Quarter4_Week1_Module1_PHYSICAL-SCIENCE_SecondEdition

Quarter 4 Week 1 Module 1 Earth in the Universe SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Physical Science.

1 Physical Science – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 4 Module 1: Earth in the Universe Second Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them and “no copyright infringement is intended” from using materials taken from the internet. Development Team of the Module Developers/ Writer: Mrs. JANNIS MAY V. ANTOLIJAO – Master Teacher I - APAS National High School Content Editors: Ms. CELIA C. GEPITULAN – Principal I, Regino Mercado Night High School Mrs. JOCELYN C. BUTANAS – Master Teacher I, Talamban National High School Mr. BONNIE JAMES A. SACLOLO- Teacher III, Cebu City National Science High School Language Editor: Mrs. ROQUESA B. SABEJON – PSDS North District 7 Management Team: Chairperson: Dr. RHEA MAR A. ANGTUD – Schools Division Superintendent Dr. BERNADETTE A. SUSVILLA – Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Mrs. GRECIA F. BATALUNA – CID Chief Mrs. VANESSA L. HARAYO – EPS, LRMS Dr. RAYLENE S. MANAWATAO – EPS, Science Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Office Address : APAS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL, Apas, Cebu City Telephone number: (032) 4167141.

2 What I Need to Know After going through this module, you are expected to: • cite a proof how Greeks knew that earth is spherical; (S11/12PS-IVa-38) • observe examples of astronomical phenomena known to astronomers before the advent of telescopes; (S11/12PS-IVa-41) • describe how Brahe’s innovations and extensive collection of data in observational astronomy paved the way for Kepler’s discovery of his laws of planetary motion. (S11/12PS-IVb-44) What I Know Multiple Choice. Read the statements below. Choose and write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet. 1. Who discovered the laws of planetary motion? A. Copernicus B. Galileo C. Kepler D. Newton 2. What is referred to as the motion of the earth around the sun? A. revolution B. rotation C. season D. orbit 3. Who gave a true explanation that earth is spherical based on star’s position and constellations? A. Aristotle B. Eratosthenes C. Ptolemy D. Seleucus 4. Who used the round earth theory and shadows to measure the circumference of the earth? A. Bede B. Plato C. Eratosthenes D. Alexander the Great 5. Which spiral shape galaxy the Earth belongs? A. comet B. cartwheel C. black eye D. milky way 6. Who calculated the length of the year as 365 and 6 hours. A. Aristarchus B. Copernicus C. Eudoxus D. Ptolemy 7. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about uniform circular motion and epicycles which were cataloged by Ptolemy in 150 A.D.? A. The sun is the center of the universe. B. The earth is the center of the universe. C. Heavenly bodies move in circular motion. D. The objects in the heavens are made from perfect material and cannot change their intrinsic properties. 8.Which of the following is NOT included in the Kepler’s law of planetary motion? A. equal area C. elliptical orbit B. law of periods D. laws of motion 9.Who postulated the heliocentric theory? A. Copernicus B. Heraclitus C. Ptolemy D. Pythagoras 10.Which of these devices is used to study “the heavens” systematically? A. gramophone B. microscope C. telephone D. telescope 11. Who proposed that the Earth is not only round, but it also revolves around the sun? A. Aristotle B. Eratosthenes C. Ptolemy D. Seleucus 12. Who created a map which shows Earth as being round? A. Aristotle B. Eratosthenes C. Ptolemy D. Seleucus 13. Which is used as the basis for ancient calendars? A. tides C. phases of the moon B. eclipse D. alignment of the moon and sun.

