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Done by : ANWIN V THOMAS                                                Class       : BBA                                              ROLL NO  : 20

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Formulation of research problem  Review of literature  Preparation of research  proposal  Development  of hypothesis  Preparation of research design  Collection of data Analysis of data  Testing of hypothesis  Interpretation  Preparation of report

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It is the first step in research process  .it is the discovery of the problem to be studied . The success of research depends on the selection of the right problem  The process of stating the problem in meaningful terms is termed as formulation of research problem  There are 2 types of research problem :- Problems relating to state of nature and  Problems relating to relationship and variables  Two steps involved in formulating a research problem are:- Understanding the problem thoroughly  Stating the problem in meaningful terms

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-me examination of books, journals, articles, documents and intemet to collect information regarding
the research problem is termedat no research has been undertaken in the selected area of study.
-mere are two types of literature - conceptual literature and empirical literature. Conceptual literature
deals with concepts and theories. Empirical literature consists of research studies conducted eadier.
-me review of literature helps the researcher to-
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formulate the research problem meaningfully
provide insight in to the methods and techniques to be adopted for the conduct of research.
select appropriate measurement instruments taking clue from the instruments used by other
research workers in similar research studies.
ensure that all the related prior research studies have been considered.
anticipate the problems in his research and devise methods to avoid pitfalls with regard to
measurement/ response and non response errors.
Literature can be accessed from bibliographic database, abstract database and full text database.
Bibliographic database provides only bibliographic citations such as name of the author, title of the
name of publisher and year of publication. Abstract database provides an abstract of the article.

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A research proposal is a summary of the research to be conducted stating the objectives of the study, methodology of research, the benefits of the study, period of study, qualifications of the researcher and the resources and facilities required during research. It is a road map to the researcher showing where to start, where to go and how to go.

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A hypothesis is a tentative assumption regarding the solution to the research problem .the type of datato be collected and tool of analysis are determined by hypothesis

There are two types of hypothesis- null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. Null hypothesis assumes that there is no difference between the population parameter and the sample mean. Alternative hypothesis provides an alternative solution Hypothesis is developed by the researcher through – Discussions with colleagues and experts about the problem Examination of the available data and records concerning the problem Review of similar studies and Personal investigation.

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A research design is a plan stating the conditions for collection and analysis of data. It indicates the method to be used for collection of data, population to be studied and tools to be used for the analysis of data. It helps the researcher to collect and analyze data with minimum cost and time.

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The area of study is termed as universe or population. There are two methods for the collection of data from the universe- Census Method and 2. Sampling method Collection of data from all the items of the universe or population is called census survey. It is costly and time consuming. Selection of a few items from the universe and drawing conclusions is known as sampling. The unit selected from the universe for study is called sample unit.There are two types of data - primary data and secondary data. The data collected by the investigator directly from the universe is called primary data. The data already collected and available from published sources is called secondary data.Primary data may be collected through-  Questionnaire Schedule Interview and Observation. The choice of the method depends on the nature of investigation, objectives of the study, financial resources available, time available and degree of accuracy desired.

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The researcher has to ensure that the project is executed in a systematic manner and in time. Questionnaires are prepared and send to the respondents. Proper training through seminars or instruction manuals is provided to field workers in interview and observation methods. Sudden field checks by the researcher are to be made to ensure that field workers are adhering to the instructions.

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The raw data collected is bulky and meaningless. Reducing the raw data collected to a manageable size is called processing. It involves classification, tabulation, coding, and editing. Classification is the arrangement of data into groups on thebasisof common characteristics. Tabulation is the arrangement of data in tables. Coding is the conversion of  data into symbols.  Editing removes irrelevant data  The tabulation data is analyzed with the help of various statistical measures  Mechanical devices like computers can be used for the analysis of data

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After analysis of the data, the hypothesis formulated at the beginning of the research process is tested. Testing of hypothesis is for proving the validity of the hypothesis. For testing the hypothesis, various statistical tools like t-test, ftest and z- test are available. The choice of the statistical tool for hypothesis testing depends on the nature of research, method of sampling and type of data. On testing, the hypothesis is either accepted or rejected. Acceptance of hypothesis means the proposition is valid. It leads to the formulation of a theory .

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For studies having no hypothesis, the analyzed data is interpreted. It provides explanation for the results of research on the basis of existing theories. Data analysis and interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to the collected information and determining the conclusions, significance, and implications of the findings Data interpretation is very important, as it helps to acquire useful information from a pool of irrelevant ones while making informed decisions. It is found useful for individuals, businesses, and researchers

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On completion of the investigation, a report is prepared by the researcher stating the findings of research. It is known as research report. It consists of preliminary section, main section and end section. Preliminary section indicates the title of the report, table of contents, list of tables and graphsand acknowledgement. Main section contains introduction, objectives of the study, research methodology, research findings, conclusions and recommendations. It is the most important part of the research report. End section contains appendix and bibliography. Appendix contains questionnaires, schedules and other tools used for research. Bibliography is the list of books, journals, reports and websites used for reference.

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The research process which involves identifying, locating, assessing, and analyzing the information you need to support your research question, and then developing and expressing your ideas. Therefore  , These same skills help you to write a report, proposal, or put together a presentation The final conclusions should meet your initial objectives; consider what options you have discovered in your analysis to best meet your larger business objectives .

Research process Presentation