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THE REMOVAL OF DYE FROM SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER USING MODIFIED SUGARCANE BAGASSE-COCONUT HUSK AS AGRICULTURAL WASTE ADSORBENT

PRESENTED BY: WAN NAFISAH BINTI WAN MOHD SUKRI 2018674578

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How to Produce Sugarcane Bagasse Food Container | GREENWEIMO

The production of textiles in 2021 in Malaysia is 39.9%, increasing year by year  (Department of Statistics Malaysia).  Textile industries produce a large amount of undesirable dye effluents  (Cause harm to human health and environment)

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Physical, chemical, and biological methods, or suitable combinations of those methods are available to treat textile wastewater. Example: biological oxidation, adsorption, ozonation, filtering, membrane separation methods. Physical adsorption   is the best method due to its high capacity of removal and low cost. Activated carbon  is widely used requires  high cost.

Solution: Synthesise a novel low-cost composite material composed of modified sugarcane bagasse and coconut husk and apply it to remove Methylene Blue (MB) synthetic dye solution.

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To determine the potential of using modified sugarcane bagasse and coconut husk as agricultural waste adsorbents in removing dye from synthetic wastewaters. To evaluate the optimum dosage and contact time for dye removal using hybrid modified sugarcane bagasse and coconut husk in synthetic wastewaters. To evaluate isotherm and kinetic study on dye adsorption onto hybrid modified sugarcane bagasse and coconut husk.

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LITERATURE REVIEW PREPARATION OF SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER SOLUTION PREPARATION OF ADSORBENTS BATCH ADSORPTION EXPERIMENT DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Modified sugarcane bagasse (using NaOH) Coconut husk Single and hybrid adsorbent Dissolved 0.025g of methylene blue powder into 1L distilled water Effect of varied dosage Effect of varied contact time Adsorption isotherm and kinetic model Varied dosage ANALYSIS OF DATA Varied contact time

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Chemicals/Reagents Usage Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution To treat sugarcane bagasse Methylene Blue (MB) Powder To prepared synthetic MB solution

Apparatus Usage Oven  To dry adsorbents Analytical Balance To measure the weight of adsorbents Orbital Shaker For batch adsorption study Macro-pipette To transfer water sample into the sample cell Hach DR6000 Spectrophotometer To measure the colour concentration (PtCo)

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Tech-Lab Scientific Sdn Bhd | Orbital Shakers 719

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Methylene blue (MB) powder as a replacement for pollutants in the textile industry.

Weigh 0.025 g of MB powder using balance analysis

Prepare a 1 L stock solution of the synthetic MB solution in a volumetric flask by dissolving 0.025g of MB powder

Use a Hach DR6000 spectrophotometer to measure the initial concentration of the solution

METHOD :  	 Synthetic Wastewater Preparation

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Wash CH several times with hot distilled water

Oven dried the CH in oven at 100°C for 24 hours

Cut the CH into smaller size (0.5 - 1 cm)

Wash the SB with hot water and distilled water

Mix sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with SB and agitate for 1 hour

Oven dried the MSB in oven at 100°C for 24 hours

Notes: CH = Coconut Husk SB =Sugarcane Bagasse MSB = Modified   Sugarcane Bagasse

*Agitation speed= 150 rpm Settling time= 1 hour

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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 62.666666666666671 67.333333333333329 76 78.666666666666657 64.666666666666657 63.333333333333329 57.999999999999993

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 0 57.999999999999993 74 79.333333333333329 77.333333333333329 69.333333333333343

The optimum colour removal by using MSB is 79.33% at 1.2 g.

The optimum removal of colour by using CH is 78.67% at 0.4 g.

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DISCUSSION 1: 	The Effect of Varied Dosage (Single Adsorbent)

Modified Sugarcane Bagasse (30 minutes agitation time) Coconut Husk (60 minutes agitation time) T he removal percentage of CH increases when the adsorbent dosage increases from 0.1 to 0.4 g.  After 0.4 g t he removal is slightly decreased. The optimum colour removal by using MSB is  79.33% at 1.2 g The removal percentage of MSB increases when the adsorbent dosage increases from 0.4 g to 1.2 g. The optimum removal of colour by using CH is  78.67% at 0.4 g.

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0 15 30 45 60 0 48 56.666666666666664 76.666666666666671 73.333333333333329

The optimum colour removal by using MSB is  60% at 30 minutes

The maximum removal of colour by using CH is 76.67% at 45 minutes.