3 14. Which is/are other names of the North Star? A. Polaris C. Ursa Minor B. Alpha Umi D. All of the above 15. Who proposed the sun-centered theory? A. Brahe B. Copernicus C. Kepler D. Ptolemy Lesson 1 Earth is Sphere According to Greeks Earth was thought to be anything but a sphere by ancient people. Mesopotamians and Egyptians saw the Earth was flat, as did the early Greeks. Greeks proposed theories and proved that the earth was round. Greek philosophers in the early times thought about the concept of earth which is round but failed to give explanation about it, like what Plato believed and shared to the people of Athens but showed no explanation, not until his great student Aristotle was able to show proof that the earth is round. What’s In What’s New Without using a telescope, try locating the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn in the night sky. Do this tonight and let us figure out which of the heavenly bodies were you able to see. But, how to locate Venus and Jupiter? For those who do not have a cellphone and internet connection: Please do the following: 1. Go out at sunset and look west, Venus and Jupiter pop out of the twilight even before the sky fades completely black. The two brilliant planets surrounded by evening blue is a beautiful sight if you go out at the same time tomorrow. The view improves because Venus and Jupiter are converging in Mid-February, they are about 20 degrees apart by the end of the month the angle narrows to only 10 degrees. So close that you can hide them together behind your outstretched palm their combined beauty grows each night as the distance between them shrinks. A special night to look is Saturday February 25th when the crescent moon moves in to form a slender heavenly triangle with Venus, Jupiter, and the moon as vertices. One night later Sunday February 26th it happens again, this arrangement will be visible all around the world from city and countryside alike. The moon, Venus and Jupiter are the brightest objects in the night sky. Together they can shine through urban lights, fog and even some clouds. After hopping from Venus to Jupiter in the late February the moon exits stage left but the show is far from over. In March Venus and Jupiter will Check it out the Flat Earth Theory. Will you consider earth as flat? How would you prove it? If it is not. Have you traveled the world? a. Have you been to outer space? b. How would you prove by then?.

4 continue their relentless convergence until on March 12th and 13th the duo lies only 3 degrees apart a spectacular double beacon and the sunset sky. Now you will be able to hide them together behind a pair of outstretched fingertips. There is something mesmerizing about stars and planets bunched together in this way and no you are not imagining things when it happens to you the phenomenon is based on the anatomy of the human eye. For those who own a cellphone and have internet connection: Open the link. File: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xa8mRSeDbok) or you may download Star Walk 2 in your Android phones. Draw and write your answer in a separate sheet. What do you see in the night sky tonight? Which planet do you see? Month: _____________Date: _____________ Time: ____________ Location: ____________ After doing the activity. Try to determine which astronomical phenomena were you able to experience? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ What is It Greeks Knew that the Earth is Round. A. “On the Heavens” by Aristotle 1.Due to the position of the stars and constellations seeming to change as a person traveled either north or south. 2.Pointed out that the shape of the earth’s shadow outline is always curve during the lunar eclipse. B. Alexander the Great – helped spread the theory of Aristotle as far east India who conquered the world. In history known as “Hellenistic” period due to the Greek influence across the globe where the world was thought to be flat among the philosophers in Mesopotamia under Greek Seleucids and Egyptian philosophers under Greek Ptolemies C. Seleucus of Seleucia – who lived in 2nd century BC, proposed that not only earth is round, but it also revolves around the sun. D. Eratosthenes – a Geek philosopher in Egypt, used the round earth theory and shadows to measure the circumference of the earth..

5 Ptolemy’s Map E. Claudius Ptolemy – In the 2nd century AD, he created a map which shows the earth as being round in which was held as the most popular map in the Middle Ages. Lesson 2 Astronomical Phenomena Known to Astronomers Before the Advent of Telescopes Which planets are easily seen in the sky without the aid of telescopes? Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are easily seen in the sky without the aid of telescopes. These planets can be easily confused with stars and are only seen at specific times of the day. The best time to look for these planets would be before sunrise and after sunset. Gnomon (Shadow Caster) Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations used a primitive version of a sundial, called gnomon, in systematically observing the motion of the sun. By looking at the shadows that the gnomon casts, they were able to observe that the sun rises in the eastern part of the sky, reaches its highest point in midday, and sets in the western part of the sky. Understanding the Cosmos PHASES OF THE MOON Ancient people have observed that the moon changes its path and its appearance within a period of 29.5 days. They observed that the moon changes its appearance from thin semi- circular disk to full circular disk. These phases of the moon are the basis of ancient calendars. LUNAR ECLIPSE Besides their observation in the different phases of the moon, they also noticed that there are times when the moon or part of it seemed to be covered by a shadow for a moment. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth casts its shadow on the moon when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon, wherein the moon changes into a dark or blood red color. (S –E – M).

