly maintain during young age and late age silkworm rearing. The conditions were as follows (Ullal and Narasimanna 1978). The whole life cycle of the silkworm depends on the temperature and humidity apart from its feeding quality and disease management. In the present study, three seasons: Aug Sep (temperature 27 plus 1 degrees celsius and relative humidity 70 plus 5 %), Nov Dec (temperature 28 plus 1 degrees celsius and relative humidity 65 plus 5 %), Feb Mar (temperature 30 plus 1 degrees celsius and relative humidity 65 plus 5 %) were considered to evaluate the influence of the seasonal fluctuations..

[Audio] Frequency of Feeding: Silk worm is voracious feeder and requires to be fed with large quantity of leaf during larval development . The larva fed three time for day with sufficient quantity of leaves depending on the seasons. Life cycle of test insect : B Mori has four stages in its life cycle. Egg(11 to 14 days), 2. Larva (21 to 25 days), 3. Pupa (9 to 13 days), 4. Adult (5 to 10 Days)..

[Audio] The rearing adopted during the month of august/September,November/December,February/March in continuous two years. Bivoltine single breed and double breed reared separately and separate rearing methods shoot Vs Shelf rearing methods. Laboratory conditions taken in the silk worm rearing as suggested by Krishna swami(1978) Silk worm rearing conducted for each breed in wooden boxes (1.5 Mtrs. x 1 Mtrs.) by feeding them V1 variety of mulberry leaves from the well maintained irrigated mulburry garden on college campus..

[Audio] Each breed (Single / Double) divided into two one of which was maintained as shoot rearing and shelf rearing methods. Shelf Rearing It is a popular method of rearing in India . The worms reared in wooden trays (1.5 meters 10 1.0m) which are placed one above the other in tiers in shelves arranged parallel to the wall. Shoot Rearing In this method entire branches shoots given for feeding. The shoot should be closely paced to avoid wilting . As the leaves are distributed in three dimensions. There is better aeration with in the room..

[Audio] Estimation process of Total Proteins in Silk Gland: The total protein was estimated by Lowry et.al (1951) method .100 milligrams of silk gland tissue was homogenized in 5ml of cold distilled water. The proteins were precipitated by the adding of 5 ml of 10% Trichloroacetic acid. The precipitated was obtained by centrifuging the sample at 3000RPM for 15 minutes. The supernatant liquid was discarded. The precipitate protein was dissolved in 5 ml of 0.1 N NaOH solution. The content was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes 0.1 ml of supernatant was transferred into dried test tube to which 4 ml of alkaline copper sulphate reagent was added and to it 0.4 ml of diluted commercial folin reagent (1:1 dilution,was added.) The tubes were incubated at 370c for 30 minutes. Bovine serum albumin was used as standard. A blank was prepared with 1 ml of 0.1 N NaOH solution,4 ml of alkaline copper sulphate,0.4 ml of diluted commercial folin reagent. After half an hour the O D of the sample,which was blue colour, was read at 540 nanometers .The total protein content was expressed as mg/100 milligrams of wet weight of silk gland tissue..

[Audio] 3. Experimental Results 1. Estimation of hatching percentage Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 90.47 90.47 88.940000000000026 88.940000000000026 90.02 90.02 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 93.34 93.34 92.51 92.51 93.51 93.51 Fig3:Hatching percentage of Bombyx mori L during monsoon, winter, and summer seasons. It appeared that there was no difference in the shelf and shoot rearing system nevertheless a significant difference was observed between single and double breed varieties. The double breed variety has 3.5% more hatching rate than the single breed.

[Audio] Hatching Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I 89.40 89.40 0.00 0.00 92.98 92.98 0.00 0.00 3.58 3.58 4.00 4.00 Crop ii 88.78 88.78 0.00 0.00 92.42 92.42 0.00 0.00 3.64 3.64 4.10 4.10 Crop -iii 89.84 89.84 0.00 0.00 93.51 93.51 0.00 0.00 3.67 3.67 4.09 4.09 2 2014-2015 Crop -i 91.55 91.55 0.00 0.00 93.70 93.70 0.00 0.00 2.15 2.15 2.35 2.35 Crop ii 89.10 89.10 0.00 0.00 92.60 92.60 0.00 0.00 3.50 3.50 3.93 3.93 Crop -iii 90.20 90.20 0.00 0.00 93.51 93.51 0.00 0.00 3.31 3.31 3.67 3.67 Table 1: Hatching percentage of silk worms were recorded in three different crops Each value is the representation of 10 observations and 6 replications..

