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[Audio] Definition: It is the time in hours elapsed from milk production until it is become unfit for human consumption either: It is clot on boiling or development of unpleasant flavour when stored at 15.5 degrees celsius, 18 degrees celsius or 22 degrees celsius. Sanitary and keeping quality tests Tests depend on acidity. Tests depend on enzymes. Tests depend on sediment and. 10/4/2023	dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer 	Bacteriological examination of milk.. 

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It is the time in hours elapsed from milk  production until it is become unfit for human  consumption either: It is clot on boiling or development of unpleasant flavour when  stored at 15.5°C, 18°C or 22°C.

Sanitary and keeping quality tests Tests depend on acidity. Tests depend on enzymes. Tests depend on sediment and. 10/4/2023	dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer

[Audio] a Tests depend on acidity: 1-Clot on boiling test: (C O B ) 5 ml of milk are put in test tube which is boiled in water bath for 5 minutes. Result and judgement: When the milk becomes a mass of solid material	or appearance of very fine particles on the sides of the tube considered: positive. 10/4/2023 dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer. 

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1-Clot on boiling test: (C.O.B.) 5 ml of milk are put in test tube which is boiled  in water bath for 5 minutes.
 Result and judgement: When the milk becomes a mass of solid  material	or appearance of very fine particles on the sides  of the tube considered: positive.

[Audio] The average acidity at which milk clots on boiling is: 0.23% lactic acid or more. The milk may be clot on boiling in case of: Colostrum. Late stage of lactation. Mastitis due to: disturbance in Ca and P balance. Feeding animal on bone meal.. 

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The average acidity at which milk clots on  boiling is: 0.23% lactic acid or more. The milk may be clot on boiling in case of: 
Colostrum. Late stage of lactation.  Mastitis due to: disturbance in Ca and P balance. Feeding animal on bone meal.

[Audio] b Alcohol precipitation test: (A P T ) One ml of 68% neutral ethyl alcohol is added to: equal amount of milk in a sterile test tube. shake well. Result and judgment: Appearance of slight ppt. adheres to the wall of the test tube	or a clot after good mixing indicates: dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amera positive resu1l5t9. 10/4/2023. 

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One ml of 68% neutral ethyl alcohol is added  to: equal amount of milk in a sterile test tube. shake well.
 Result and judgment: Appearance of slight ppt. adheres to the wall  of the test tube	or a clot after good mixing indicates:

dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amera positive resu1l5t9.

The test may give positive result in case of: Colostrum. Mastitis. Sweet curdling. The A.P.T gives positive result when the acidity % is: 0.21% lactic acid or more. So the A.P.T is more sensitive than C.O.B test.. 

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The test may give positive result in case of:
 Colostrum.  Mastitis. Sweet curdling.
 The A.P.T gives positive result when the  acidity % is: 0.21% lactic acid or more. So the A.P.T is more sensitive than C.O.B test.

[Audio] Significance of C O B and A P T: Positive C O B test: The milk is unfit for heat treatment. Positive A P T and negative C O B: The milk must be rapid heat treated.. 

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Positive C.O.B test: The milk is unfit for heat treatment.
 Positive A.P.T and negative C.O.B: The milk must be rapid heat treated.

[Audio] c Titratable acidity: Standard method. Soxhlet Henkel method. Acidity %: It is the numbers of grams of lactic acid present in 100 ml of milk. Acidity degree: It is the numbers of ml of NaOH N/9 required to neutralize the lactic acid present in 100 ml of milk. N B ** Titration value of milk = natural acidity plus 1d0/4e/20v23eloped acidity. dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer	162. 

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Standard method. Soxhlet Henkel method. Acidity %: It is the numbers of grams of lactic acid  present in 100 ml of milk. Acidity degree: It is the numbers of ml of NaOH N/9 required  to neutralize the lactic acid present in 100 ml of  milk. N.B. ** Titration value of milk = natural acidity +

[Audio] 1-Standard method: Equipment : Procelain dish. Bureltte. Pipette 1 and 10 ml capacity. Stand. Chemicals: NaOH N/9 Ph. Ph. 1% alcoholic solution. C-O-2 free distilled water. 10/4/2023	dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer. 

