Reading in Philippine History

[Audio] For Introduction of the Subject the Reading in Philippine History, we Will going to discuss the definition of the common Word in the this subject..

[Audio] Our Outline for this Modules are: History Objectivity vs. Subjectivity Artefacts and Documentation Historical Method and Historiography Primary vs. Secondary Source Understanding History Understanding History Historical Criticism and Various tests Testimony Historical Fact Philippine Prehistory Content and Context analyzation.

[Audio] Now lets define first the word History: History History originates from the Greek word "historie" (ιστορια), meaning learning, which evolved into a systematic account of phenomena. Similarly, the German word "Geschichte," derived from "geschehen," meaning to happen, embodies the essence of history as the recording of events. According to Louis Gottschalk, History is the study of the beliefs, de sires, practices, and institution of human being. It consist of description and narration of the past actuality integrated through critical inquiry for the whole truth..

[Audio] Next, in every History happen always has two intention to readers: The Objectivity vs. Subjectivity in History Now, when we say Objective information is based on unbiased and factual data. Whereas, subjective statements are biased and based on opinions and interpretations..

[Audio] Let us make more broader the definition of this two Objectivity and Subjectivity in history According to Louis Gottschalk defines between objectivity and subjectivity in historical study, acknowledging the tension between detached, truthful knowledge and personal reactions. He argues that while history should ideally be studied objectively, much of it relies on recollections—testimonies written or spoken which inherently carry subjective elements. Resolving the Debate: The distinction between "history in its objective content" and "history in its subjective content" offers a potential resolution. Objectivity entails studying events as objects with independent existence outside the human mind, while subjectivity acknowledges the inherent influence of human perception and interpretation..

[Audio] Next what is the two factor to creates or make a history: Artefacts: a simple object (such as a tool or weapon) that was made by people in the past (Britannica Dictionary). The caves contained many prehistoric artifacts. an artifact from the Colonial period Documentation: Historical documents, also known as primary sources, are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying and provide direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art..

[Audio] Also, Artefacts and Documentation: Importance in Historical Study: Artefacts and documents serve as invaluable sources for understanding the past. Whether archaeological remains or written records, they provide tangible evidence and insights into historical events and societies. Limitations and Considerations: However, artifacts and documents have limitations. They may reflect biases, gaps, or interpretations of their creators, necessitating critical analysis and contextualization by historians..

[Audio] What about Historical Method and Historiography First let defines the Historical method Which involves critically examining and analyzing historical records and survivals. It encompasses a systematic approach to interpreting and understanding the past, including source evaluation, contextualization, and interpretation..

[Audio] Next is the Historiography: Historiography involves the imaginative reconstruction of the past based on historical data. It encompasses the various approaches, methodologies, and interpretations employed by historians in crafting narratives about the past..

[Audio] Next the Historical Analysis : Historical Analysis involves several key steps, including selecting a subject for investigation, collecting sources, examining their authenticity, and extracting credible information. It requires meticulous attention to detail and critical evaluation of sources..

[Audio] After we define the History and the other related function and Intention of it, lets proceed to the sources, Commonly has two type the Primary and Secondary sources: Primary sources provide firsthand accounts or evidence of historical events, while secondary sources offer interpretations or analyses based on primary sources. Distinguishing between the two is essential for understanding the reliability and context of historical information..

[Audio] Also we have to consider the Original sources and documents: Original sources and documents hold particular significance in historical research, as they provide direct evidence of past events. They offer insights into the perspectives, experiences, and contexts of historical actors. They are part of the actor in the history or they are part of it..

[Audio] After we discuss the history component lets proceed to: Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method By Louis Gottschalk.

[Audio] In the History we have always to consider the Historical Criticism and Various tests to check the authenticity and credibility: First the Historical criticism: involves assessing the authenticity and credibility of historical sources. External factors include considerations such as source, date, and authorship, while internal factors focus on the content and coherence of the source itself..

[Audio] Next on the Historical Criticism and Various tests: Various tests: including linguistic analysis, contextual examination, and corroboration with other sources, are working to evaluate the authenticity and credibility of historical sources..