[Audio] 2. Estimation of silk worm length Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 2.48 2.65 3.5 3.8 4.1499999999999995 4.3 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 4.1499999999999995 4.4300000000000024 4.08 4.28 6.76 7.21 A B Fig4 A Single breed silkworm larva, B Double breed silkworm larva Fig 5: The length of silkworm breeds in three different seasons: monsoon (crop I), winter (crop II), and summer (crop III). Double breed variety had shown significantly more length than single breed in all the three seasons regardless of the rearing method adopted. A distinct high double breed growth (7% more) was observed in the summer (crop III), while single breed length incremented a little bit across the seasons.

[Audio] Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I 3 Instar 2.3 2.4 0.1 4.35 2.4 2.6 0.2 8.33 0.1 0.2 4.35 8.33 4 Instar 3.5 3.7 0.2 5.71 3.6 3.8 0.2 5.56 0.1 0.1 2.86 2.70 5 Instar 6.6 7.2 0.6 9.09 6.8 7.3 0.5 7.35 0.2 0.1 3.03 1.39 Crop ii 3 Instar 2.2 2.3 0.1 4.55 2.3 2.5 0.2 8.70 0.1 0.2 4.55 8.70 4 Instar 3.4 3.6 0.2 5.88 3.5 3.7 0.2 5.71 0.1 0.1 2.94 2.78 5 Instar 6.5 7 0.5 7.69 6.7 7.1 0.4 5.97 0.2 0.1 3.08 1.43 Crop -iii 3 Instar 2.3 2.5 0.2 8.70 2.4 2.6 0.2 8.33 0.1 0.1 4.35 4.00 4 Instar 3.4 3.6 0.2 5.88 3.5 3.7 0.2 5.71 0.1 0.1 2.94 2.78 5 Instar 6.5 6.8 0.3 4.62 6.7 7.2 0.5 7.46 0.2 0.4 3.08 5.88 2 2014-2015 Crop -i 3 Instar 2.5 2.6 0.1 4.00 2.6 2.7 0.1 3.85 0.1 0.1 4.00 3.85 4 Instar 3.4 3.8 0.4 11.76 3.6 3.9 0.3 8.33 0.2 0.1 5.88 2.63 5 Instar 6.6 6.9 0.3 4.55 6.9 7.3 0.4 5.80 0.3 0.4 4.55 5.80 Crop ii 3 Instar 2.3 2.4 0.1 4.35 2.5 2.6 0.1 4.00 0.2 0.2 8.70 8.33 4 Instar 3.5 3.6 0.1 2.86 3.6 3.8 0.2 5.56 0.1 0.2 2.86 5.56 5 Instar 6.6 6.8 0.2 3.03 6.7 7.2 0.5 7.46 0.1 0.4 1.52 5.88 Crop -iii 3 Instar 2.6 2.8 0.2 7.69 2.7 2.9 0.2 7.41 0.1 0.1 3.85 3.57 4 Instar 3.5 3.6 0.1 2.86 3.6 3.9 0.3 8.33 0.1 0.3 2.86 8.33 5 Instar 6.6 6.9 0.3 4.55 6.8 7.2 0.4 5.88 0.2 0.3 3.03 4.35 Table2 : The length of the silkworm instars in three different crops (seasons).

[Audio] 3. Estimation of silk worm weight Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 21.68 22.7 17.88 18.52 24.52 25.87 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 22.7 24.02 24.479999999999986 25.779999999999987 19.399999999999999 20.399999999999999 Fig6 : The weight of the silkworm in different seasons seemingly inconsistent though single breed of crop 2 (winter) exhibited 20% less weight 18.2 grams than the typical larval weight 22.6 grams While the rearing system remain unaffected the instar weight..

