Roma

Illustration by Smart-Servier Medical Art Cryptorchidism in dogs.

OUR TEAM Amina Ahmed Mohamed Sobhy 550 Naira Hussien Mohamed 229 Zyad Ahmed Mohamed Abdellatif 931 Nouran Salah Farag 233 Mostafa Abo Hashem Elsayed 665 Mohamed Ehab Mahmoud 2020100512 Shaima Abdelhamed Basiony 087 Reem Tamer Abdelfattah 169.

Illustration by Smart-Servier Medical Art Table of contents 01 Case definition and etiology 02 Clinical signs and diagnostic tools 03 Defferential diagnosis 04 Treatment and prognosis.

Illustration by Smart-Servier Medical Art Case definition and etiology 01.

Cryptorchidism in dogs is the condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum, typically remaining in the abdomen or groin area. It is a heritable, genetic condition with a higher prevalence in certain breeds, like German Shepherds and smallerbreeds. Affected dogs have a significantly increased risk of developing testicular cancer and testicular torsion, so the recommended treatment is surgical neutering, which involves removing both testicles.

What normally happens • Normally, the testes develop inside the abdomen near the kidneys, and then they descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. • This descent usually happens before birth or by 6 to 8 weeks of age. • By the age of 6 months, both testes should be in the scrotum — if not, it’s considered abnormal (Cryptorchidism)..

Illustration by Smart-Servier Medical Art Bilateral cryptorchidism Classification According to the number of retained testes Both testicles fail to descend. Dogs with this condition are typically sterile because the temperature inside the abdomen prevents sperm production One testicle descends normally, while the other remains undescended. This is the most common presentation and can be on the right or left side Unilateral cryptorchidism.

classiffication according to where the testicle is located Abdominal Inguinal The testicle has not descended completely and remains within the abdominal cavity, near the kidneys The testicle is stuck in the inguinal canal, the passage between the abdomen and the scrotum. In rare cases, the testicle is located in an abnormal spot outside the typical path, such as near the perineum or even elsewhere in the body Ectopic.

Etiology (Causes) -Hereditary component is the most important cause. -It is considered a sex-limited autosomal recessive trait—the defect is inherited but expressed only in males. -Breeds with high prevalence (e.g., Toy Poodles, Chihuahuas, Pomeranians, Yorkshire Terriers, Boxers, and German Shepherds) suggest a strong genetic predisposition. -Genes may affect the hormonal control, development of the gubernaculum, or inguinal canal structure. -Normal testicular descent depends on hormones such as: -Insulin-like 3 (INSL3) produced by fetal Leydig cells. -Testosterone, which stimulates gubernacular regression and testicular migration. -Deficiency or insensitivity to these hormones can prevent descent. Genetic Factors Hormonal Imbalance Anatomical Abnormalities -Defects in the gubernaculum (the structure guiding testicular descent) or inguinal canal may physically block the testes from moving. -Abnormalities in the spermatic cord, epididymis, or scrotal position can also contribute..

Etiology (Causes) -Exposure of pregnant bitches to hormone-disrupting chemicals, excess estrogen, or certain medications can interfere with fetal testicular development. Maternal malnutrition, stress, or endocrine disorders during gestation may also affect fetal development. Environmental and Maternal Factors Developmental or Embryological Disturbances -Any disruption during the two phases of descent: -Transabdominal phase (mediated by INSL3) -Inguinoscrotal phase (mediated by androgens and genitofemoral nerve) Can lead to partial or complete failure of descent..

Illustration by Smart-Servier Medical Art Clinical signs and diagnostic tools 02.

Illustration by Smart-Servier Medical Art The most noticeable sign is the absence of one or both testicles in the scrotum, with the testicle potentially located in the inguinal canal or abdomen. feel the scrotum, inguinal area, or abdomen to detect the undescended testicle. Detection is harder if only one testicle is affected. Dogs may still exhibit normal sexual behaviors due to testosterone produced by the retained testicle. Elevated testosterone can also affect aggression and other behaviors. A firm mass may be felt in the groin if the testicle is in the inguinal canal. If it's in the abdomen, the dog may experience pain or discomfort, often unnoticed unless complications arise Clinical Signs of Cryptorchidism in Dogs 1. Absent Testicle(s) in the Scrotum 3. Behavioral Changes 2. Palpation of the Testicle 4. Abnormalities in the Inguinal or Abdominal Area.

Illustration by Smart-Servier Medical Art A severe complication where the testicle twists, cutting off its blood supply. Symptoms include sudden abdominal pain, swelling, vomiting, and lethargy. It’s more common with inguinal cryptorchidism and is a medical emergency. Dogs with cryptorchidism, particularly if both testicles are undescended, are often infertile due to the higher temperatures in the abdomen affecting sperm production. Retained testicles have a higher risk of becoming cancerous, with symptoms including swelling, pain, and behavior changes caused by hormonal imbalances. The retained testicle may be smaller than the normal one in the early stages, making it harder to detect Clinical Signs of Cryptorchidism in Dogs 5. Testicular Torsion 7. Testicular Cancer 6. Infertility 8. Smaller Retained Testicle.

Diagnosis 1. History and Signalment Often diagnosed in young dogs when testicles fail to descend by 6 months of age (the normal time for testicular descent). -May be unilateral or bilateral. -Some breeds are predisposed (e.g., Poodles, Yorkshire Terriers, Chihuahuas, Boxers).

2-physical exam •Check the scrotal sac and its contents to make sure there are no swellings and that both testicles are present in the sac. If the testicles are not palpable in the sac, will palpate the rest of the abdomen and the area near the groin to check for any structure that may feel like a testicle. Examine the penis to check for penile spines, which disappear after neutering (6 weeks)..

3-diagnostic tests A- GnRH- or hCG-Response Test: Testosterone for Males The GnRH- (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) or hCG- (human chorionic gonadotropin)* response tests are useful for distinguishing fully castrated males from cryptorchid males or those with testicular remnants. GnRH is preferred over hCG because of a decreased risk of an anaphylactic reaction. *hCG: 1 IU = 1 USP, 1500 USP = 1 mg hCG Draw a baseline blood sample in a plain red-top clot tube. Label this sample "pre." Inject 2.2 μg/kg of GnRH intramuscularly or 250 IU of hCG* subcutaneously. Collect an additional blood sample 2 hours after injection. Label this sample "post." Follow the sample processing procedure (steps 2-4) below. The paired samples should be submitted and tested together. B_ AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone) Test: -Positive in dogs with testicular tissue (including retained testes). -Negative in castrated male.

4-x_ ray with contrast material -Not a routine diagnostic method but can be used in special cases such as excretory urography or peritoneography to locate an - abdominally retained testis. The contrast is injected intravenously (IV). -After a short time, abdominal radiographs are taken. -The retained testis may appear as a soft tissue opacity that becomes more visible due to contrast enhancement if it has active blood vessels. A. Contrast Radiography B. CT Scan with Contrast -This is the most accurate imaging technique for locating retained testes. -The contrast agent (Iohexol or Iopamidol) is given IV before scanning. -The retained testicle shows contrast enhancement, appearing as a small oval structure that becomes brighter than the surrounding fat. -This helps evaluate testicular blood flow, but it’s not common in routine veterinary practice..