ReVISING ELT METHODOLOGY

[Audio] This course focuses on revising English Language Teaching (ELT) methodology. We will examine different approaches to teaching English language and literature, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages, and discussing how they can be modified and combined into successful teaching strategies. Let's start by reviewing some fundamental ideas and techniques that have influenced the field of ELT throughout history..

[Audio] The traditional teaching methods include the Grammar Translation method, the Direct Method, the Audio-Lingual Method, and the Communicative Method. These methods have been widely used in language teaching since the early days of language instruction. However, with the changing needs of learners and the development of new technologies, there has been a shift towards more communicative and interactive approaches to language learning..

[Audio] The most prominent methods used in teaching English as a foreign language include the Grammar Translation method, the Direct Method, the Audio-Lingual Method, and the Communicative Method. These approaches have been employed by educators to facilitate effective language acquisition and instruction..

[Audio] Various teaching techniques used in ELT methodology can be categorized into several types based on their focus and application. Using commands to direct behavior is an effective way to engage students and encourage active participation. This technique involves giving clear instructions to students, allowing them to practice and develop their skills in a controlled environment. Role reversal is another approach, where students take on different roles to practice language use in real-life situations. This helps build confidence and fluency in communication. Action sequences involve presenting a series of actions or events in a specific order, requiring students to follow and respond accordingly. This method promotes comprehension and vocabulary development. Authentic materials, such as news articles, videos, or podcasts, provide real-life contexts for language learning. Scrambled sentences challenge students to reorder words to form coherent messages. Language games offer engaging activities that promote interaction and practice. Picture strip stories combine visual aids with narrative tasks, while role-plays simulate real-life scenarios for students to practice their language skills..

[Audio] The most prominent methods in language teaching have been the grammar translation method, the direct method, the audiolingual method, and the communicative method. These approaches have shaped the way we teach languages, with varying degrees of emphasis on different aspects such as grammar, vocabulary, and communication skills..

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[Audio] The Grammar Translation Method emphasizes reading, writing, and vocabulary over communication skills such as speaking and listening. Vocabulary is taught through isolated word lists that focus on form and inflection. Detailed explanations of grammar rules come first, followed by examples. Classes are conducted in the mother tongue, and students start reading complex classical texts early. Translations of disconnected sentences from the target language to the native language are also practiced. Furthermore, activities like filling in the blanks, using words in sentences, and composition are included, especially when dealing with cognates..

[Audio] The Grammar Translation Method was developed by European scholars who were trained in classical languages such as Latin. Its main goal is to enable students to read and understand classical texts written in the target language. This approach focuses primarily on reading, writing, and vocabulary skills. Since communication in the target language is not required, there is no emphasis on speaking, listening, or pronunciation. Vocabulary is taught through isolated word lists, with a focus on the form and inflection of words. Long, detailed explanations of grammar rules are provided, followed by examples. Classes are typically conducted in the student's native language. Students begin reading challenging classical texts early in their studies. Translations of disconnected sentences from the target language into the native language are also practiced. Fill-in-the-blank exercises are used to reinforce learning..

[Audio] False cognates, also known as false friends, are words that have similar meanings in different languages but differ significantly in their connotations or nuances. The Turkish word "aktüel" means "actual," while its English equivalent, "actual," has a broader meaning encompassing reality or factuality. The term "apartman" refers to an apartment building, whereas the English translation, "apartment," typically denotes a single dwelling unit. The pair "bonzai" and "bonsai" both refer to a type of miniature tree, but the Turkish term specifically alludes to a Japanese style, highlighting cultural differences in language usage. False cognates often arise due to linguistic and cultural variations between languages. Recognizing and understanding these differences can improve communication skills and prevent misunderstandings when interacting with speakers of other languages..

[Audio] The Grammar Translation Method has been considered outdated by many educators due to its limitations in promoting meaningful communication and fluency among learners. However, it remains widely used in Turkey and globally. This is largely attributed to the fact that many teachers were trained using this method and find it relatively easy to implement, particularly when their own communication skills are not strong. Additionally, the Grammar Translation Method aligns well with standardized language tests in countries like Turkey, where reading, grammar, vocabulary, and translation are assessed. While some of its techniques, such as translation, reading comprehension exercises, word lists, fill-in-the-blank activities, using words in sentences, composition, and deductive explanations of grammar rules, continue to be employed in teaching practices, it's essential to recognize that these methods should not dominate the entire teaching approach..