[Audio] Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I 3 Instar 8.2 8.6 0.4 4.88 8.6 8.9 0.3 3.49 0.4 0.3 4.88 3.49 4 Instar 18.2 19.2 1 5.49 19.1 20.2 1.1 5.76 0.9 1 4.95 5.21 5 Instar 39.2 41.3 2.1 5.36 40.2 42.4 2.2 5.47 1 1.1 2.55 2.66 4 Instar 17.8 18.3 0.5 2.81 18.8 20 1.2 6.38 1 1.7 5.62 9.29 5 Instar 38.1 39.2 1.1 2.89 38.8 41.2 2.4 6.19 0.7 2 1.84 5.10 Crop -iii 3 Instar 8.1 8.7 0.6 7.41 8.4 8.8 0.4 4.76 0.3 0.1 3.70 1.15 4 Instar 18.1 19.6 1.5 8.29 19.6 21 1.4 7.14 1.5 1.4 8.29 7.14 5 Instar 39.7 41.4 1.7 4.28 40.8 42.1 1.3 3.19 1.1 0.7 2.77 1.69 2 2014-2015 Crop -i 3 Instar 8.3 8.8 0.5 6.02 8.4 8.95 0.55 6.55 0.1 0.15 1.20 1.70 4 Instar 18.6 19.8 1.2 6.45 19.68 21.2 1.52 7.72 1.08 1.4 5.81 7.07 5 Instar 39.4 41.5 2.1 5.33 40.3 42.5 2.2 5.46 0.9 1 2.28 2.41 Crop ii 3 Instar 7.9 8.4 0.5 6.33 8.2 8.7 0.5 6.10 0.3 0.3 3.80 3.57 4 Instar 17.6 18.3 0.7 3.98 18.1 19.8 1.7 9.39 0.5 1.5 2.84 8.20 5 Instar 37.6 38.5 0.9 2.39 38.1 39.6 1.5 3.94 0.5 1.1 1.33 2.86 Crop -iii 3 Instar 8.2 8.8 0.6 7.32 8.5 8.9 0.4 4.71 0.3 0.1 3.66 1.14 4 Instar 18.4 19.6 1.2 6.52 19.7 21.2 1.5 7.61 1.3 1.6 7.07 8.16 5 Instar 39.8 41.5 1.7 4.27 40.9 42.3 1.4 3.42 1.1 0.8 2.76 1.93 Table 3: The weight of the silkworm instars in three different crops (seasons).

[Audio] 4. Estimation of leaf consumption Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 137.22141.05000000000001136 140.19999999999999137.55000000000001141.25 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 136.28138.46135.18137.9136.13138.51 Fig7 :The leaf consumption of the silkworm instars. Single breed consumed more leaf than double breed form however shoot rearing method found to be efficient than shelf rearing system across the seasons. The seasonal impact was observed negligible.There was about 3% more leaf consumption was observed in shoot rearing system . It was also found that single breed consumed 1.5% higher leaf than double breed despite the seasonal change..

[Audio] Instar Wise Leaf Consumption by 30 Silk worms (grams) Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I 3 Instar 14.810 14.960 0.150 1.013 14.910 15.310 0.400 2.683 0.100 0.350 0.675 2.340 4 Instar 37.110 38.600 1.490 4.015 37.210 39.170 1.960 5.267 0.100 0.570 0.269 1.477 5 Instar 356.000362.430 6.430 1.806359.110368.230 9.120 2.540 3.110 5.800 0.874 1.600 Crop ii 3 Instar 14.670 14.870 0.200 1.363 14.750 15.170 0.420 2.847 0.080 0.300 0.545 2.017 4 Instar 37.050 37.900 0.850 2.294 38.100 38.600 0.500 1.312 1.050 0.700 2.834 1.847 5 Instar 352.110361.310 9.200 2.613354.230365.320 11.09 3.131 2.120 4.010 0.602 1.110 Crop -iii 3 Instar 14.810 14.970 0.160 1.080 14.920 15.420 0.500 3.351 0.110 0.450 0.743 3.006 4 Instar 36.000 38.630 2.630 7.306 37.310 39.410 2.100 5.629 1.310 0.780 3.639 2.019 5 Instar 357.120362.470 5.350 1.498360.210368.510 8.300 2.304 3.090 6.040 0.865 1.666 2 2014-2015 Crop -i 3 Instar 14.870 14.920 0.050 0.336 14.890 15.470 0.580 3.895 0.020 0.550 0.134 3.686 4 Instar 37.230 37.960 0.730 1.961 37.370 39.380 2.010 5.379 0.140 1.420 0.376 3.741 5 Instar 357.710361.890 4.180 1.169359.860368.510 8.650 2.404 2.150 6.620 0.601 1.829 Crop ii 3 Instar 14.420 14.670 0.250 1.734 14.610 15.120 0.510 3.491 0.190 0.450 1.318 3.067 4 Instar 35.910 37.600 1.690 4.706 36.410 38.910 2.500 6.866 0.500 1.310 1.392 3.484 5 Instar 356.920361.050 4.130 1.157357.920368.120 10.200 2.850 1.000 7.070 0.280 1.958 Crop -iii 3 Instar 14.830 14.960 0.130 0.877 14.920 15.490 0.570 3.820 0.090 0.530 0.607 3.543 4 Instar 36.470 38.710 2.240 6.142 37.670 39.730 2.060 5.469 1.200 1.020 3.290 2.635 5 Instar 357.600361.320 3.720 1.040360.310368.970 8.660 2.403 2.710 7.650 0.758 2.117 Table 4: The leaf consumption pattern of the silkworm instars in three different crops (seasons).

[Audio] 5. Estimation of Larval duration Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 94.8 92.4 89.4 87 91.2 90.6 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 92.4 91.2 84.6 84.6 87 86.4 Fig8 : The larval duration of the silkworm instars showed inconsistency in the rearing method; however, double breed displayed less larval duration. The seasonal fluctuation showed mild effect in winter (crop II), where 4.7% less larval duration was noticed than monsoon (crop I) and summer (crop III)..

