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Here is a simplified, easy-to-remember version of the 1-mark answers from your document, organized by unit. Unit 1: Solar Fundamentals • Solar Constant: The amount of solar energy reaching Earth's outer atmosphere. • Design Requirements: High efficiency, low energy loss, and long life. • Local Solar Time: Time based on the sun's actual position in the sky. • Equivalent Circuit: A current source and a diode connected with two resistors (series and shunt). • Tilt Angle Effect: Proper tilt helps the panel catch the most sunlight. • Pyranometer: A tool that measures total solar radiation. • Solar Cell Material: Mostly Silicon (Si). • Solar Angle: The angle between the sun’s rays and the ground. • Photovoltaic Effect: Light hitting a material to create electricity. • Surface Passivation: A process to stop energy loss on the cell's surface. • Solar Declination: The angle between the sun and the Earth’s equator. • Maximum Power Point (MPP): The exact spot where the cell produces the most power. Unit 2: Solar Cells & Modules • Encapsulation: Protecting the cell from dust and rain for durability. • Hotspot Effect: Overheating in a cell caused by shading or faults. • Solar Cell: A device that turns sunlight directly into electricity. • PV Module: A group of solar cells working together. • Design Factors: Material, cost, and weather conditions. • Types of Cells: Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, and Thin-film. • Efficiency: How well a cell turns sunlight into usable power. • Temperature Coefficient: How much power is lost as the cell gets hotter. • Junction Function: An internal field that pushes charges to create current. • Monocrystalline vs. Polycrystalline: Mono is high efficiency (single crystal); Poly is lower cost (many crystals). Unit 3: Arrays & Structures.
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• Flat Plate Array: Solar modules fixed on a flat surface. • Support Structure: The frame that holds and angles the panels. • Cabling Needs: Correct size and safe connections to prevent power loss. • Measurement System: A tool to check how much power the system is making. • Interconnection Importance: Connects panels to increase voltage and current. • System Degradation: Wear and tear from weather and aging. Unit 4: System Design • PV System: The whole setup (panels, battery, inverter) that creates power. • System Sizing: Figuring out how many panels/batteries you need for a home. • Battery Sizing: Deciding battery size based on energy needs at night. • Balance of System (BOS): All parts of the system except the solar panels. • Inverter: Changes DC power (from panels) to AC power (for home appliances). • Charge Controller: Prevents batteries from overcharging or draining too much. • Off-grid vs. Grid-connected: Off-grid uses batteries; Grid-connected is linked to the power company. Unit 5: MPPT & Control • MPPT: A technique to squeeze the most power out of a panel. • Perturb & Observe (P&O): A method that "nudges" voltage to find the best power spot. • Incremental Conductance: A smarter way to track power during fast weather changes. • Hill Climbing: Adjusting settings step-by-step to reach the peak power point. • Grid-interactive: A system that can share power back and forth with the utility grid. Would you like me to generate a PDF file of these simplified answers for you?.