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Renaissance = Rebirth Q: What was being reborn? A: Aspects of the civilization of Classical Antiquity* *[Many people of this era felt that the time between antiquity & themselves was a ‘dark’ time, sandwiched between great eras—in the middle; thus, the “Middle Ages”]

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Q: How did people living a millennium after the height of Classical Antiquity hope to revive the splendors of that earlier age? A: Through the reinterpretation of Classical texts.

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Strong interest in the study of ancient classics in their original languages

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New value placed on human reasoning, human dignity, and independent thought NOT a rejection of religion

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Emphasis on individual reasoning as opposed to unquestioning acceptance of doctrine

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“Tradition is not in itself a source of truth” “Empirical evidence [can] challenge the received wisdom of even great authority”

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How was Renaissance Humanism different from Medieval Scholasticism? 1) Empirical evidence vs. authority

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How was Renaissance Humanism different from Medieval Scholasticism? 1) Empirical evidence vs. authority 2) Original sources vs. secondhand commentaries

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How was Renaissance Humanism different from Medieval Scholasticism? 1) Empirical evidence vs. authority 2) Original sources vs. secondhand commentaries 3) Trust of human reason / sense vs. mistrust of human reason/sense

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More about the revival of interest in Classics: (1) Much ancient learning had been preserved in libraries and other institutions in what we would now call the Middle East or Turkey, in particular in Constantinople.

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More about the revival of interest in Classics:

(2)	Constantinople fell 1453: many scholars fled to the west, bringing a lot of this knowledge (and in some cases literally the books) with them.

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More about the revival of interest in Classics: (3) Classical antiquity was “pagan;” many of its ideas had been suppressed

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Renaissance era:  social / cultural factors

1)  population recovering from black plague

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1)  population recovering from black plague 2) increased trade, good economy in Europe

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1)  population recovering from black plague 2) increased trade, good economy in Europe  3) cities growing; feudal structure dying out

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Powerful influence of Italy and Italian culture

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Belgium & Netherlands also very powerful – became great centers of arts

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England and France eventually quit fighting with each other  (Hundred Years war, 1337-1453)

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Habsburg dynasty ruled the “Holy Roman Empire” (Austria, Germany, which then extended out to a number of regions all the way to Spain)

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1492: The expulsion of Muslims and Jews from the Iberian peninsula, creating a diaspora

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Renaissance era:  world-changing events and discoveries

The invention of the printing press mid- 15th century

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First printed music publication: The  Odhecaton Published by Ottaviano Petrucci,    1501

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Astronomical discoveries change ideas about the universe

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Luther was declared a heretic He was excommunicated in 1521. He still published over 300 thousand copies of his various books

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Effect: Europe experiences extreme religious strife Catholic Church responds  with crackdowns, inquisitions Great civil and political conflict

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The Catholic Reaction:  Counter Reformation

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Counter Reformation Catholics make some reforms of their own Attempt to win back converts more systematic and peaceful approach

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Council of Trent Pope assembles a council to discuss reforms Series of meetings in Trento, Italy  (Trent)

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Renaissance era:  trends influencing music and musicians

Music also considered part of the “education” of a cultured person; many amateur musicians

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Wealthy merchant-class families financed musical establishments Often the equal of aristocratic courts with a chapel choir & household musicians

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Church is also still financing large musical establishments

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Page from Petrucci’s  Odhecaton A , 1501

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Renaissance era:  trends influencing musical style

the rejection of many aspects of medieval musical style

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New ideas about consonance, dissonance, etc.

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Triadic harmony (“contenance angloise”) Sonorities dominated by 3rds, 5ths, 6ths

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Use of imitative polyphony,  cantus firmus technique

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“consorts” of instruments with like timbres and sounds

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Renaissance era:  predominant vocal musical genres

Sacred vocal:  Motets Masses Secular vocal:  Chanson Madrigal Frottola Tenorlied Villancico Solo song (lute song, air de cour)

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Renaissance era:  predominant instrumental musical genres

Dances basse danse pavane-galliard passamezzo-saltarello Grounds  Forms based on vocal models Fantasias Ricercare Canzona instrumental versions of chansons

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When you are finished with this lecture and the associated reading assignments  you are advised to go to the Burkholder textbook  companion website: Learning tools

The Renaissance

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