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DISCUSSION 2 	The Effect of Varied Contact Time (Single Adsorbent)

Modified Sugarcane Bagasse (1.2 g) Coconut Husk (0.4 g) After 45 minutes, the colour removal by using CH dramatically increases from 0 to 45 minutes and slightly decreases. The optimum colour removal by using MSB is  60% at 30 minutes .  The optimum colour removal by using CH is  76.67% at 45 minutes . The removal slightly increases from 15 minutes to 30 minutes and starts to drop after 30 minutes.

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0 0.4 0.36 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.2 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0 0 0 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.6 0.72 0.84 0.96 1.08 1.2 0 74 74 76 80.666666666666657 82 82.666666666666671 78.666666666666657 76.666666666666671 76.666666666666671 76.666666666666671 78

0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 30 0 62.666666666666671 64.666666666666657 68.666666666666671 71.333333333333343 71.333333333333343 74 78 77.333333333333329 83.333333333333343 85.333333333333343 86 82

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The optimum colour removal is 82.67% when the dosage is 0.6 g and 0.2 g, respectively

The maximum removal of colour is 86.00% at 25 minutes

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Effect of Varied Dosage (30 minutes constant agitation time) Effect of Varied Contact Time (MSB=0.6 g, CH=0.2 g) Sharp increase in the percentage of colour removal in the first 4 minutes, which is 62.67%. The percentage of colour removal increases as the dosage of MSB and CH increases following the increased adsorbent surface and the availability of more adsorption sites The optimum colour removal of MSB and CH hybrid adsorbent was  82.67%  when the dosage is  0.6 g and 0.2 g , respectively. The optimal removal, which is  86.00% at 25 minutes.  The percentage of colour removal is decreased due to the absorbent surface having reached the saturation level.

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6.5 6 4.833333333333333 4.5 4.333333333333333 1.6864864864864864 1.7684210526315789 1.5338842975206608 1.5804878048780484 1.6774193548387095

0.81291335664285558 0.77815125038364363 0.68424674751531245 0.65321251377534373 0.63682209758717434 0.58593049102742667 0.53056557394662851 0.4984541459489194 0.4544213646244859 0.41218044778664786

Model Langmuir Freundlich Constant Value 0.3455 17.637 0.0419 0.488 0.9109 0.816 1.219

RESULT AND ANALYSIS :  	Objective 3: Isotherm Model

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Model Pseudo-first order Pseudo-second order Constant Value 0.2871 2.688 0.892 0.073 0.9921 2.688 2.860 0.152

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 30 -0.13687549315173062 -0.17576566027853821 -0.26586718710179003 -0.3383450389903131 -0.3383450389903131 -0.42539005865981261 -0.60119226979673523 -0.56649684983046067 -1.0765832653277145 -1.6709412807357689 0 -0.90135627418294251

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 30 2.042553191489362 2.9690721649484542 3.7281553398058249 4.4859813084112155 5.3831775700934585 6.0540540540540544 6.5641025641025639 7.4482758620689662 7.6800000000000006 8.25 9.3023255813953512 11.707317073170731

RESULT AND ANALYSIS :  	Objective 3: Kinetic model

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The optimum colour removal using MSB is 60% at 30 minutes and 76.67% at 45 minutes using CH.  I ndicate that MSB and CH effectively remove the colour from methylene blue MB synthetic dye solutions.  86% of colour was removed at the hybrid dosage of MSB and CH was 0.6 g and 0.2 g, respectively, at an optimum contact time of 25 minutes. A hybrid of MSB and CH was fitted to the Freundlich isotherm and Pseudo-second order kinetic model.  C hemisorption was the adsorption mechanism involved for the removal of color from the textile wastewater.  The treated wastewater meets the acceptable standard for industrial effluent discharge (Final concentration of colour is lower than standard A and standard B) of Environmental Quality Act 1974. It can be concluded that a hybrid of MSB and CH has a high potential in removing dyes from the industrial wastewater. Moreover, the MSB and CH constitute a reproducible, low-cost, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly adsorbent.

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Several recommendations to improve the performance of colour adsorption in future research: I t is suggested to treat the coconut husk using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to increase the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. It is suggested to conduct a study on the adsorption of methylene blue by a hybrid of modified sugarcane bagasse and modified coconut husk in a fixed bed column.

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