Name: Spasticity
Uploaded: 2021-11-11
Duration: 3 min 23 s
Description: Spasticity. The Magic Cure for Spasticity Reduction - Elite Learning.

Spasticity. The Magic Cure for Spasticity Reduction - Elite Learning. 

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The Magic Cure for Spasticity Reduction - Elite Learning

Spasticity is increased, involuntary, velocity-dependent muscle tone that causes resistance to movement.

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Understanding Stroke: A Comprehensive Guide - Times of India

Cerebral palsy (CP) - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment &amp; pathology -  YouTube

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The condition may occur secondary to a disorder or trauma, such as a tumor, a stroke,  multiple sclerosis  (MS),  cerebral palsy , or a  spinal cord ,  brain , or  peripheral nerve injury .

Pathophysiology. Frontiers | A Unifying Pathophysiological Account for Post-stroke Spasticity and Disordered Motor Control | Neurology. 

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Frontiers | A Unifying Pathophysiological Account for Post-stroke Spasticity  and Disordered Motor Control | Neurology

The pathophysiologic basis of spasticity is incompletely understood. Polysynaptic responses may be involved in spinal cord–mediated spasticity, while enhanced excitability of monosynaptic pathways is involved in cortically mediated spasticity.

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In several studies examining patients at 12 months post-stroke, spasticity has been estimated to occur in up to 46% of patients 12 months after stroke.

Impact. HRQOL - &quot;Health-Related Quality of Life&quot; by AcronymsAndSlang.com. 

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HRQOL - &quot;Health-Related Quality of Life&quot; by AcronymsAndSlang.com

Spasticity is associated with a negative impact on the health-related quality of life ( HRQoL ) of stroke survivors with statistically and clinically meaningful differences existing between stroke survivors with and without spasticity.

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Medications used in the treatment of spasticity include the following: Skeletal muscle relaxants ( dantrolene  sodium, baclofen,  Tolperisone ) Benzodiazepines (diazepam) Alpha2-adrenergic agonists (clonidine,  tizanidine ) Botulinum toxins ( onabotulinumtoxinA ,  abobotulinumtoxinA ,  incobotulinumtoxinA )

Dantrolene sodium. Ryanodex,a new dantrolene formulation. 

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This is a peripherally acting medication that prevents calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. It is particularly effective in cerebral-origin spasticity, such as that occurring in traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, or cerebral palsy.

Baclofen. Baclofen Overdose or Brain Death? - Missouri Poison Center. 

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Baclofen Overdose or Brain Death? - Missouri Poison Center

Baclofen  presynaptically  inhibits the nerve terminal. It is centrally acting and can be administered  intrathecally  or orally. Baclofen is the preferred drug for spasticity related to spinal cord injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MS) and is useful in cerebral palsy. Tolerance can occur.

Alpha2-adrenergic Agonists - Clonidine. clonidine [TUSOM | Pharmwiki]. 

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Clonidine stimulates alpha-2  adrenoreceptors  in the brainstem, activating an inhibitory neuron, which in turn results in reduced sympathetic outflow. These effects cause a decrease in vasomotor tone and heart rate. Clonidine is effective in SCI-associated spasticity and possibly in TBI-associated spasticity as well.

Tizanidine. Initially approved by the FDA in 1996, tizanidine is an Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist reducing spasticity by the presynaptic inhibition of excitatory neurotransmitters that cause firing of neurons promoting muscle spasm. 

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Initially approved by the FDA in 1996,  tizanidine  is an Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist reducing spasticity by the presynaptic inhibition of excitatory neurotransmitters that cause firing of neurons promoting muscle spasm

Botulinum Toxins. Botulinum toxin - Wikipedia. Treatment with botulinum toxins are used to reduce muscle tone and improve passive and/or active function in adults with spasticity. Botulinum toxins are a neurotoxin derived from Clostridium botulinum . Botulinum toxin prevents acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane, causing temporary calming of muscle contractions by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses.. 

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Treatment with botulinum toxins are used to reduce muscle tone and improve passive and/or active function in adults with spasticity. Botulinum toxins are a neurotoxin derived from  Clostridium botulinum . Botulinum toxin prevents acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane, causing temporary calming of muscle contractions by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses.

Tolperisone. Being, centrally acting muscle relaxant, tolperisone acts at the level of spinal cord by blocking sodium channels and calcium channels. Tolperisone exerts its spinal reflex inhibitory action predominantly via a pre synaptic inhibition of the transmitter release from the primary afferent endings via a combined action on voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels . Tolperisone increases the blood supply to skeletal muscles; this action is noteworthy since a muscle contracture may compress the small blood vessels and induce an ischemia leading to release of pain stimulating compounds.. 

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Being, centrally acting muscle relaxant,  tolperisone  acts at the level of spinal cord by blocking sodium channels and calcium channels.  Tolperisone  exerts its spinal reflex inhibitory action predominantly via a pre synaptic inhibition of the transmitter release from the primary afferent endings via a combined action on voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels . Tolperisone  increases the blood supply to skeletal muscles; this action is noteworthy since a muscle contracture may compress the small blood vessels and induce an ischemia leading to release of pain stimulating compounds.

Spasticity

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 The condition may occur secondary to a disorder or trauma, such as a tumor, a stroke,  multiple sclerosis  (MS),  cerebral palsy , or a  spinal cord ,  brain , or  peripheral nerve injury .