PROMOTION PROGRAM FOR DECK OPERATIONAL (THIRD OFFICER)

I.BASIC KNOWLEDGE LEADERSHIP – A process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. Leaders carry on this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills. However, it may be concluded that leadership comprises a number of elements, an important one being the need to define and discuss leadership in the context of followership. Leadership is practiced daily by the Masters, Chief Engineers, Deck & Engine Officers, Petty Officers as well as among Ratings onboard ships. Video Clip: How to be a Great Leader.

THE TEN POPULAR STYLES OF LEADERSHIP 1. AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP – is controlling and telling workers and/or followers what and how to do things. If it is used over time, it causes lack of trust and respect and prevents workers from thinking creatively and taking risks, and creates conditions of fear through critical feedback. This style generally neither motivates workers positively nor increase loyalty. On the other hand, Autocratic leaders provide clear expectations for what needs to be done and clear division between their followers. This could be best applied to the situation where there is little time for decision making with team, or leader is the most knowledgeable person in the group. 2. BUREAUCRATIC LEADERSHIP – Bureaucratic leaders work by following closely rules and procedures. This style is suitable for working in high risk environments, such as working with machinery, handling dangerous cargoes or working at dangerous heights. On the other hand, the disadvantage of this style is that it is ineffective on teams or organizations that rely on flexibility, creativity or innovation..

3. CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP – A charismatic leader inspires enthusiasm and generates energy to lead others forward. In general, people tend to willingly follow this kind of leader. However, there is the risk that this style of leadership breeds inappropriate self-confidence and self-centeredness because followers believed that achieved success is highly attributable to the leader. A charismatic leader bears heavy responsibility, and there is a tendency for followers to leave things to the leader. 4. DEMOCRATIC OR PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP – This type of leader invites members to participate in decision-making, even though they take responsibility for the final decision. Members can feel involved and respected and individual development is encouraged. Indeed, it takes time to reach decision. However, it is likely to result in a satisfactory outcome. The disadvantage of this style is that this type of leader can appear indecisive or unwilling to make a decision and decision-making is time consuming..

5. LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEADERSHIP – The laissez-faire takes a back seat. They let their followers make their own decisions and give them freedom to work in the way they deem best. This can be applicable when leading experts and to facilitate creativity. However, it can lead to a lack of direction, a lack of urgency and follower frustration when overused. 6. TASK-ORIENTED LEADERSHIP – A task-oriented leader focuses on task at hand, and all procedures necessary to achieve the task. This style of leader is less concerned about catering to employees and more concerned with finding progressive technical/operational solutions to achieve goals. A disadvantage associate with this style is that there is a possibility for workers to have their motivation decreased if they feel powerless to control any aspect of their jobs..

7. PEOPLE-ORIENTED OR RELATION-ORIENTED LEADERSHIP – A leader with this style understands the importance of tasks, but also uses a tremendous time and focus on meeting the needs of employees involved in these tasks. This may include offering incentives, such as bonuses, providing mediation to deal with conflicts, spending individual time with employees to learn their strength and weaknesses, or just leading in an encouraging manner. A possible disadvantage is that if employees receive too much responsibility without management guidance, the decision making can be overwhelming. 8. TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP – motivates followers by appealing to their self-interest and exchanging benefits. The transaction is that work will be done in return of payment and other rewards. The leader has a right to penalize followers who do not meet the particular standard. Transactional leaders can seem impersonal. The leader may see employees as completely replaceable, because the leader only focuses on the completion of tasks. Transactional leaders don’t see employees as individuals with personal needs. As a result, moods, emotions and fatigue may become irrelevant to managerial decision making about productivity..

9. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP – The transformational leader can effectively inspire the followers with shared vision of the future and encourage enthusiasm for situations to be changed. The transformational leader appeals to the moral values of followers by attempting to raise their consciousness about ethical issues. However, this leadership style may lead to relying too much on emotion and passion and overlook truth and reality. 10. SERVANT LEADERSHIP – A leader with this style is often not formally recognized as the leader. When someone leads simply by meeting the needs of the team, he /she is described as a servant leader. There are a number of disadvantages of servant leadership. One distinct disadvantage is the use of time. It takes time to implement this philosophy. Typically an entire organization has to undergo a paradigm shifts towards servant leadership. It starts at the top of organization, but change has to be made all throughout the organization..

DIVERSITY IN LEADERSHIP STYLES Leadership styles differ from person to person. Since no two person are exactly alike, no two people also lead the same way. It is therefore necessary to formalize and professionalize the practice of shipboard leadership in order for us to cope with the present and future challenges of crew management and shipboard operations. It is also necessary to emphasize that good leadership practices promote safety of lives, protection of the environment and efficient ship operations..