[Audio] The Direct Method emphasizes classroom instruction exclusively in the target language, focusing on teaching speech and listening skills. Everyday vocabulary and sentences are introduced, with oral communication developed through question-and-answer exchanges between the teacher and students. Grammar is taught inductively, starting with examples and then deducing rules from those examples. Concrete vocabulary is presented using demonstrations, objects, and pictures. Correct pronunciation and grammar are stressed throughout the course. Techniques used include reading aloud, question-and-answer sessions, conversation practice, dictation, map drawing, and paragraph writing..

[Audio] Using real-life objects to demonstrate the meaning of vocabulary is the most effective way to teach vocabulary. Learners can connect concepts with tangible examples, which makes it easier for them to understand and remember new words. Incorporating realia into our teaching practices enables us to create more engaging and interactive lessons that cater to different learning styles..

[Audio] The Direct Method was used in colonial schools. It is considered the exact opposite of the Grammar Translation Method. This approach emphasizes accuracy over fluency and meaningful communication. It is also native-speakerist, meaning that native speakers were the only English language teachers available at the time. In this method, the use of learners' first languages is not allowed and can even be penalized. Furthermore, the teaching style is centered around the teacher rather than the learner..

[Audio] The teaching of English language has undergone significant changes over time. The Direct Method is one of the most prominent methods still with us today. This method focuses on using the target language as much as possible, rather than relying on translation. Critics argue that this approach can lead to native-speakerism, where the instructor's native language is used excessively, undermining the students' ability to learn the target language. Another criticism is the monolingual bias, where only one language is used in class, neglecting the importance of bilingualism. The use of realia, or authentic materials, is essential in language learning, but it should not overshadow the conversation practice, which is crucial for developing speaking skills. Conversation practice, particularly through question-and-answer sessions, remains a vital component of language instruction..

[Audio] The new material is presented in a dialogue format..

[Audio] The Audio-Lingual Method focuses on structural patterns being taught through repetitive drills, with minimal emphasis on grammar explanation. Students learn by memorizing and repeating these patterns, rather than understanding the underlying grammatical structures. This approach relies heavily on memorization and inductive learning, with limited opportunities for learners to use their native language..

[Audio] Language learning based on behaviorism views it as habit formation. This means that learners acquire language through repetition and reinforcement of correct behaviors. In this approach, error-free utterances are prioritized, and errors are seen as undesirable. Successful responses are rewarded, and pronunciation is given significant attention..

[Audio] Grammar translation, direct method, audiolingual method and communicative method are the most prominent methods used in teaching English language. They have been widely adopted by educators due to their effectiveness in promoting language acquisition. Grammar translation involves translating texts from one language into another. The direct method focuses on using the target language exclusively during instruction. The audiolingual method emphasizes imitation and repetition of sounds and structures. The communicative method prioritizes interactive and meaningful communication. Each of these approaches has its own strengths and weaknesses, but they all share the goal of helping learners develop proficiency in the English language..

[Audio] The Communicative Method focuses on authentic materials like real-life conversations and situations to facilitate effective communication among learners. Teachers in this approach encourage students to interact with each other through various activities, including information-gap tasks, opinion-gap tasks, and reasoning-gap tasks. These tasks enable learners to improve their speaking skills by engaging them in meaningful discussions and debates. By utilizing authentic materials, the Communicative Method seeks to replicate real-life interactions, thereby allowing students to apply what they have learned in actual settings..

[Audio] Visual aids such as flashcards are crucial in teaching English as a second language. They enable learners to associate new vocabulary with images, thereby facilitating better retention. Flashcards provide a convenient means of reviewing and practicing new words, making the learning process easier and faster. Teachers who incorporate visual aids into their lessons can create an engaging and interactive learning environment that benefits their students..

[Audio] Flashcards can be an effective way to reinforce vocabulary and grammar concepts by providing a visual aid to support memory recall. They can be used to help learners develop a deeper understanding of language structures and improve their ability to communicate effectively. One popular online resource for creating flashcards is ESLFlashcards.com. This website offers a range of features that allow teachers to create customized flashcards for their students..

[Audio] The Acquisition-Learning Model employs various drilling techniques to facilitate the acquisition of language skills through meaningful interactions and authentic communication. Key drilling methods include dialogue memorization, which involves rehearsing and perfecting dialogues to improve fluency and accuracy. Repetition drills require learners to repeat phrases or sentences multiple times to develop muscle memory and automaticity. The chain drill builds upon previous knowledge by linking new vocabulary or structures to existing ones. Substitution drill replaces specific words or phrases with new ones to promote creativity and flexibility. Transformation drill transforms one structure into another to enhance understanding and production. Backchain drill reverses the order of a dialogue to focus on comprehension and recall. Incorporating these drilling techniques into teaching practices creates engaging and effective learning experiences for students..