[Audio] Also we need examine and Investigate the history thru Testimony: Historical subjects are examined from various aspects, including biographical, geographical, chronological, and occupational or functional dimensions. Historians analyze documents for relevant particulars that shed light on these aspects. A general rule in historical investigation is to scrutinize each particular of document separately for credibility, regardless of the overall credibility of the author. This approach ensures thorough analysis and consideration of all relevant evidence..

[Audio] And the Historical Fact: A historical fact is a particular derived directly or indirectly from historical documents, and regarded as credible after careful testing. It encompasses a wide range of verified information about past events, individuals, and phenomena. Historians establish credibility and authenticity by critically examining the relevant particulars within a document. While historical facts may not always reflect objective truth, they strive to represent events as accurately as possible based on the available evidence..

[Audio] Now lets proceed to the example on what we learn, we focused on the different perspective.

[Audio] First is by using the Artifact in creating the history. The Tabon Cave discovery includes stone tools and human remains pay court to back to prehistoric times. These artifacts provide valuable insights into early human activity in the Philippines. The presence of intentionally chipped stone tools and other artifacts suggests human involvement in Tabon Cave. Analysis of these artifacts provides evidence of early human habitation and tool-making activities. Creating history about tabon cave is only based on the Tools and human remain, done by the Anthropology..

[Audio] This is the key figure that help to solve the Tabon cave: Key Figures in Philippine Anthropology Dr. Henry Otley Beyer: Dr. Beyer's contributions to Philippine anthropology include his research on the indigenous peoples of the Philippines and his efforts to establish anthropology as a discipline in the country. Dr. Robert B. Fox: Dr. Fox's work in Philippine anthropology focused on archaeological excavations and research, particularly in Tabon Cave. His findings contributed significantly to our understanding of prehistoric cultures in the Philippines. Dr. F. Landa Jocano: Dr. Jocano's research on Philippine folklore and anthropology, particularly his work on the Tabon Cave discoveries, has had a profound impact on Philippine anthropology. His contributions to the field continue to influence scholarly discourse. Dr. William Henry Scott: Dr. Scott's expertise in Philippine history and archaeology, particularly his research on prehispanic sources, has shaped our understanding of Philippine history. His critical analysis and scholarly contributions have made him a prominent figure in Philippine anthropology. Not only the tabon cave but also other discovery beyond the secret on our history in past..

[Audio] Now let proceed to the Document sample of History, we start of the Philippines Revolution during Spanish era in 19th century. Start with the "Cracks in the Revolution": Historical Context: Katipunan or KKK (Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) Founded on July 7, 1892, the Katipunan was an undercover revolutionary organization aimed at liberating the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule through armed uprising. Despite its secretive nature, the organization grew in membership until its discovery on August 19, 1896, triggered by a dispute between two members, Apolonio dela Cruz and Teodoro Patiño, leading to a raid on their premises. The discovery of the Katipunan ignited a series of events that culminated in the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. In this part is the creation and the discovery of Organization of KKK..

[Audio] Next in the Revolution is: "Discovery of Katipunan" By late August 1896, the Katipunan had combined around 500 to 1,000 members prepared to launch an assault on Manila. However, due to strategic decisions by its leader, Andres Bonifacio, the initial plan was redirected towards an attack on an arsenal in San Juan del Monte. The ensuing Battle of San Juan del Monte proved catastrophic for the Katipunan, resulting in significant casualties and a series of retreats, signaling the start of widespread hostilities across several provinces. In this Part due to discovery the Battle lead by Andres Bonifacio has catastrophic result.

[Audio] Next part is the Revolutionary Campaign in Cavite: The success of the revolutionary movement in Cavite was attributed to the social composition of its leadership, predominantly composed of local elites Emilio Aguinaldo emerged as a key figure in the region, leading successful military engagements against Spanish forces and establishing control over significant territories within Cavite. In this part showing the leader of same organization in cavite has so many success in lead by Emilio Aguinaldo.

[Audio] The next part of the history is the "two Councils of Katipunan" The Katipunan in Cavite was divided into two factions: Magdiwang and Magdalo. Led by Mariano Alvarez, and led by Baldomero Aguinaldo, had differing perspectives on governance and strategy. Despite efforts to reconcile the factions, including proposals to dissolve the Katipunan, tensions persisted, leading to a critical juncture at the Tejeros Convention in March 1897. Despite of the success in battle in the Cavite they have two factions the the Magdiwang and Magdalo.