[Audio] Larval duration of silk worm (hours) Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I I Instar 60 60 0 0 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Instar 84 84 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Instar 96 96 0 0 96 84 -12 -13 0 -12 0 -13 4 Instar 108 96 -12 -11 96 96 0 0 -12 0 -11 0 5 Instar 168156 -12 -7156 156 0 0 -12 0 -7 0 Crop ii I Instar 60 60 0 0 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Instar 48 48 0 0 48 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Instar 54 54 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Instar 102102 0 0 96 96 0 0 -6 -6 -6 -6 5 Instar 168168 0 0156 156 0 0 -12 -12 -7 -7 Crop -iii I Instar 72 72 0 0 60 60 0 0 -12 -12 -17 -17 2 Instar 60 60 0 0 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Instar 84 84 0 0 72 72 0 0 -12 -12 -14 -14 4 Instar 96 96 0 0 96 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Instar 168168 0 0156 156 0 0 -12 -12 -7 -7 2 2014-2015 Crop -i I Instar 60 60 0 0 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Instar 60 60 0 0 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Instar 72 72 0 0 72 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Instar 96 96 0 0 96 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Instar 144144 0 0144 144 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crop ii I Instar 60 60 0 0 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Instar 72 72 0 0 60 60 0 0 -12 -12 -17 -17 3 Instar 78 72 -6 -8 72 72 0 0 -6 0 -8 0 4 Instar 96 90 -6 -6 96 96 0 0 0 6 0 7 5 Instar 156144 -12 -8144 144 0 0 -12 0 -8 0 Crop -iii I Instar 60 60 0 0 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Instar 60 54 -6 -10 54 48 -6 -11 -6 -6 -10 -11 3 Instar 72 72 0 0 72 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Instar 96 96 0 0 96 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Instar 144144 0 0144 144 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 5: The larval duration of the silkworm instars in three different crops (seasons):.

[Audio] 6. Estimation of faecal matter weight There was no seasonal influence and rearing method affected the rate of excretion but single breed showed more excretion than double breed and it was correlated with the leaf consumption behavior . 5 K Rahmathulla and H M Suresh argued that the rate of metabolism and excretion was more in summer season in single breed(Rahmathulla & Suresh, 2012) Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 47.8 47.290000000000013 48.190000000000012 47.290000000000013 47.7 47.379999999999995 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 47.43 47.08 47.47 47.21 47.27 47.120000000000012 Fig 9: The faecal matter weight of 30 silkworms was appeared that neither seasonal change nor rearing method affected the excretion rate, nevertheless slightly increased weight was observed in single breed than double breed; it was correlated with the leaf consumption.It was observed that single breed produced more faecal weight (0.7%) than double breed ..

[Audio] Instar wise faecal matter of 30 silkworms (grams) Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I 3 Instar 4.630 4.110 -0.520 -11.231 4.710 4.210 -0.500 -10.616 0.080 0.100 1.728 2.433 4 Instar 16.980 16.600 -0.380 -2.238 16.300 15.960 -0.340 -2.086 -0.680 -0.640 -4.005 -3.855 5 Instar 122.670121.210 -1.460 -1.190121.910121.210 -0.700 -0.574 -0.760 0.000 -0.620 0.000 Crop ii 3 Instar 4.670 4.070 -0.600 -12.848 4.230 4.160 -0.070 -1.655 -0.440 0.090 -9.422 2.211 4 Instar 16.920 16.510 -0.410 -2.423 16.410 16.120 -0.290 -1.767 -0.510 -0.390 -3.014 -2.362 5 Instar 123.110121.220 -1.890 -1.535121.930121.670 -0.260 -0.213 -1.180 0.450 -0.958 0.371 Crop -iii 3 Instar 4.330 4.010 -0.320 -7.390 4.210 4.000 -0.210 -4.988 -0.120 -0.010 -2.771 -0.249 4 Instar 16.410 16.120 -0.290 -1.767 16.230 16.070 -0.160 -0.986 -0.180 -0.050 -1.097 -0.310 5 Instar 122.600122.070 -0.530 -0.432121.670121.340 -0.330 -0.271 -0.930 -0.730 -0.759 -0.598 2 2014-2015 Crop -i 3 Instar 4.410 4.130 -0.280 -6.349 4.170 4.030 -0.140 -3.357 -0.240 -0.100 -5.442 -2.421 4 Instar 16.270 16.030 -0.240 -1.475 16.160 16.010 -0.150 -0.928 -0.110 -0.020 -0.676 -0.125 5 Instar 122.130121.670 -0.460 -0.377121.360121.080 -0.280 -0.231 -0.770 -0.590 -0.630 -0.485 Crop ii 3 Instar 4.670 4.120 -0.550 -11.777 4.200 4.070 -0.130 -3.095 -0.470 -0.050 -10.064 -1.214 4 Instar 16.810 16.210 -0.600 -3.569 16.410 16.060 -0.350 -2.133 -0.400 -0.150 -2.380 -0.925 5 Instar 122.960121.640 -1.320 -1.074121.690121.210 -0.480 -0.394 -1.270 -0.430 -1.033 -0.354 Crop -iii 3 Instar 4.290 4.080 -0.210 -4.895 4.170 4.010 -0.160 -3.837 -0.120 -0.070 -2.797 -1.716 4 Instar 16.230 16.010 -0.220 -1.356 16.010 16.080 0.070 0.437 -0.220 0.070 -1.356 0.437 5 Instar 122.340121.990 -0.350 -0.286121.370121.270 -0.100 -0.082 -0.970 -0.720 -0.793 -0.590 Table6 : The faecal matter estimation of the silkworm instars in three different crops (seasons):.