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Equipment : Procelain dish. Bureltte. Pipette 1 and 10 ml capacity. Stand.

Chemicals: NaOH N/9 Ph. Ph. 1% alcoholic solution. CO2 free distilled water. 10/4/2023	dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer

[Audio] Procedure: In a porcelain dish contain 10 ml milk sample add: 1 ml Ph. Ph. 20 ml Co2 free distilled water. good mixing using glass rod. titrate against NaOH N/9 till obtain end point (faint pink colour). record R sing in titratio1n64). (amount of Ndr.aIbrOahimHHasNsan/9Ameur 10/4/2023. 

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Procedure: In a porcelain dish contain 10 ml milk sample  add: 1 ml Ph. Ph. 20 ml Co2 free distilled water. good mixing using glass rod. titrate against NaOH N/9 till obtain end point (faint pink colour). record R

[Audio] Acidity % = R/10 Acidity degree = R x 10 Normal acidity % = 0.12% 0.16 with an average 0.14% lactic acid Normal acidity degree = 12 – 16 average 14 dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer. 

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Acidity % = R/10
 Acidity degree = R x 10
 Normal acidity % = 0.12% - 0.16 with an  average 0.14% lactic acid
 Normal acidity degree = 12 – 16 average 14

[Audio] Determination of pH: Colourimeteric method by using: pH paper. Electrometric method by using: pH meter. Normal pH of freshly drawn milk is ranged from 6.35-6.85 average 6.6 (slight acidic). The slight acidity of milk is due to presence of: Phosphate Albumin 10/4/2023 Casein Co2 Citdrr. aIbrtaheim Hassan Amer. 

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Colourimeteric method by using: pH paper. Electrometric method by using: pH meter. Normal pH of freshly drawn milk is ranged  from 6.35-6.85 average 6.6 (slight acidic). The slight acidity of milk is due to presence of:

[Audio] Higher acidity is due to: Contamination by lactic acid producing m.os. Colostrum Lower acidity is due to: Mastitis. Late stage of lactation due to increase chlorine. Production of alkaline products by certain microorganisms as: -Pseudomonas fluorescens. -Micrococcus ureae. -Ps. Trifolii. -Alcaligens faecalis. -Alcaligendr.eIbrsahimvHiassscanoAmlaer ctis. 10/4/2023. 

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Higher acidity is due to: Contamination by lactic acid producing m.os. Colostrum
 Lower acidity is due to: Mastitis. Late stage of lactation due to increase chlorine. Production of alkaline products by certain  microorganisms as:

-Pseudomonas fluorescens. -Micrococcus ureae.

-Alcaligendr.eIbrsahimvHiassscanoAmlaer ctis.

[Audio] b Tests depend on enzymes: 1-Reductase enzyme: Reductase enzyme is produced only by: m.os. The higher reductase enzyme, the higher bacterial count. The enzyme is able to pick up the O2 from the compounds in which is present loosely such as: methylene blue, resazurin and nitrate 10/4/2023 dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer. 

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1-Reductase enzyme: Reductase enzyme is produced only by: m.os. The higher reductase enzyme, the higher  bacterial count. The enzyme is able to pick up the O2 from the  compounds in which is present loosely such  as: methylene blue, resazurin and nitrate

[Audio] Methylene blue reduction test: Resazurin reduction test: Nitrate reduction test:. 

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Methylene blue reduction test: Resazurin reduction test: Nitrate reduction test:

[Audio] 1-Methylene blue reduction test: In sterile cotton plugged test tube contain 10 ml milk sample. Aseptically add 0.5 ml standardized sterile methylene blue solution followed by incubation in water bath at 37 degrees celsius till complete decolourization and record the time of decolourization. N B  Record the results firstly after 20 minutes then every ½ hours.. 