[Audio] In this part due to the two Faction the leader of the whole revolution Andres decide to solve this: The Tejeros Convention was convened to resolve the leadership dispute between Magdiwang and Magdalo factions. However, the proceedings were stained by controversies, including allegations of vote-rigging and a power struggle between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo. Bonifacio's eventual loss of authority and the subsequent cancelation of the election marked a significant turning point in the revolution, leading to fractures within the revolutionary ranks and the decline of the Katipunan's influence. This part have something that has different intention, look like a trap to Bonifacio, the faction is only a bait, to remove him in the position..

[Audio] Now, lets analyze the history with the two books of sources: Primary against Secondary Sources: Memoirs of a General vs. Revolt of the Masses Memoirs of a General (Primary Source): Written by Santiago Alvarez, a participant-eyewitness of the revolution, serialized in 1927, provides firsthand accounts of key events from a personal perspective. But he is also part of magdiwang, but based on my analysis this books is subjectives, while the another sources after 29 years Revolt of the Masses (Secondary Source): Authored by Teodoro Agoncillo in 1956, offers a scholarly analysis of the revolution based on extensive research and contextualization of historical events. Written by a great historian and conduct great analysis, show what really happen in the intention of it..

[Audio] Now we proceed in the different approach which is the concept: The Greek Concept of a Flat Earth: According to ancient Greek mythology, as depicted by Homer, the earth was believed to be flat like a "cookie," with humans residing on the top surface, the gods above, and Hades below. Venturing beyond the known waters was considered hazardous, as one might fall off the edge of the earth. But some other believes those not flat which no ones proves it before until.

[Audio] In proving that earth is flat start in the Portuguese Exploration (1415-1484): Portuguese exploration in the 15th century marked significant advancements in navigation and discovery. In 1415, Prince Henry the Navigator led expeditions that captured Ceuta, uncovered the Sahara trade routes, and initiated the Age of Exploration. Subsequent Portuguese voyages, including the capture of Madeira Island in 1420 and expeditions to the Azores, Cape Bojador, Cape Verde, Sierra Leone, and the Gold Coast, expanded maritime knowledge and trade routes. It open the principle that this is not flat.

[Audio] Now Christopher Columbus wanted proves the world looks: But Columbus's Proposal and Rejection In 1484, Christopher Columbus proposed to King John II of Portugal a westward route to India, estimating the distance significantly shorter than reality. Despite Paolo del Pozzo Toscanelli's map supporting Columbus's claims, King John rejected the proposal, recognizing the exaggerated calculations. Columbus's subsequent attempts to gain support, including engagements with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, faced skepticism and rejection, leading him to seek funding elsewhere. Due to rejection proposal still no basis that the world is round..

[Audio] But during the time of Fernando Magallanes's Journey Begins: Born into a noble family around 1480, Fernando Magallanes embarked on numerous expeditions with the Portuguese navy, seeking the Spice Islands. In 1511, he participated in the conquest of Malacca, where he was later promoted to captain. Magallanes's efforts to reach the Moluccas were met with setbacks and conspiracies, leading him to renounce his Portuguese citizenship and seek support from Spain. This lead him to have expedition in the direction..

[Audio] Fernando Magallanes's Proposal Accepted was accepted: Despite initial rejections, Magallanes's proposal to reach the Moluccas via a westward route was finally accepted by King Charles I of Spain in 1518. With the support of Archbishop Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca and investments from Christopher de Haro, Magallanes's expedition gained momentum. By August 10, 1519, Magallanes's fleet of five ships set sail from San Lucar de Barrameda, marking the beginning of a historic journey that would ultimately circumnavigate the globe. This the journey proved the world are not flat..

[Audio] Everything happen during that time was written by Antonio Pigafetta: Antonio Pigafetta Joins the Expedition: Antonio Pigafetta, a Venetian nobleman, joined Magallanes's expedition in 1519, inspired by a desire to witness the historic voyage firsthand. His documentation of the journey provided invaluable insights into the expedition's challenges and discoveries. Pigafetta's presence as a crew member allowed him to extensively record the expedition's encounters with indigenous peoples, geographical landmarks, and navigational challenges. Pigafetta's was the Original and Primary sources of the history of Journey of Fernando Magallanes's.

[Audio] End Thank you. END.