Radiation Annual Refresher Powerpoint (1)

[Audio] Annual Refresher. Annual Refresher. [image] SENTINEL NJUTIONS.

[Audio] Index: What is Radiation? Radiography Equipment. Radiation Safety Equipment. What are the effects of radiation on the body? Authorized Personnel and Posting Requirements. Increased Controls. HAZMAT. Any changes to State Regulations/SIS RSP/O&E/IC Plan..

[Audio] What is Radiation? Radiation is a form of energy. Radiation is energy in motion. Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable atom. There are two types of radiation: Particulate Radiation and Electromagnetic Radiation. Particulate radiation is composed of tiny, fast moving particles with mass, like alpha particles, beta particles and neutrons, which are emitted from a radioactive source during radioactive decay (They are subatomic particles rather than electromagnetic waves like X-Rays or Gamma Rays). Electromagnetic radiation consists of very short, electromagnetic waves of energy having no mass or weight. This type of radiation moves at the speed of light (186000 miles per second)..

[Audio] What is Dose Rate? Dose rate measures the radiation exposure overtime. Expressed in R/h/Ci at some specified distance. Helps ensure safe working conditions around radiation sources..

[Audio] What are Becquerels and Curies? Units used to measure the radioactive activity. Higher values indicate a stronger radioactive source. Becquerels (Bq): SI unit of radioactivity. Curie (Ci): Traditional unit of radioactivity. Why is activity important? Determines radiation exposure levels. Essential in radiography and safety regulations. Guides handling and shielding requirements..

[Audio] Particulate Radiation ALPHA particals Can be stopped by a sheet of paper. beta particals Can be stopped by a layer of clothing or by a few millimeters away by a substance such as aluminum. GAMMA rays Can be stopped by several feet of concrete or a few inches of led..

[Audio] What Radiation is used by Sentinel? Sentinel uses X-Ray and Gamma Ray Radiation for Industrial Radiography X-rays and gamma rays are similar in that they are both electromagnetic radiation. Both are ionizing radiation and can penetrate matter. They differ in their origin. X-rays are produced when high speed electrons are shot across a vacuum tube and abruptly stopped upon striking a target. Gamma rays are produced from the disintegration of the nucleus of a radioactive isotope..

[Audio] Radiography Equipment 880 Exposure Device (External View) In the event an unexpected problem occurs during radiography? Always follow and/or refer to the company’s (O&E) Operating and Emergency procedure..

[Audio] 880 Exposure Device (Internal View) Delta 880 Exposure Device The S-Tube is a tube through which the radioactive source travels when inside a radiographic exposure device..

[Audio] Source Assembly. The source assembly, commonly known as the source holder or pigtail, houses the radioactive material. The radioactive material (tiny wafers or pellets) are double encapsulated to prevent leakage and contamination..

[Audio] Associated Radiography Equipment Collimator: A device that provides shielding from gamma radiation while also focusing the primary beam to medium such as film or a digital imaging plate. Drive cables, commonly referred to as crank cables. A control device used to manipulate the source from the exposure device into the collimator to perform radiography. Source Tube, commonly referred to as a guide tube. Provides a safe and controlled path from the exposure device to the collimator..

[Audio] Daily Inspection Why do daily inspections even matter? Ensure workers safety. Prevent radiation hazards. Maintain compliance with regulations. What to do if equipment fails daily inspection? The equipment must be moved from service immediately. Report issue to R-S-O and/or supervisor. Follow companys(O&E) procedures..

[Audio] Crank Outs / Guide Tubes Key areas you should be inspecting everyday are: Conduit This ensures a clear path for proper function. Run hand along guide tube to feel for crimps, look for burns, cuts or indentations. Check the source stop to make sure there is no indentations. Crank Handle Assembly this is critical for operating the drive mechanism safely. Check all bolts, screws and connections. Connectors this secures the connections prevent malfunctions and hazards. This is your No Go Gage check. Camera make sure camera is in working order. Check slide lock, ring lock and plunger lock, connections, shutter door, outer casing of camera. If anything feels off, stuck, gritty from dirt. tell The RSO! ANY AND ALL damaged EQUIPMENT SHALL BE taken OUT OF operations!! Handling a 0 milliRem/h Reading on a Survey Meter: When a survey meter displays 0 milliRem/h near a gamma exposure device, it is crucial to access the situation carefully. If the meter is not functioning correctly or has become inoperable the radiographer must follow the company’s Operating and Emergency (O&E) procedure. Step back from the area until a reliable meter has replaced the inoperable meter. ANY AND ALL damaged EQUIPMENT SHALL BE taken OUT OF operations!!.