6 SOLAR ECLIPSE The occurrence of a solar eclipse was also observed. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is in between the Sun and the Earth, and the moon partially or completely blocks out the sun. (S – M – E) MOTION OF THE STARS It was also observed that the stars appear to be attached to a celestial sphere that rotates around an axis in one day. This axis intersects the celestial sphere at a point in the northern sky and is presently close to the northern star, Polaris. Also, the constellations’ positions in the night sky vary depending on the time of the year. VISIBILITY OF PLANETS Astronomers have discovered that Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are planets because they have noticed that the stars are in a fixed position with respect to each other (like how constellations are always grouped). But there are very bright stars that change positions periodically. These “stars” do not belong to any group of constellations in the sky. Thus, they are called "wanderers”. Lesson 3 Tycho Brahe’s Innovations and Johannes Kepler’s Discovery Nikolaus Copernicus Heliocentric Theory or sun – centered theory, where the sun is center of the universe. Claudius Ptolemy Geocentric Theory or earth – centered theory, where earth is the center of the universe. Tycho Brahe – he developed his own model of cosmos - where planets orbiting the Sun, but the Sun orbiting the Earth. Johannes Kepler - he proposed the three laws of planetary motion a. The Law of Ellipses b. The Law of Equal Areas c. The Law of Harmonies What’s More Observe how and when a specific constellation changes its position in the night sky. For those who do not own a phone or internet connection. Do this! Find North using the Stars. Ursa Major also known as the Big Dipper. Ursa Major looks like a butcher’s cleaver or a saucepan. It can lead us to find Polaris also known as the North Star. From the very tip of Ursa Major you will need to follow an imaginary straight line towards the constellation Ursa Minor which is host to the brightest star.

7 in that region of the sky Polaris. If you walk towards it, you will be heading North. Extend it by six times the distance you will be looking in the general vicinity of Polaris. Orion is one of the largest most recognizable constellations in our night sky. Let us find North with Orion in the northern hemisphere. It is a huge constellation twice the size of Ursa Major and shaped like an hourglass. At the center of the hourglass, you can see bright stars known as Orion’s belt and has free smaller fainter stars beneath it known as Orion’s sword. For those who own a cellphone and internet connection. Do this! Use your phone. Download the App. Star Chart- Mapping the Sky or Star walk 2 with your Android phone. Open the link. File:(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14b8LyoHq74) Write your answer in a separate sheet. Draw the constellation that you see tonight. 1. Which constellation did you find? Big Dipper? _______________________________ 2. Do stars have fixed position? ________________________________________________ 3. Does a constellation’s position change? ______________________________________ 4. Does this prove that the earth is round? _____________________________________ What I Have Learned Make a graphic organizer on what you have learned in the following. Write your answer in a separate sheet. Greeks who made a great impact on the discovery that the earth is round. 1. Mention 5 examples of astronomical phenomena and describe your experience. Astronomical phenomena Experience 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Geek Greeks.

8 What I Can Do How to Prove that the Earth is Round? Watch a sunset! Pick a nice spot from which you can watch a sunset (we will call this point A). Ideally, you'd have a clear horizon in front of you, and behind you would be some sort of elevated point that you can quickly access (a hill, a building with at least two floors, or perhaps the tree; we'll call this point B). Watch the sunset from point A, and once the sun is out of sight, hurry on over to point B. With the added elevation provided by point B, you should be able to see the sun above the horizon. If Earth were flat, the sun would not be visible at any elevation once it had set. Because Earth is round, the sun will come back into your line of sight. If you do not have a hill, you could even try lying on your stomach to watch the sunset and then standing up to get a higher line of sight. Assessment Multiple Choice. Read the statements below. Choose and write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet. 1. Which best describes Earth’s revolution? The Earth ________________________. A. bounces C. orbits around the sun B. spins on its axis D. spins around the moon 2. Which astronomical phenomena you DO NOT experience daily? A. solar eclipse C. daily motions of the stars B. rising of the sun in the east D. setting of the sun in the west 3. The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun. Which law describes it? A. Law of motion C. Law of harmonies B. Law of ellipses D. Law of equal areas 4. Who invented the telescope? A. Tycho Brahe C. Johannes Kepler B. Galileo Galilei D. Hans Lippershey 5. Which of the followings statement DOES NOT describe the Ptolemaic universe? A. The sun is the center of the universe. B. The earth is the center of the universe. C. All motion in the heavens is in a uniform circular motion. D. The objects in the heavens are made from perfect material and cannot change their intrinsic properties like brightness. 6. Which statement below DOES NOT talk about the Copernican Theory? A. The Earth is the center of the universe B. The stars are fixed but appear to move because of the Earth’s motion. C. The sun is fixed in space and all other spheres are revolving around it. D. The Earth has more than one motion, turning on its axis and moving in a spherical orbit around the sun. 7. Which devices can tell the time of the day? A. gnomon B. obelisk C. sundial D. all the above.

