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Diagram

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Active transport 	- Primary active transport 	- 2ndary active transport Co-transport/ Symport Counter- transport/ Antiport B. Passive Transport C. Pinocytosis

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Passive Reabsorption of chloride Osmosis of Water Passive Reabsorption of urea

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It is an active process Protein and peptides in PCT are reabsorbed by this process

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GFR  X  Plasma concentration of solute If GFR is 180L/day Concentration of Na+ is 142mmol/L Tubular load of Na +  = approx. 25,500mmol/day

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The T m  for a substance        Is the maximum rate a which actively transported substances can be  transported Substances which are actively reabsorbed or secreted required a transport carrier The carrier becomes saturated as the tubular load increases Solutes shows Tm- Glucose, AA, Phosphate and sulphate Reabsorption continues till carriers are not saturated If tubular load is more compare to the carriers – solutes start appearing in urine ( unable to reabsorbed completely) 	 e.g  – Glucose, AA

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Diagram, schematic

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Estimates of Na +  handling along the nephron

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Na+ K+ pump at basal surface of tubular epithelial cell

Diagram, map

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Solutes transport  from the lumen  of  PCT

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Transport of chloride (cl-) late part of PCT

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Solute transport from Thick Ascending  L imb of  H enle (TALH)

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Sodium transport through Cortical collecting tubule (CCT) & effect of aldosterone

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sHHosFsKvY

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Osmosis  – movement of solvent molecule from higher concentration of it’s to lower concentration where solute concentration are more through semi-permeable membrane 1.  Obligatory water reabsorption:  water is ‘Obligate’ to follow solute. Water is reabsorbed along the solutes. 90% of water reabsorbed by this processes Occurs in PCT & descending Henle’s loop 2.  Facultative water Reabsorption:  Transporter or hormones (faculty) is required for reabsorption Remaining 10%  In collecting duct Need aquaporin Regulated by ADH

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Any substances which increases the volume of urine. Or It’s called ’Water Pills’

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Diagram, timeline

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Regulation of solutes reabsorption (By RAS)

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Pressure diuresis- water volume increases.     BP increases       the amount of urine volume will increases  Pressure Natriuresis- Increases in Pressure.         causes increase in Na+ excretion

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Hormonal :- Aldosterone Glucocorticoids Sex hormone Angiotensin II –stimulates aldosterone secretion , stimulates Na/K ATPase pump ANP – decreases Na+ Reabsorption  Sympathetic Stimulation  – RAS Diuretics

SOLUTE HANDLING BY KIDNEY