[Audio] Radiation Safety Equipment Personnel Monitoring Equipment Radiographers receive proper training in the use of personal dosimeters and survey instruments in a classroom and live environment before working in the field. Radiography personnel are required at ‘’ALL’’ times to properly wear personal dosimetry and use survey instruments. Radiation is invisible and not detectable by any of human senses. The hazards are serious, and unsafe acts have consequences that can cause life altering injuries and even death. Radiation detecting instruments must be used by the radiographers. The four devices required for use by the radiographer are; personal monitoring badges, alarming rate meters, pocket dosimeters and survey meters. Sentinel Integrity Solutions (S-I-S--) uses Landauer Luxel O-S-L (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) whole body dosimeters..

[Audio] Survey Meter Personal Monitoring Badges Worn on the torso of the body during radiography and/or extremities in certain situations. Processed at intervals not to exceed a monthly period for whole body devices and quarterly for extremity devices (ring badge). The recorded exposure is used to document a permanent exposure history record for each radiographer. In Industrial Radiography the most common type of survey meter used has a Geiger Muller counter type of detector. has a Practical operating range of 2 milliRem/hr to 1 R/hr or (1000 milliRem/hr). requires calibrations in periods not to exceed 6 months. (States may vary please check your state regulations). The survey meter gets tested and inspected daily before start of shift. The only instrument used to ensure the source assembly is returned to the fully shielded position in the exposure device after each exposure and gives constant dose rate monitoring of radiation barricades..

[Audio] Rate Alarm / Dosimeter Combo Worn on the torso of the body next to the personal monitoring badge during radiography. The dosimeter is “zeroed” at the beginning of each work shift. The observed reading is recorded and required on the daily radiation survey report at the beginning and end of shift. Checked often during the whole work shift. Must have a scale of 0-200 milliRems. It is set to alarm in a radiation area where the dose rate is more than 300-500 milliRems/hour or greater. The alarming rate meter / Dosimeter gets tested and inspected daily and is calibrated annually..

[Audio] Effects of Radiation on the body How many fingers do you see? Radiation Injury that can be cancerous. The main cause of overexposures to radiographic personnel is not following established procedures!.

[Audio] N-R-C Annual Occupational Limits Whole Body (sum of external and internal dose) 5 rems. Extremity 50 rems. Skin of Whole Body 50 rems. Maximum Exposed Organ (sum of external And internal dose) 50 rems. Lens of Eye 15 rems. Minor 0.5 rems. For members of the public: Less than 2 milliRems in any one hour from a radiation source in any unrestricted area Less than 100 milliRems in a calendar year Any unnecessary exposure to radiation is to be considered an excessive amount of radiation exposure to that individual !!.

[Audio] Day 35 Day 15 Case Study example: This individual, a non radiographer discovered a 5-curie source of Ir-192 on the ground. He picked it up with his left hand and placed it in his right breast pocket. After carrying it around for 1.5 hours and occasionally handling the source, he put it back where he found it. Within 1 hour he started feeling nauseous and dizziness and played it off as just not feeling good. It was a full 24 hours before the effects and symptoms persuaded this individual to seek medical attention. Within a week his right side started showing reddening of the skin and pain began increasing. The images above show how long it can take for the actual tissue of the body to break down and show visual conditions..

[Audio] Case Study example (continued): The blood worked performed at several intervals over the next 1.5 years concluded that the individual received a dose of 0.8 Gray(Gy) or 80 Rem. The individual underwent several surgeries and skin grafting to repair the damaged tissue. After the 1.5-year mark after the incident the individual had regained full use of his left hand. His right side healed although heavily scarred and still feels slight pain when moving around due to the tissue damage. This event is what is known as an overexposure. With safe work practices in conjunction with radiation detection and monitoring equipment events like this are far and few between. The next slide shows what can or may do on a biological level to an individual when exposed to a certain dosage range of radiation in Rems (Radiation Equivalent Man)..

[Audio] Effects of Radiation on the body All Dosages are in R-E-M 0-25 No injury evident. First detectable blood changes at 5 REM. 25-50 Definite blood changes at 25 R-E-M--. No serious injury. 50-100 Some injury possible. 100-200 injury and possible disability. 200-400 Injury and disability likely, possible death. 400-600 Medium Lethal Dose (M-D-L--) 50% of those exposed will die. 600-1000 Up to 100% fatalities. 1000 and above 100% fatalities..