[Audio] 7. Estimation of moulting duration Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 22 20.87 22.87 22 22.25 21 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 21.25 20.12 22.25 21.12 21.62 20.5 Fig 10: The moulting duration of the silkworm measured in hours. The average moulting duration between instars was noted as 21.25 hr. There was slight high duration in single breed and shelf rearing system. However, seasonal influence was not observed in all the three crops including monsoon, winter, and summer .The single breed showed 4.7% more moulting duration than double breed; however, the shelf rearing method, although showed 5.4% more moulting duration, and shoot rearing did not show significant shift..

[Audio] Moulting duration silk worm (hrs) Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I I Moult 20 18 -2 -10 19 18 -1 -5 -1 0 -5 0 2 Moult 21 20 -1 -5 20 19 -1 -5 -1 -1 -5 -5 3 Moult 23 22 -1 -4 22 21 -1 -5 -1 -1 -4 -5 4 Moult 25 24 -1 -4 24 23 -1 -4 -1 -1 -4 -4 Crop ii I Moult 21 20 -1 -5 20 19 -1 -5 -1 -1 -5 -5 2 Moult 22 21 -1 -5 21 20 -1 -5 -1 -1 -5 -5 3 Moult 24 23 -1 -4 24 23 -1 -4 0 0 0 0 4 Moult 24 24 0 0 24 23 -1 -4 0 -1 0 -4 Crop -iii I Moult 19 18 -1 -5 19 18 -1 -5 0 0 0 0 2 Moult 20 19 -1 -5 20 18 -2 -10 0 -1 0 -5 3 Moult 23 22 -1 -4 22 21 -1 -5 -1 -1 -4 -5 4 Moult 24 23 -1 -4 23 22 -1 -4 -1 -1 -4 -4 2 2014-2015 Crop -i I Moult 20 19 -1 -5 20 18 -2 -10 0 -1 0 -5 2 Moult 21 20 -1 -5 20 19 -1 -5 -1 -1 -5 -5 3 Moult 22 21 -1 -5 22 21 -1 -5 0 0 0 0 4 Moult 24 23 -1 -4 23 22 -1 -4 -1 -1 -4 -4 Crop ii I Moult 21 20 -1 -5 20 19 -1 -5 -1 -1 -5 -5 2 Moult 22 21 -1 -5 21 20 -1 -5 -1 -1 -5 -5 3 Moult 24 23 -1 -4 24 22 -2 -8 0 -1 0 -4 4 Moult 25 24 -1 -4 24 23 -1 -4 -1 -1 -4 -4 Crop -iii I Moult 22 20 -2 -9 21 20 -1 -5 -1 0 -5 0 2 Moult 22 20 -2 -9 21 20 -1 -5 -1 0 -5 0 3 Moult 24 23 -1 -4 23 22 -1 -4 -1 -1 -4 -4 4 Moult 24 23 -1 -4 24 23 -1 -4 0 0 0 0 Table7 : The moulting duration of the silkworm instars in three different crops (seasons):.

[Audio] 8. Estimation of survival rate (%) The survival rate of the double breed was found to be higher than the single breed, but rearing method and seasonal influence did not show impact on the survival rate. The average survival rate was found to be 90.2% and it is similar to the reported results reported elsewhere though they studied about the thermo tolerance (Kumari, Sugnana and others, 2011) Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 89 85 82 84 91.4 92 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 92.2 92.8 97.1 92.649999999999991 92.05 92.7 Fig 11: The survival rate of the silkworm from hatched egg to the instar 5 found to be 90.2%. A little high survival rate was observed in the double breed variety regardless of rearing method and corp. the percentage of change was observed to be 6.4% more in the double breed variety of the silkworm.