[Audio] The substitution drill method in EFL education involves replacing one element with another while maintaining the overall structure of the sentence. Learners can improve their ability to manipulate language and develop fluency by doing so. Substitution drills can be used to focus on specific grammatical structures, vocabulary, or pronunciation skills. They are often employed in language teaching to promote active learning and engagement. In the context of EFL education, substitution drills can help learners to internalize new language forms and apply them in meaningful ways..

[Audio] The words that are disappearing from our vocabulary include patriarchy, sexism, misogyny, non-binary, mansplaining, and manspreading. Patriarchy refers to a social system in which men hold the majority of the power and control. Sexism is the prejudice or discrimination based on a person's gender. Misogyny refers to the dislike or prejudice against women. Non-binary describes individuals who do not identify as strictly male or female. Mansplaining and manspreading are terms that describe behaviors commonly associated with men, such as talking down to women or taking up extra space on public transportation. As our understanding of gender and identity continues to evolve, the use of these terms is becoming less common. It is essential for educators to be aware of the changes in language and adapt their teaching accordingly. Certain words may disappear from our vocabulary as we see progress towards a more equal and inclusive society, and it is our responsibility to keep up with these changes..

[Audio] Patriarchy is a social system where men hold the primary power and women are excluded from positions of power and authority. This can have negative effects on both men and women by perpetuating gender roles and stereotypes. Misogyny is the hatred, dislike, or contempt towards women, often seen in the form of discrimination, objectification, and violence towards women. Recognizing and challenging misogyny promotes gender equality. Non-binary individuals do not identify as solely male or female; they may identify as genderqueer, genderfluid, or agender, among other identities. Acknowledging and respecting the diversity within the gender spectrum is essential. Mansplaining occurs when a man condescendingly explains something to a woman, assuming she lacks knowledge or understanding of the subject. This undermines a woman's intelligence and devalues her contributions. Manspreading involves a man sitting with his legs wide apart, taking up more space than necessary. This behavior displays dominance and reinforces toxic masculinity. Educators should raise awareness about these concepts and their impact on society. Promoting understanding and inclusivity creates an equitable and respectful learning environment for all..

[Audio] The main goal of this project is to develop a system that can automatically classify and predict the likelihood of a person being infected with COVID-19 based on their symptoms, medical history, and other relevant factors. The system will be trained using machine learning algorithms and data from various sources such as electronic health records, clinical trials, and public health databases. The system will also incorporate natural language processing techniques to analyze patient reports and identify patterns that may indicate a higher risk of infection. The system's performance will be evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, and recall, which are commonly used in classification tasks..

[Audio] Patriarchy is often associated with other forms of oppression, including racism and classism..

[Audio] Patriarchy refers to a system where men hold more power and privilege than women. This can manifest in various ways, such as unequal access to education, employment opportunities, and decision-making positions. In the context of language teaching, patriarchy can influence the way we approach our work, often prioritizing masculine perspectives and values over feminine ones..

[Audio] The teaching of English as a second language has undergone significant changes over time. Various methodologies have been used to accommodate different learning needs. Some approaches, however, may unintentionally promote certain behaviors among educators. One such phenomenon is mansplaining, where individuals explain complex ideas to others in a condescending manner, often assuming they possess superior knowledge. This can result in a lack of respect for learners' autonomy and agency in their own learning processes. Educators must recognize and address these issues to create inclusive and supportive learning environments. By doing so, they can cultivate a culture that values diversity, promotes mutual understanding, and encourages collaborative learning experiences..

[Audio] The communicative approach highlights the significance of interaction between learners and teachers, as well as among learners themselves. This approach concentrates on developing learners' capacity to communicate effectively in real-life situations. In this context, the information-gap task can be utilized to encourage learners to interact with one another and cultivate their communication skills. Learners work together to complete tasks that necessitate them to exchange information, negotiate meanings, and settle disputes. By doing so, they acquire the ability to utilize language to attain their objectives and cooperate with others..

[Audio] Students are engaging in a conversation with each other, introducing themselves and asking for the names of their neighbours. This is an example of a role-play activity where students practice using greetings and introductions in real-life situations. In this scenario, the teacher is observing the students and taking note of their performance..

[Audio] In this example, we see a fun memory game called Chain Drill being used by a teacher. The teacher starts by introducing herself and expressing her preference for apples. She then asks one student to repeat what she said, but with a slight modification - using the correct form of the pronoun 'they'. Another student joins in, repeating what the first student said, again making a small change. This continues with more students joining in, each time modifying the previous statement slightly. The goal is to create a chain of statements where each one builds on the previous one, demonstrating the students' understanding of the grammatical structure. Learners engage in this interactive activity to develop their speaking skills while practicing the target language..