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In sterile cotton plugged test tube contain 10 ml  milk sample. Aseptically add 0.5 ml standardized  sterile methylene blue solution followed by incubation  in water bath at 37°C till complete decolourization and  record the time of decolourization. N.B.

Record the results firstly after 20 minutes then  every ½ hours.

[Audio] Result and judgement: Grades of milk Reduction time Approximal No. of bacteria / ml of milk Good 5.5 hrs or more Less than 500000 Fair 2 – 5.5 hrs 500000 – 4 millions Bad 20 minutes. – 2 hrs 4 – 20 millions Very bad Less than 20 minutes. More than 20 millions. 

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Grades of milk Reduction time Approximal No. of bacteria / ml of milk Good 5.5 hrs or more Less than 500,000 Fair 2 – 5.5 hrs 500,000 – 4 millions Bad 20 min. – 2 hrs 4 – 20 millions Very bad Less than 20 min. More than 20 millions

[Audio] 2-Resazurin reduction test: In a sterile cotton plugged test tube contains 10 ml of milk sample, aseptically add 1 ml sterile 0.5% resazurin sol. Followed by incubation in water bath at 37 degrees celsius for 1 hour and record the resulted colour.. 

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In a sterile cotton plugged test tube contains 10 ml of milk sample, aseptically add 1 ml sterile 0.5%  resazurin sol. Followed by incubation in water bath at  37°C for 1 hour and record the resulted colour.

[Audio] Result and judgment: Grades of milk Colour Excellent Blue Very good Lilac (slight blue) Good Blue violet Fair Red violet Bad Red Very bad Complete decolourization. 

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Grades of milk
 Colour Excellent Blue Very good Lilac (slight blue) Good Blue violet Fair Red violet Bad Red Very bad Complete decolourization

[Audio] 3-Nitrate reduction test: Add aseptically 1 ml 0.3% sterile pot nitrate solution to sterile cotton plugged test tube contains 10 ml milk sample followed by incubation at 30±1 degrees celsius for 4 hours. Then add 0.25 ml Gries Ilswag reagent (to detect nitrite).. 

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Add aseptically 1  ml 0.3%  sterile pot nitrate solution to sterile cotton plugged test tube contains  10 ml milk sample followed by incubation at 30±1°C  for 4 hours. Then add 0.25 ml Gries Ilswag reagent  (to detect nitrite).

[Audio] Result and judgment: Colour Grades of milk No colour Good Pink Fair Dark pink or red Bad. 

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Colour Grades of milk No colour Good Pink Fair Dark pink or red Bad

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Definition:
 It is the time in hours elapsed from milk  production until it is become unfit for human  consumption either: It is clot on boiling or development of unpleasant flavour when  stored at 15.5 degrees celsius, 18 degrees celsius or 22 degrees celsius.
 Sanitary and keeping quality tests Tests depend on acidity. Tests depend on enzymes. Tests depend on sediment and. 10/4/2023	dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer
 

 	Bacteriological examination of milk.

avatar

a Tests depend on acidity:
 

 1-Clot on boiling test: (C O B ) 5 ml of milk are put in test tube which is boiled  in water bath for 5 minutes.
 Result and judgement: When the milk becomes a mass of solid  material	or appearance of very fine particles on the sides  of the tube considered: positive.
 10/4/2023
 dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer

b Alcohol precipitation test: (A P T )
 One ml of 68% neutral ethyl alcohol is added  to: equal amount of milk in a sterile test tube. shake well.
 Result and judgment: Appearance of slight ppt. adheres to the wall  of the test tube	or a clot after good mixing indicates:
 dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amera positive resu1l5t9.
 10/4/2023

Significance of C O B and A P T:
 Positive C O B test: The milk is unfit for heat treatment.
 Positive A P T and negative C O B: The milk must be rapid heat treated.

