THEORIES OF LEARNING

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GROUP MEMBERS: NAWAAL RAJ OMME FARWA KHAN TAHIRA NAEEM RABAB FATIMA MEHAK QAMAR.

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DEFINING learning?. Learning can be defined as the process leading to relatively permanent behavorial change or potential behavior change In other words, as we learn, we alter the way we perceive our environment, the way we interpret the incoming stimuli, and therefore the way we interact, or behave..

THEORY BY IVAN PAVLOV “CLASSICAL CONDITIONING” NG ”.

DEFINITION:. Classical conditioning is a type of conditioning in which the stimulus acquire the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulis ..

CLASSICICAL CONDITIONING IN ADVERTISEMENT …. The art of advertising can be considered as a classic case of classical conditioning. Companies make commercial advertisements to attract consumers. To make their products more lucrative, most of the companies.

OPERANT CONDITIONING.

DEFINITION. Operant Conditioning is a type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

There are 4 techniques of Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Extinction Punishment.

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT. Positive reinforcement involves the addition of a reinforcing stimulis following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future. When a favorable outcome, event, or reward occurs after an action, that particular response or behavior will be strengthened.

EXAMPLE…. Here, the BOSS is very much satisfied with employees performance and give her employee of the month award as a reward. The reward motivates the employee to give more better and consistent performance.

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT. Negative Reinforcement is a method that can be used to help teach specific behaviors. With negative reinforcement, something uncomfortable or otherwise unpleasant is taken away in response to stimulis . Over time, the target behavior should increase with the expectation that the unpleasant thing will be taken away..

EXAMPLE…. The supervisor reduced the work hours to encourage greater productivity of employees.

EXTINCTION. In the operant conditioning paradigm , extinction refers to the process of no longer providing the reinforcement that has been maintaining a behavior. Operant extinction differs forgetting in that the latter refers to a decrease in the strength of a behavior over time when it has not been emitted..

EXAMPLE…. The girl normally struggles to come to class, This day she managed to come to come. The teacher is surprised but she decides to maintain this behavior. On the next day, the teacher offers her treat. The girl increases her voluntary behavior of coming to class. On the next day, the teacher decides to remove the reinforcer. The girl keeps coming to the class expecting the teacher will offer her treat. And gradually decreasing everyday the voluntary behavior has finally stopped becoming extent..

punishment. Decreasing a behavior by administering an aversive stimulis following a bahavior OR by removing positive stimulis.

One of the student is using her phone that is against the rules of the class. The teacher punishes the student to write 100 times ‘I’ll not text in class’.

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