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10 https://thonyc.wordpress.com/2016/08/11/not-a-theology- student/johannes_kepler/ Dapple, Dap. (2013).” Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and the Planetary Motion.Youtube.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3ALuycrCwI Mont, Serg (2017). It is all Perception Ptolemy, Copernicus, Brahe, and Kepler. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54wccgRnoPo See Venus and Jupiter in HD Just Your Naked Eyes. (2012) Video from Space, science.nasa.gov https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xa8mRSeDbok Star Chart – Mapping the Sky with Android (2014). Google UK https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14b8LyoHq74 Wenkel, Dan.” Tycho Brahe, the scandalous astronomer”. (2014). TedEd. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QDvKzY4aq Canoy, W. C. (2018)” Astronomical Phenomena Known to Astronomers before the Advent of Telescopes”. The Earth in the Universe, Physical Science.Accessed June 30, 2020. Superstar Worksheets.Phases of the Moon Worksheets. https://superstarworksheets.com/science-worksheets/phases-of-the- moonworksheets/ Physical Science (2017). “Concepts of Physical Science”. 3G Elearning FZ LLC pp.89-96 Answer Key 1.Big Dipper/ Orion 2.Yes (stellae fixae or fixed stars that appears to remain in the same position, stars are moving through space but they are so far away we can’t easily see them move relative to each other, so it appears fixed relative to each other) 3.Yes (the apparent motion is caused by the earth’s rotation and its orbit around the sun, this means that we see the stars drift from east to west every night) 4. Yes (different constellations are visible from different latitudes, the farther you go from the equator, the farther the known constellations go toward the horizon to be.

11 Tiny white dot which do not twinkle on the Northern part which is Saturn and the fainter one which is Jupiter. Using the Star walk 2 App this is how it would look like. Saturn and Jupiter are seen here in the Star walk 2 App. The astronomical phenomena that I experienced are Visibility of Planets with the use of naked eye and the Phases of the Moon and Motion of the Star which is the Sun, the nearest star in our galaxy by determining where it rises and sets.(5 points please refer to the highlighted words) Moon Saturn Jupiter.

12 This is how it would look like during the Star walk 2 App For visual purposes, the little dipper is shown in the picture to see where Polaris is located but for checking include only Big dipper. Orion the “Hunter” in detail on the left for checking purposes picture on the right will be considered the “hourglass”. What Can I Do (5 points) Watch a sunset! 2. Five Examples of astronomical phenomena (5 pts) (Answers may vary on the part of experience) ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA EXPERIENCE 1. PHASES OF THE MOON See different phases and location of the moon in the sky. 2. MOTION OF THE STARS Watching the stars at night and see them twinkling. 3. VISIBILITY OF PLANETS Searching them in the sky those heavenly bodies which are very bright and do not twinkle. 4. SOLAR ECLIPSE Using a pail of water and watching the moon partially or completely blocks the sun or using sunglasses 5. LUNAR ECLIPSE Earth casts a shadow on the moon, it is so dark or reddish in color. 2. Five Examples of astronomical phenomena (5 pts) (Answers may vary on the part of experience) ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA EXPERIENCE 1. PHASES OF THE MOON See different phases and location of the moon in the sky. 2. MOTION OF THE STARS Watching the stars at night and see them twinkling. 3. VISIBILITY OF PLANETS Searching them in the sky those heavenly bodies which are very bright and do not twinkle. 4. SOLAR ECLIPSE Using a pail of water and watching the moon partially or completely blocks the sun or using sunglasses 5. LUNAR ECLIPSE Earth casts a shadow on the moon, it is so dark or reddish in color..

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