[Audio] Dose Rate 10 Exposure Time = Total Dose Therefor, Minimize Exposure Time To Minimize Dose. The dose a person receives from external radiation is directly proportional to the length of time spent in a radiation field. Therefor, minimize the dose received. Some methods that can be used to minimize the time spent in a radiation field are: time, distance, SHEILDING. Plan the job prior to set up (Find Shielding!!). Know the exact location of the work prior to setting the restricted barricade. Ensure all necessary tools are available at the job location. Establish good communication. Keep constant surveillance..

[Audio] Authorized Personnel and Posting Requirements How Industrial Radiographers Control Exposure. There are three basic principles that are followed for protection against radiation exposure. By using these three, easy methods, the radiographer’s accumulated dose can be greatly reduced..

[Audio] The industrial radiographer is trained to follow the three basic principals of time, distance and shielding. This is not only for the radiographer's safety but also any members of the general public in the vicinity of radiographic operations. The golden rule to follow is: alara..

[Audio] Radiation Safety Areas Restricted areas: Defined as an area to which access is restricted for the purpose of controlling radiation exposure. Certain zones within radiological work environments are intentionally limited to authorized personnel. Such zones are essential for maintaining safety standards and regulatory compliance. Radiation Area: There are specific areas where a person could receive a measurable but moderate dose of radiation over a short period. An individual could receive a radiation dose equivalent in excess of 5 millirem in one hour. These areas require clear signage and monitoring to ensure safe exposure levels for individuals who must enter them. High Radiation Area: In more critical zones, radiation levels are significantly higher and can quickly surpass safe limits. A high radiation area is an area that an individual could receive a radiation dose equivalent in excess of 100millirem in one hour. Proper signage, barriers, and time restrictions are used to protect personnel..

[Audio] Radiation/Restricted Area Postings The radiation area must be conspicuously posted with the three bladed radiation symbol and the words Caution Radiation Area. The color of the symbol and wording must be in magenta, purple or black with a yellow background. The radiation area is usually posted and combined at the restricted area distance. High or Danger Radiation Area Posting The High Radiation Area must be conspicuously posted with the three bladed radiation symbol and bearing the words Danger or Caution High Radiation Area. The color of the symbol and wording must be in magenta, purple or black with a yellow background..

[Audio] Only trained radiographic personnel can be in an established and controlled Restricted Radiation Area. Non radiation workers should always be mindful and respect a Restricted Radiation Area. If access is required from someone who is not authorized to enter, the barricade will be lowered or dismantled, and the source placed in the shielded position. During an emergency, the source will be locked up in the vehicle and if possible, the barricade removed. If a barricade is unable to be removed the location of the barricade will be relayed to emergency responders..

[Audio] Areas utilized for industrial radiography are posted with hazard warning signs and must be controlled both physically and visually to prevent access and exposure to members of the more than. Radiography personnel are authorized, monitored and trained on how to work safely in a radiation area. Members of the General Public Exposure Limits are not to exceed. 2 milliRem in any given hour and/or, 100 milliRem in a calendar year. Industrial Radiographers Exposure Limits are not to exceed. 5 Rem (5000 milliRem) in a calendar year or, 416 milli Rem in 1 month (Sentinel Integrity Solutions limits exposures to 300 milliRem per month and 600 milliRem per quarter) Total exposure limits differ for different parts of the body. Dose limits are Federally regulated by the N-R-C (Nuclear Regulatory Commission). Any radiation dose amount in 1 month or 1 Calendar year, in excess of regulatory limits is considered an overexposure event. If a source has become disconnected the radiographer must follow the Operating and Emergency (O&E) procedure..

[Audio] Increased Controls Sensitive Documents In March of 2016, all agreement states had to implement 10 C-F-R Part 37. 10 C-F-R Part 37-Physical Protection of Category 1 and Category 2 Quantities of Radioactive Material. What is an agreement state? An agreement state is a state that entered an agreement with the N-R-C to run and maintain their own radiation control program as long as it is equal to or more stringent than the N-R-C radiation control program..

[Audio] Increased Controls Sensitive Documents What is 10 C-F-R Part 37? It establishes security requirements for the use and transport of the most risk significant quantities of radioactive materials. This includes documentation. These are applicable paragraphs from Part 37: Please understand that this is not a recommendation but federal law. If violated, enforcement actions may include criminal charges but will include large monetary fines starting at $75000.00, depending on the severity of the violation..