[Audio] Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I 91.2 91.9 0.7 0.8 92.0 92.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 Crop ii 91.1 91.8 0.7 0.8 91.6 92.6 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.9 Crop -iii 91.4 91.9 0.5 0.5 91.9 92.8 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.9 0.5 1.0 2 2014-2015 Crop -i 91.6 91.8 0.2 0.2 92.4 92.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.1 Crop ii 91.2 92.2 1.0 1.1 91.8 92.7 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 Crop -iii 91.4 92.1 0.7 0.8 92.2 92.6 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.5 Table 8: The survival rate of the silkworm in different crops (seasons):.

[Audio] 9. Estimation of matured silk gland weight: Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 0.99 1.21 0.94000000000000061 1.1399999999999768 0.97000000000000064 1.1900000000000206 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 1.07 1.3 1.02 1.24 1.06 1.3 These findings are completely in agreement with the reported results of 7th day of instar 5 larva of silk worm (Reddy and others, 2015). Fig12 : The silk gland weight of the instar 5 measured from different conditions: single breed vs double breed, shelf rearing system vs shoot rearing system, and seasons. It was found that double breed and shoot rearing system had shown more silk gland weight. It appeared that the double breed produced 8.81 % more weight than single breed, while shoot rearing system rendered 22.03 % higher silk gland weight than shelf rearing system.

[Audio] Weight Of Mature Silkgland(gr) Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I 0.96 1.26 0.30 31.25 1.06 1.32 0.26 24.53 0.10 0.06 10.42 4.76 Crop ii 0.92 1.12 0.20 21.74 0.98 1.22 0.24 24.49 0.06 0.10 6.52 8.93 Crop -iii 0.98 1.18 0.20 20.41 1.02 1.28 0.26 25.49 0.04 0.10 4.08 8.47 2 2014-2015 Crop -i 1.02 1.16 0.14 13.73 1.08 1.29 0.21 19.44 0.06 0.13 5.88 11.21 Crop ii 0.97 1.16 0.19 19.59 1.07 1.27 0.20 18.69 0.10 0.11 10.31 9.48 Crop -iii 0.96 1.20 0.24 25.00 1.10 1.32 0.22 20.00 0.14 0.12 14.58 10.00 Table 9: The silk gland weight measured in different crops (seasons):.

[Audio] 10. Estimation of silk gland length: Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 21.62 23.650000000000031 21.130000000000031 22.459999999999987 21.919999999999987 23.150000000000031 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 21.69 24.64 21.919999999999987 24.3 22.06 24.85 These findings are completely in agreement with the reported results of 7th day of instar 5 larva of silk worm (Reddy and others, 2015). Fig 13: The linear length of the silk gland measured from instar 5 of the silk worm that was reared in shelf rearing and shoot rearing methods with the single and double breed varieties. It was observed that double breed variety and shoot rearing methods had produced higher silk gland length than their respective counter parts regardless of the seasonal changes. The double breeding variety of silk worm reported 6.61 % higher length than the single breed and the shoot rearing system recorded 9.77 % higher length than the shelf rearing system.

[Audio] Fig14 : Showing silk glands of A Single breed silkworm silk gland shelf rearing B Single breed silkworm silk gland shoot rearing C Double breed silkworm silk gland shelf rearing D Double breed silkworm silk gland shoot rearing.

[Audio] Linear length of silkgland of 5 th instar silkworms (cm) Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 2013-2014 Crop I 21.14 23.40 2.26 10.69 21.28 24.89 3.61 16.96 0.14 1.49 0.66 6.37 Crop ii 20.43 22.62 2.19 10.72 21.96 24.16 2.20 10.02 1.53 1.54 7.49 6.81 Crop -iii 21.90 23.60 1.70 7.76 21.98 24.90 2.92 13.28 0.08 1.30 0.37 5.51 2014-2015 Crop -i 22.10 23.90 1.80 8.14 22.10 24.40 2.30 10.41 0.00 0.50 0.00 2.09 Crop ii 21.84 22.30 0.46 2.11 21.88 24.45 2.57 11.75 0.04 2.15 0.18 9.64 Crop -iii 21.94 22.70 0.76 3.46 22.15 24.80 2.65 11.96 0.21 2.10 0.96 9.25 Table 10:The linear silk gland length measured in different crops (seasons):.