Language Teaching:ALM. SUBSTITUTION DRILLS.

[Audio] The Audio-Lingual Method stresses the significance of drilling in language acquisition. This approach concentrates on the development of language through imitation and repetition, with a focus on accurate pronunciation and grammatical structure. Drills are employed to reinforce novel language elements, rendering them more memorable for learners. Through regular practice of these drills, students can cultivate their speaking abilities and enhance their overall proficiency in the target language..

[Audio] The Audio-Lingual Method presented new material in dialogue form. This approach focused on the most prominent methods of the time, including the Grammar Translation, Direct, and Communicative Methods. Some of its principles continue to influence modern language teaching practices. One such principle is the emphasis on controlled practice through drills, which can provide useful tools for instructors seeking to give their students structured opportunities to engage with the target language..

[Audio] Communicative language teaching aims at achieving communicative competence. Four key areas are involved: grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence, and strategic competence. Grammatical competence comprises phonology, orthography, syntax, and word formation. Sociolinguistic competence pertains to using language suitably in diverse contexts. Discourse competence entails producing texts fitting for particular forms and audiences, with consideration given to cohesion and coherence. Strategic competence encompasses a range of skills including paraphrasing, requesting repetition, making clarification requests, speaking more slowly, and filling gaps in communication..

[Audio] Learners are engaged in practical, real-life, and functional use of language for meaningful purposes. Fluency and accuracy are prioritized. Students use language in unscripted situations beyond the classroom walls. They are motivated to focus on their own learning journey, developing skills to learn independently. The instructor assumes a facilitating role rather than being the sole authority..

[Audio] The teaching methods we have been discussing so far can be categorized into two main approaches: Teacher-Centered and Student-Centered. In this context, let's explore how technology has impacted these approaches, particularly with regards to the Audio-Lingual Method and the Communicative Method..

[Audio] The teaching of English as a second language has undergone significant changes over time. The Communicative Language Teaching approach is one of the most prominent methods. This method focuses on developing learners' ability to communicate effectively in real-life situations. Teachers often incorporate various activities into their lessons to achieve this goal. Pair work and group work are some of these activities, where students engage with each other to practice their language skills. Authentic materials, such as news articles, videos, or podcasts, are used to provide learners with relevant and engaging content. Techniques like scrambled sentences, language games, and role-play are employed to promote interaction and language development. Information-gap and opinion-gap tasks are also commonly used to encourage critical thinking and effective communication among learners. By incorporating these activities and approaches, teachers can create a dynamic and interactive learning environment that prepares students for real-world communication..

[Audio] Authentic materials used in teaching English can include newspapers, magazines, internet articles, blogs, flyers, radio shows, songs, videos, podcasts, and TV programs. These materials are produced for real-life use rather than specifically for educational purposes. They provide students with opportunities to engage with authentic language and contexts, making their learning more relevant and meaningful..

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[Audio] The teaching of grammar can be done through various methods, including the Communicative Language Teaching approach, which focuses on using authentic materials such as scrambled sentences to promote language learning. This method encourages learners to engage with real-life situations and develop their communication skills. In this context, the use of scrambled sentences can help learners improve their grammar while also developing their ability to understand and communicate effectively in the target language..

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[Audio] The most prominent methods used in teaching English as a second language include the Grammar Translation method, the Direct Method, the Audio-Lingual Method, and the Communicative Method. These approaches have been widely adopted by educators due to their effectiveness in promoting language acquisition among learners..

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[Audio] Information gap activities require students to work together to find the missing information needed to complete a task. This encourages teamwork and speaking skills. When implementing such activities, it's often helpful to pair students up so they can share knowledge and ideas effectively..

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[Audio] In this final section, let's take a moment to reflect on what we've covered throughout our discussion of revising ELT methodology. We've explored various approaches to teaching English language and literature, from traditional methods like grammar translation to more modern approaches such as communicative language teaching. One key takeaway from our conversation has been the importance of considering the needs and perspectives of students when designing instructional materials and activities. With this in mind, I'd like to leave you with a practical exercise that can help you apply these principles in your own teaching practice. Let's consider the following scenario: an opinion-gap task where students engage in discussions about their thoughts on a particular topic. Another approach could involve interviewing each other about any opinion they may have. By incorporating these types of activities into your lessons, you can foster critical thinking, encourage active participation, and promote meaningful learning experiences for your students. Thank you all for joining me on this journey through revising ELT methodology. I appreciate your attention and engagement throughout our time together..