[Audio] Increased Controls Building Security Please help us keep our devices secure. Be proactive! Keep doors closed/locked. Don’t just walk by and rely on someone else to do it. Mention when you notice anything unusual. Was the alarm off when I came in this morning? Any error messages from the alarm keypad? Is the alarm not setting when I am ready to leave? Are any doors unlocked?.

[Audio] Why do we keep it secured & What can it do if in the wrong hands? Simple, to prevent unauthorized entry into our security zones and theft of/or tampering with our radioactive sources. Radioactive materials can be an excellent ingredient for a “dirty” bomb. What is a “dirty” bomb? A dirty bomb is an explosives device that has radioactive material mixed in with the explosives. During the detonation the material will be spread out in a large area and contaminate water supplies, food supplies and could cause injury or death when people ingest or inhale radioactive particles. Radioactive particles or electromagnetic energy (gamma rays/x rays) cannot be detected by our senses. You cannot smell, taste, feel, see, or hear them. Therefor it can do significant damage to humans or any living organism without you being aware of having been exposed to radiation until there are symptoms..

[Audio] External Internal Threats Most likely, threats are going to be external. That doesn’t mean that they’ll look like this: Therefore, you have to keep an eye out and ear open for suspicious behavior. Odd questions. Keen interest in company activity. Strangers “hanging” around outside. Vehicles driving by multiple times, et cetera.

[Audio] External Internal Threats There could also be internal threats. Maybe Bob from accounting wants to supplement his income because he didn’t get a bonus for the fourth year. Maybe he is disgruntled. Maybe someone else is threatening his family or has incriminating pictures of Bob. If You See Something, Say Something!!!.

[Audio] In the event an unexpected problem occurs during radiography? Always follow and/or refer to the company’s (O&E) Operating and Emergency procedure. Radioactive Materials is labeled as Class 7. Becquerels and Curies are units of measurement of activity. The maximum dose rate on the exterior of the transport vehicle is 2 milli rem/hr or less. Before transporting radioactive materials check the truck alarm is functioning properly. These include the truck doors, engine immobilizer, tailgate pin or mercury switch and the darkroom door. All shall function properly. Ensure all labeling is on exposure device and Overpack (transport container) before transporting. Daily Survey Sheets and B O L (bill of lading) shall be filled out completely and legibly before transporting radioactive materials. HAZMAT: Hazardous Material.

[Audio] Training Objectives/Requirements DOT training is required. Within 90 days of employment (initial), and every 3 years thereafter (recurrent). Training must be function specific. Training must include. General awareness (familiarization with regulations). Function specific training. Safety training. Security awareness training. Required documentation. Trainee shall take exam. Copy of exam and training must be available..

[Audio] Transporting Radioactive Material The N-R-C and D-O-T share responsibility for the control of radioactive material transport based upon a Memorandum of Understanding (M-O-U--). In general D-O-T regulations are more detailed. They cover all aspect of transportation. Including packaging, shipper and carrier responsibilities, documentation, and all levels of radioactive material from exempt quantities to very high levels. The N-R-C regulations are primarily concerned with special packaging requirements for higher level quantities. N-R-C regulation requires N-R-C licensees transporting radioactive material to comply with D-O-T regulations when N-R-C regulations do not apply. Since transport accidents cannot be prevented, the regulations are primarily designed to: Ensure safety in routine handling situations for minimally hazardous material and ensure integrity under all circumstances for highly dangerous materials. These goals are accomplished by focusing on the package and its ability to: Contain the material (prevent leaks). Prevent unusual occurrences (such as criticality), reduce external radiation to safe levels (provide shielding)..

[Audio] Strong Tight Containers/ Type A and Type B Packages The three basic types of packages are strong tight containers, whose characteristics are not specified by regulation, followed by Type A containers, and finally Type B containers, both of which have very specific requirements in the regulations. A strong tight container is designed to survive normal transportation handling. In essence , if the material makes it from point 10 to point Y without being released , the package was a strong tight container. A type A container, on the other hand is designed to survive normal transportation handling minor accidents. Type B containers must be able to survive severe accidents..

[Audio] Type A Package Type A packaging is based on performance requirements which means it must withstand or survive certain test. The shape of the package or material from which it is constructed is irrelevant. A type A package may be a cardboard box, a wooden crate, or a mental drum. The shipper must have documentation which shows that the specific design being used has passed the required test..

[Audio] Type B Package A Type B package may be a metal drum a huge, massive shielded transport container. Like Type A packages, Type B packages must pass certain tests. However , the Type B tests are considerably more rigorous than those required for Type A packages. Most Type B packages have been issued a Certification of Compliance by the N-R-C-..