[Audio] 11. Estimation of protein content in the silk gland: Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 24.54 26.89 24.38 26.479999999999986 24.8 26.8 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 25.95 29.18 26.35 28.17 26.8 29.2 The protein profile was found to be as specified in the reported results (Li, Li, & Zhong, 2012; Yang and others, 2010). Besides, the double breed has exhibited better silk gland characteristics than the single breed, likewise, shoot rearing methods was efficient than the shelf rearing method Fig15 :The protein content of the matured silk gland measured in mg from the silk worm instar 5 from different conditions including single breed, double breed, shelf rearing method, shoot rearing method, monsoon (crop I), winter (crop II), and summer (crop III). Double breeding variety of silkworm and shoot rearing system produced more protein content without the impact of seasonal changes on them. The double breeding variety of silk worm produced 7.95 % higher protein content than the single breed variety similarly shoot rearing system rendered 9.12 % more protein than the shelf rearing system.

[Audio] Total Protien Content In Silk Gland (mg) Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I 24.18 26.68 2.50 10.34 26.70 28.96 2.26 8.46 2.52 2.28 10.42 8.55 Crop ii 24.16 26.56 2.40 9.93 26.40 27.84 1.44 5.45 2.24 1.28 9.27 4.82 Crop -iii 24.80 26.70 1.90 7.66 26.90 29.10 2.20 8.18 2.10 2.40 8.47 8.99 2 2014-2015 Crop -i 24.90 27.10 2.20 8.84 25.20 29.40 4.20 16.67 0.30 2.30 1.20 8.49 Crop ii 24.60 26.40 1.80 7.32 26.30 28.50 2.20 8.37 1.70 2.10 6.91 7.95 Crop -iii 24.80 26.90 2.10 8.47 26.70 29.30 2.60 9.74 1.90 2.40 7.66 8.92 Table 11: The protein content measured in different crops (seasons):.

[Audio] 12. Estimation of cocoon yield Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 16 15.5 14.5 15 16 16.5 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 18.14 18.45 18.07 18.37 18.14 18.399999999999999 These findings confirmed the reported average value 17.0 kilograms however the report was generated from the single breed variety C-S-6 x Pam 101 of Bombyx mori (Kanta, 2017) Fig16 : The cocoon yield of three different crops was measured after weighing 10000 cocoons. Double breed variety of silkworm produced more cocoon yield than single breed irrespective of the rearing method and the seasonal change. The cocoon yield was apparently 14.6% more in the double breed variety than single breed. Single breed produced 15.58 kilograms of cocoon yield while double breed rendered 18.26 kilograms.

[Audio] Cocoon Yeild / 10000 Larvae (kg) Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I 18.05 18.23 0.18 1.00 18.12 18.42 0.30 1.66 0.07 0.19 0.39 1.04 Crop ii 17.92 18.12 0.20 1.12 18.08 18.32 0.24 1.33 0.16 0.20 0.89 1.10 Crop -iii 18.09 18.19 0.10 0.55 18.11 18.39 0.28 1.55 0.02 0.20 0.11 1.10 2 2014-2015 Crop -i 18.12 18.24 0.12 0.66 18.16 18.48 0.32 1.76 0.04 0.24 0.22 1.32 Crop ii 18.02 18.21 0.19 1.05 18.07 18.42 0.35 1.94 0.05 0.21 0.28 1.15 Crop -iii 18.11 18.18 0.07 0.39 18.18 18.41 0.23 1.27 0.07 0.23 0.39 1.27 Table 12:The cocoon yield estimated from 10000 cocoons weight in three different crops (seasons):.

[Audio] 13. Estimation of cocoon length Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 3.3099999999999987 3.44 3.2600000000000002 3.4 3.38 3.46 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 3.3499999999999988 3.54 3.3299999999999987 3.48 3.4099999999999997 3.55 The average cocoon length was found to be 3.4 centimeters and it is completely in agreement with the reported results studied in African wild silkmoth (Teshome, Raina, Vollrath, & Hagedorn, 2014). Fig17: The cocoon length was observed in three different crops. The cocoon length was observed more in shoot rearing system than shelf rearing system. Similarly, double breed rendered more cocoon length than single breed regardless of the seasonal changes. The cocoon length was observed 3.37 and 3.44 centimeters in the single breed and double breed, while shelf rearing method and shoot rearing methods produced 3.34 and 3.42 centimeters . The shoot rearing system rendered 0.9% more length and double breeding produced 7% more length, even though seasonal changes did not affect the cocoon length..

[Audio] Average Cocoon Length (cm) Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 2013-2014 Crop I 3.26 3.42 0.16 4.91 3.29 3.52 0.23 6.99 0.03 0.10 0.92 2.92 Crop ii 3.21 3.38 0.17 5.30 3.32 3.48 0.16 4.82 0.11 0.10 3.43 2.96 Crop -iii 3.37 3.49 0.12 3.56 3.41 3.54 0.13 3.81 0.04 0.05 1.19 1.43 2014-2015 Crop -i 3.37 3.47 0.10 2.97 3.41 3.57 0.16 4.69 0.04 0.10 1.19 2.88 Crop ii 3.31 3.42 0.11 3.32 3.34 3.48 0.14 4.19 0.03 0.06 0.91 1.75 Crop -iii 3.39 3.43 0.04 1.18 3.41 3.56 0.15 4.40 0.02 0.13 0.59 3.79 Table13 : The cocoon length was observed in three different crops (seasons):.

