Scene 1

Should Eyewitness Testimonies be Permissible as Sole Evidence in Court?’

A picture containing text

Description automatically generated

Scene 2

What  are  eyewitness  testimony's?  (EWT) Reliability of EWT Examples Convictions  due to  unreliable  EWT Examples Convictions  due to  reliable  EWT Examples  Statistics of mistaken EWT Conclusion  How often are people wrongly convicted from EWT

Scene 3

Stress  (can affect accuracy when describing event) Rashomon Effect  (individuals witness the same event but interpret it differently. Example; Sweedish police shooting)

Scene 4

A picture containing text, newspaper, people

Description automatically generated

Examples: Sawyer brothers  Convicted of kidnapping  Exonerated 2yrs later Kirk Bloodsworth  Convicted of murder and rape  Exonerated 30yrs later

A picture containing person, person

Description automatically generated

Scene 5

Chart, bar chart

Description automatically generated

How often are people wrongly convicted from EWT?

Scene 6

A picture containing wall, person, indoor, person

Description automatically generated

A picture containing text, person, people, crowd

Description automatically generated

Carol DaRonch & Ted Bundy Richard Remirez, aka 'Night Stalker'

Scene 7

EWT are not accurate and reliable enough to use in court as  sole  evidence  Highly useful combined with other types of evidence

Scene 8

Chen, E. (1989, March 9).  Surviving Victim Describes Attack by Night Stalker.  Los Angeles Times.  https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-03-09-me-1432-story.html Dahl, M., Granér, S., Fransson, P., Bertilsson, J., & Fredriksson, P. (2018). Analysis of eyewitness testimony in a police shooting with fatal outcome - manifestations of spatial and temporal distortions.  Cogent Psychology, 5 (1), 1487271.  https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1487271   Exonerations by Contributing Factor. (2021, August 16).  The National Registry of Exonerations .  https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/ExonerationsContribFactorsByCrime.aspx Forcen , F., Rosenbaum, K. B., & Friedman, S. H. (2020). Showtime’s the affair: The  rashomon  effect, eyewitness testimony, and lack of reliability in homicide.  Australasian Psychiatry : Bulletin of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 28 (4), 431-432.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856220901468   Hoffman, J. L. (1998). Penalty Cases: The Capital Jury Project.  The Death Penalty in America , 333.

Scene 9

Kassin, S. M., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H. M., & Memon, A. (2001). On the “general acceptance” of eyewitness testimony research: A new survey of the experts.  American Psychologist ,  56 (5), 405–416.  https://doi-org.ezproxy.canterbury.ac.nz/10.1037/0003-066X.56.5.405    Learish , J. (2021, May 21).  Richard Ramirez: The story, the evidence, the Night Stalker .  https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/richard-ramirez-night-stalker-murders/46/   Loftus, E. F. (1996).  Eyewitness testimony . Harvard University Press. Loftus, E. F. (2019). Eyewitness testimony.  Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33 (4), 498-503.  https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3542   Magnussen, S., Melinder, A.,  Stridbeck , U., & Raja, A. Q. (2010). Beliefs about factors affecting the reliability of eyewitness testimony: A comparison of judges, jurors and the general public.  Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition ,  24 (1), 122-133.  https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1550 McLeod, S. A. (2018, December 14).  Eyewitness testimony . Simply Psychology.  https://www.simplypsychology.org/eyewitness-testimony.html

Scene 10

Ramsland, K. (2013). The many sides of Ted Bundy.  Forensic Examiner ,  22 (3), 18.  http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.canterbury.ac.nz/scholarly-journals/many-sides-ted-bundy/docview/1439533531/se-2?accountid=14499   Ted Bundy botches an abduction attempt. (1974, November 8).  This day in History .  https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ted-bundy-botches-an-abduction-attempt Wells, G. L., & Olson, E. A. (2003). Eyewitness testimony.  Annual Review of Psychology, 54 (1), 277-295.  https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145028   Westervelt, S. D., & Cook, K. J. (2008). Coping with innocence after death row.  Contexts ,  7 (4), 32-37.