[Audio] Labeling Categorization of packages is a primary factor in the selection of radioactive labels. Who is responsible for making sure packages have been properly prepared and labeled for transport? The radiographer who is transporting the device and the person who signs the shipping/transport paperwork..

[Audio] Transport Index Labels Diamond shaped “sticker”. White I, Yellow 2 and yellow 3. Contents. Activity indicated in GBq (Ci x 37). Trasport index (T-I---). Hazard class..

[Audio] Key Components for Transport Index Label These requirements can be found in 49 C-F-R Subtitle B Chapter I Subchapter C Part 172-Subpart E § 172.403 (F) (G) Class 7 (radioactive) material The transport index is a single number assigned to a package, over pack, tank, or freight container used to provide control over radiation exposure and establish transport controls. Reading at 1 meter. Rounded up to one decimal. If less than 0.05 then considered to be zero and marked as such. Only on Yellow 2 and Yellow 3 packages. Transport Index Label must contain the contents of exposure device (Ir-192), activity written in Giga becquerels (GBq) and Transport Index number..

[Audio] Understanding Transport Index Readings The TI is a safety measurement used in industrial radiography. It is recorded in two places directly on the surface of the device and one meter away. To understand the distance in different units, remember: 1 meter is over three feet, 39.37 inches. Example: If the one meter reading is 0.77 you round up a decimal to 0.8, If the reading is 0.74 you round down to 0.7.

[Audio] Determining The Category Label To Apply Three categories: Radioactive White 1. Radioactive Yellow 2. Radioactive Yellow 3. Selection of appropriate category: Based on 49 CFR §172.403 Class 7 (radioactive) material. Highest category assumes precedence. Package transported as Highway Route Controlled Quantity always a Radioactive Yellow 3 regardless of above criteria..

[Audio] Determining The Transport Index Example: The surface of the exposure device reads 94 millirem/hr. The reading at one meter is 0.9 millirem/hr. The device is placed in the transport container. The surface of the transport container reads 55 millirem/hr. The reading at one meter from the over pack is 0.7 millirem/hr. What label category is proper for this package? A White I B Yellow 2. C Yellow 3. D Red Bar 4. Example: The reading for Ir-192 at one meter from the Type B shipping container you are transporting is 0.77 millirem/hr. What is the Transport Index for this package? A 0.77 millirem/hr. B 0.7 millirem/hr. C 0.8 millirem/hr. D Ir 192, Yellow II, GBq, 0.7 millirem/hr..

[Audio] Labeling Transported Radiographic Devices How many labels are required? When transporting exposure devices, specific labeling is required by regulation. It is not just about the label count, but also the placement and completeness. Labels should be fully filled out and positioned in a way that ensures visibility during handling..

[Audio] When Are RQ Stickers Required? RQ (Reportable Quantities). S-I-S Requirement – for Iridium (Ir-192)10 Curies (Ci) or 370 Giga becquerels (GBq). N-R-C Requirements – for Iridium (Ir-192) is 21.6 Curies (Ci) or 799.2 Giga becquerels (GBq). Placed on two opposite sides of exposure device..

[Audio] Radioactive Material Overpacks Requirements, class 7 over packs: The overpack must be marked as prescribed in subpart D of part 172 of this subchapter and § 173.25(a)(4). No forbidden materials; and additional requirements for non bulk packaging. Individual packages must meet prerequisite requirements. Over pack is a crate, box, or pallet used for protection or convince..

[Audio] Overpack Labeling Criteria The Transport Index is taken at two locations. One is at the surface of the device, second is taken at one meter (39.37 inches) from the device. Label configuration on the package shall be: Affixed on two opposite sides of the outside of a: Package (Exposure Device). Over pack (Transport Container). Freight container. Freight containers must have one label affixed near the opening. Labels shall not cover the markings..

[Audio] Radioactive Material Overpacks Bill of Lading (B O L ): Shall be in arms reach in the. vehicle while transporting. Placards: Based on the label applied to the over pack..

[Audio] Changes to State rules & regulations, DOT, SIS RSP, (O&E) and IC Plan At this time: State Rules & Regs – No Changes. DOT – No Changes. SIS RSP – No Changes. O&E – No Changes. IC Plan – No Changes. In the event there is changes to any State rules & regulations, DOT, SIS RSP, (O&E) and IC Plan there will be a notification by email or during the next annual refresher.