[Audio] 14. Estimation of cocoon width The average cocoon width was observed to be 2.0 centimeters; it appeared that shoot rearing system and double breed variety of silk worm found to be 1.6% higher cocoon width regardless of the seasonal impact and the values are similar to the reported results (Chen, Porter, & Vollrath, 2012). Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 2.0499999999999998 2.09 2.0299999999999998 2.0699999999999998 2.0499999999999998 2.09 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 2.08 2.13 2.0499999999999998 2.09 2.08 2.12 Fig 18: The cocoon width of the silk moth found to be high in double breed and shoot rearing system regardless of the seasonal effectsingle breed and double breed cocoon width were noted as 2.06 and 2.09 centimeters, while shelf rearing system and shoot rearing system rendered 2.05 and 2.09 centimeters . It seemed that there was no seasonal impact was observed on the cocoon width. The double breed possessed 1.43% more cocoon width than single breed and shoot rearing system recorded 1.9% more cocoon width than shelf rearing system..

[Audio] Average Cocoon Width (cm) Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I 2.04 2.08 0.04 1.96 2.07 2.13 0.06 2.90 0.03 0.05 1.47 2.40 Crop ii 2.02 2.06 0.04 1.98 2.05 2.09 0.04 1.95 0.03 0.03 1.49 1.46 Crop -iii 2.04 2.09 0.05 2.45 2.07 2.12 0.05 2.42 0.03 0.03 1.47 1.44 2 2014-2015 Crop -i 2.07 2.10 0.03 1.45 2.09 2.14 0.05 2.39 0.02 0.04 0.97 1.90 Crop ii 2.05 2.08 0.03 1.46 2.06 2.10 0.04 1.94 0.01 0.02 0.49 0.96 Crop -iii 2.07 2.10 0.03 1.45 2.09 2.13 0.04 1.91 0.02 0.03 0.97 1.43 Table 14: The cocoon width measured in three different crops (seasons):.

[Audio] 15. Estimation of cocoon weight Single Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 1.41 1.84 1.78 1.82 1.79 1.82 Double Breed Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Shelf Rs Shoot Rs Crop i Crop ii Crop iii 1.82 1.9100000000000001 1.83 1.8900000000000001 1.83 1.9000000000000001 The cocoon weight was measured and found 3% increase in the double breed and shoot rearing system and the result substantiated the reported result (Rahmathulla, 2012b). Fig 19: The cocoon weight was measured in three different crops including monsoon, winter, and summer. Although there was no distinct difference was observed between rearing methods and seasons, double breed exhibited a small amount of higher cocoon weight though it is negligible.There was a 3% difference was observed between shelf rearing and shoot rearing methods; however, double breed exhibited 3.8% higher weight than the single breed. The average cocoon weight was found to be 1.8 grams and the seasons and rearing methods did not affect the cocoon weight.

[Audio] Fig20: Showing silkworm cocoon of A Single breed silkworm cocoon shelf rearing B Single breed silkworm cocoon shoot rearing C Double breed silkworm cocoon shelf rearing D Double breed silkworm cocoon shoot rearing.

[Audio] Cocoon Weight(grams) Slno Year Crop Single Breed (csr2 10 Csr4) Double Breed (csr2 10 Csr27) 10 (csr6 10 Csr26) Single Vs Double Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Difference Percentage Difference Percentage Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System Shelf Rearing System Shoot Rearing System 1 2013-2014 Crop I 1.803 1.842 0.039 2.163 1.820 1.910 0.090 4.945 0.017 0.068 0.943 3.692 Crop ii 1.784 1.828 0.044 2.466 1.832 1.891 0.059 3.221 0.048 0.063 2.691 3.446 Crop -iii 1.796 1.820 0.024 1.336 1.828 1.891 0.063 3.446 0.032 0.071 1.782 3.901 2 2014-2015 Crop -i 1.020 1.842 0.822 80.588 1.836 1.916 0.080 4.357 0.816 0.074 80.000 4.017 Crop ii 1.793 1.826 0.033 1.840 1.828 1.895 0.067 3.665 0.035 0.069 1.952 3.779 Crop -iii 1.797 1.838 0.041 2.282 1.841 1.916 0.075 4.074 0.044 0.078 2.449 4.244 Table 15: The cocoon weight was observed in three different crops (seasons).