Unit 4: Philippines in the 19th Century

Here is where your presentation begins. Unit 4: Philippines in the 19th Century.

WHAT IS INDUSTRIALIZATION?. 01. REPORTER: ADAM AND RUSSEL.

WHAT IS INDUSTRIALIZATION?. It is the process of applying mechanical, chemical, and electrical sciences to reorganize production with inanimate sources of energy; thus, production does not rely much on manual labor and operations. It is also the process through which an agrarian (farm-based) economy transforms into one based on mass manufacturing..

CONCEPTS:. REPORTER: ADAM AND RUSSEL.

CONCEPTS:. The 19th century Philippines was characterized by underdevelopment and backwardness due to various factors. The political instability in Spain caused by battling forces between the conservative and liberal groups frequently changed the Spanish government policies and officials. No government projects pursued, particularly in colonies, as one administration was replaced by another.

CONCEPTS:. In 1837, the representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Parliament was abolished. The colony could not directly expose the corruption and abuses committed by the colonial officials. Since Philippines is far from Spain, colonial officials, thinking that they remained unchecked, curtailed freedom and denied human rights to the Filipinos for their personal gain..

CONCEPTS:. This violation of the Spanish constitution led to discrimination against the Filipinos, treating them as lower individuals compared to the Spaniards. There was injustice. Poor Filipinos could not sue Spaniards to court if ever the latter committed unlawful acts because litigation process was expensive and partial. The Spaniards were the court officials themselves. Further worsening the corruption and exploitations in the colony were the friars (regular priests)..

CONCEPTS:. The friars controlled the civil government. Liberal ideas and reforms sought for by liberal officials were easily hampered by the friars. They owned vast lands and haciendas. Out of their agricultural harvests in the haciendas, they also engaged into trading and monopolized the Galleon trade. Forced labor was common in the haciendas and government plantations and industries..

CONCEPTS:. Adding to the hardships of the people were the abusive Guardia Civil (constabulary) executing orders of the friars to secure their influence and power in the society..

THE END OF AN EMPIRE. 02. REPORTER: OMONGOS, JOAN, MIGRINIO.

THE END OF AN EMPIRE. This was wrote by Nicholas Cushner taken from the book of Spain in the Philippines from conquest to revolution. In agricultural development of the Philippines in 19th century, three major forces were at work which would eventually separate the colony from Spain. • The political chaos is in Spain itself. • The autocratic church in the Philippines that split Spanish and Filipino division, and • The breakdown of the civil administration..

THE END OF AN EMPIRE. This three major forces produced a propaganda movement which aimed to reform, but they were unheard and not entertained, then the revolution arise. Way back 18th century, it was the time of Spain as a great colony in century. It is marked by capital growth, import of new materials, and a rising population. There were higher positions who were favored legislations to increased production..

THE END OF AN EMPIRE.  They encourage enclosure of agriculture and the disentailment of church property, but the land problem remained.  Sessions were performed to decide to curb the King’s power through a constitution and to press for the disentailment of church property without any problems to land.  In May 1813, Ferdinand VII returned to the throne and declared void the work of Cortes. Until 19th century came. The split between liberals and conservatives which emerged in the Cortez of Cadiz was carried through this century..

THE END OF AN EMPIRE.  Spanish liberalism limit monarchy through constitution. They defend freedom of speech, the press, and the defended the right of individuals in political overtones.  In religion, liberalism advocate absolute independence of its state and actions of all positive religions, but it went further and leads to it unwanted activities to monks and churches.  Liberals were equated with anticlerical and their legitimate reform were questioned..

THE END OF AN EMPIRE.  In 1833-1875, it was the Era of pronounciamiento , or proclamation of new governance, much has happened during this era.  Savoy became king but soon abdicated by General Pavio who established provisional dictatorship and paved a way the son of Isabela II, Alfonso XII to replaced Savoy and become the king that lasted over 10 years..

THE END OF AN EMPIRE.  In 19th century, Spanish was struggling to be on top, they were struggling to more productive and solid. American colonies had their independence, but since Spain is in chaos they were not united, they were responsible for almost total neglect of the economic development of the archipelago.  European countries were rapidly developing into industrial societies, Spain remained as it had been..

THE END OF AN EMPIRE.  Modernization in the Philippines, its economic development in 19th century was due to foreign capital and interest.  Spain struggle between the anticlerical liberals was the same struggle in the latter 19th century in the Philippines. It is because of the church. Spanish friars were arrogant that’s what they were described. .

THE END OF AN EMPIRE. Le Gentil reported that “ conventos ” in Cebu were miserable and very pitiful. Few years later, John Bowring said that they lived in palatial and revenues were enormous. Jean Baptist Mallat said the real situation of the Spanish clergy. As the years go by every events also changing.  One tangible of criticism against the religious orders in 19th century was their extensive landholdings.  Back in 1768, religious activities was not good, even the archbishop joined the governor in his antireligious policy..

THE END OF AN EMPIRE.  Governor Anda wrote his report about religious orders.  Secularization program was not succeeding. Archbishop realize his mistakes but it was too late. Development of native clergy has set back for almost a century.  Secularization of parishes was officially reversed by royal order of June 8, 1826, but before this date many officials opposed this policy.

THE END OF AN EMPIRE.  There were some who said that handling a position of parish priest should be on the religious and not on the Filipinos or Indian mestizos, but others would say that parish priest should be necessary in line with Spanish religion to preserved the Philippines as a Spanish empire.  19th century was the time of exchange in products..

Municipal and National Unrest. 03. REPORTER: ROSAL, MENDEZ, PATENO.

Municipal and National Unrest. While the Church in the Philippines was undergoing a number of quiet but significant changes, the central, provincial, and municipal governments were likewise feeling the tensions of change. At the pinnacle of colonial administration in the Philippines in the nineteenth century was the governor and captain general. As commander-in-chief of the army, president of finance, admiral of the navy, and postmaster general, he enjoyed almost at least theoretically Most governors in the nineteenth century were military men who were partisans of whatever clique happened to be ruling in Spain..

Municipal and National Unrest. Government on the provincial level was handled by the alcalde mayor. -The alcalde traded with capital borrowed from the obras pias , bought goods cheaply in the provinces, rented ships, and sold dearly in Manila, thus amassing considerable sums of money. In 1886 the alcalde was relieved of political power, becoming a judge of first instance..

Municipal and National Unrest. On the municipal level the gobernadorcillo ranked as the town head. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the work of the gobernadorcillo was fairly simple. The central government made certain demands but did not provide the means to accomplish the tasks..

Municipal and National Unrest. The new landed gentry who achieved a measure of prosperity with the development of the large haciendas in the nineteenth century avoided municipal offices and even looked down upon the old principalia and cabezas de barangay. This added another divisive element to Philippine society. Philippine-born Spaniards (called Filipinos) were thought to be more loyal to the Philippines than to Spain..

Municipal and National Unrest. In the nineteenth century, into the fabric of Philippine economic life. The Chinese and Spanish mestizo classes were ambivalent. At the bottom of the broad based pyramid was the Indio peasant, usually landless. A representation of social and economic classes would look something like this:.

born Spanish Cabezas. people peasants. The key class was the principalia . In spite of the apparent breakdown on the village level, or perhaps more accurately..