c Titratable acidity:
 Standard method. Soxhlet Henkel method. Acidity %: It is the numbers of grams of lactic acid  present in 100 ml of milk. Acidity degree: It is the numbers of ml of NaOH N/9 required  to neutralize the lactic acid present in 100 ml of  milk. N B  ** Titration value of milk = natural acidity  plus 
 1d0/4e/20v23eloped acidity.
 dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer	162

1-Standard method:
 Equipment : Procelain dish. Bureltte. Pipette 1 and 10 ml capacity. Stand.
 Chemicals: NaOH N/9 Ph. Ph. 1% alcoholic solution. C-O-2 free distilled water. 10/4/2023	dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer

Procedure: In a porcelain dish contain 10 ml milk sample  add: 1 ml Ph. Ph. 20 ml Co2 free distilled water. good mixing using glass rod. titrate against NaOH N/9 till obtain end point (faint pink colour). record R
 sing in titratio1n64).
 (amount of Ndr.aIbrOahimHHasNsan/9Ameur
 10/4/2023

Acidity % = R/10
 Acidity degree = R x 10
 Normal acidity % = 0.12%  0.16 with an  average 0.14% lactic acid
 Normal acidity degree = 12 – 16 average 14
 dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer

Determination of pH:
 Colourimeteric method by using: pH paper. Electrometric method by using: pH meter. Normal pH of freshly drawn milk is ranged  from 6.35-6.85 average 6.6 (slight acidic). The slight acidity of milk is due to presence of:
 Phosphate Albumin 10/4/2023
  Casein  Co2
 

  Citdrr. aIbrtaheim Hassan Amer

Higher acidity is due to: Contamination by lactic acid producing m.os. Colostrum
 Lower acidity is due to: Mastitis. Late stage of lactation due to increase chlorine. Production of alkaline products by certain  microorganisms as:


 

 -Pseudomonas fluorescens. -Micrococcus ureae.
 -Ps. Trifolii. -Alcaligens faecalis.
 -Alcaligendr.eIbrsahimvHiassscanoAmlaer ctis.
 10/4/2023

b Tests depend on enzymes:
 

 1-Reductase enzyme: Reductase enzyme is produced only by: m.os. The higher reductase enzyme, the higher  bacterial count. The enzyme is able to pick up the O2 from the  compounds in which is present loosely such  as: methylene blue, resazurin and nitrate
 10/4/2023
 dr. Ibrahim Hassan Amer

1-Methylene blue reduction test:
 In sterile cotton plugged test tube contain 10 ml  milk sample. Aseptically add 0.5 ml standardized  sterile methylene blue solution followed by incubation  in water bath at 37 degrees celsius till complete decolourization and  record the time of decolourization. N B 
 
 	Record the results firstly after 20 minutes then  every ½ hours.

Result and judgement:
 Grades of milk Reduction time Approximal No. of bacteria / ml of milk Good 5.5 hrs or more Less than 500000 Fair 2 – 5.5 hrs 500000 – 4 millions Bad 20  minutes. – 2 hrs 4 – 20 millions Very bad Less than 20  minutes. More than 20 millions

2-Resazurin reduction test:
 In a sterile cotton plugged test tube contains 10 ml of milk sample, aseptically add 1 ml sterile 0.5%  resazurin sol. Followed by incubation in water bath at  37 degrees celsius for 1 hour and record the resulted colour.

Result and judgment:

 Grades of milk
 Colour Excellent Blue Very good Lilac (slight blue) Good Blue violet Fair Red violet Bad Red Very bad Complete decolourization

3-Nitrate reduction test:
 Add aseptically 1  ml 0.3%  sterile pot nitrate solution to sterile cotton plugged test tube contains  10 ml milk sample followed by incubation at 30±1 degrees celsius  for 4 hours. Then add 0.25 ml Gries Ilswag reagent  (to detect nitrite).

Result and judgment:
 Colour Grades of milk No colour Good Pink Fair Dark pink or red Bad