A person’s leadership style is normally a reflection of his: Experience Training and Education Personality Philosophy Character Attitude influenced by the company’s management and operating procedures The nature of the vessel’s trade and other factors Due to the increasing demand for operational competence and excellence, and the constant necessity for critical decision making aboard ships, there is a need to enhance and develop the leadership skills of shipboard personnel to meet such demands..

FACTORS IN UNDERSTANDING LEADERSHIP Leadership depends on many factors. Understanding these factors that significantly affect the success or failure of leadership is vital for leaders to become effective and efficient. LEADERSHIP ATTRIBUTES OR QUALITIES In order to determine our leadership abilities, an objective method to follow is to assess ourselves and our past performances based on a number of leadership attributes or qualities. A survey of successful leaders on the qualities which are most valuable at top levels of management indicated the following attributes:.

Ability to take decisions – ability to make sound and accurate decisions Ability to lead – ability to influence others in achieving a common goal Integrity – uprightness of character and honesty Enthusiasm – high level of interest on the activity and people Creativity – capacity to conceptualize ideas Confidence – courage and assurance in one’s self and actions Self discipline – self control in the exercise of authority and privileges Willingness to work hard – readiness to do hard work when needed 9. Analytical ability – ability to think logically and analyze systematically 10. Understanding of others – patience, proactiveness and empathy 11. Ability to communicate effectively – presentation, speech and writing ability 12. Ability to deal with conflicts/problems – Ability to solve problems 13. Ability to adapt quickly to change – adaptability and flexibility to change 14. Willingness to take responsibility – accountability for own actions/decisions 15. Willingness to take risks – ability and confidence to calculate and take risks.

LEADERSHIP ABILITIES Technical Abilities – are the specialized knowledge and abilities that can be applied to specific tasks aboard ship. This involves knowledge and ability in the proper use and operation of work-related machineries, equipment and shipboard systems. Examples: Operational knowledge of the Radar, ARPA, GMDSS, AIS, Computers, Cranes, Stability and Cargo Works, etc. *Makes people comfortable with your presence during operation of machineries and equipment. Human Relation Abilities – are the abilities needed to resolve conflict, motivate, lead, and communicate effectively with fellow officers and crew members. Examples: *Motivates people to work diligently *Inspires people to get the job on time.

Conceptual Abilities – are the abilities needed to come up with effective plans, good decisions, and creative solutions to arising shipboard problems and circumstances. Example: *Think of creative ways of doing the job *Demonstrates a good ability to make sound decisions with limited information Flexibility Abilities – are the abilities required to cope with the ever-changing situations, schedules, climate, environment and people in the operations of a ship doing international voyages with multi-cultural crew. Example: *Ability to adopt easily with multi-cultural crew and changing situations *Applies good principles/values and demonstrates a sound character.

LEADERSHIP VALUES Leaders have human values which affect their leadership styles. Values are the basic convictions about what is right and wrong and so it defines a person’s actions and decisions in life. Every person has needs, ambitions, preferences, expectations and desires, thus a person’s decision-making is shaped by these factors. Human values are developed through the years of interaction with others, from education and from various experiences in life, thus different people have different values and behaviors..

Factors influencing the development of Personal Religion Technolo Values Family Personal Values Media Friends Education.

CATEGORIES OF PERSONAL VALUES Leadership responsibilities come hand in hand with human values possessed by a person. A leader who possesses high values shall at the same time assume high responsibilities. As the saying goes “With great power comes great responsibility”..

MORAL VALUES – This defines the character of a person, his principles, ethical standards, sense of righteousness, beliefs about what is right or wrong. INTELLECTUAL VALUES – This speaks of one’s intellectual ability and desire for knowledge and information. PROFESSIONAL VALUES – This concerns a person’s work ethics and attitudes in the performance of his professional tasks and goals, and attainment of career advancement. It also reflects how he deals with his superiors, colleagues and subordinates at work. SOCIAL VALUES – This pertains to a person’s interest in people and relationships, especially the morale and welfare of the people he is dealing with. RELIGIOUS VALUES – This reflects a person’s religious belief and practices, particularly the belief in a supreme being, and now such beliefs affects his life in general..

ECONOMIC VALUES – This refers to one’s concern for wealth and financial gain, ability in management of material and financial resources, accounting skills, and other related matters. CULTURAL VALUES – This concerns a person’s cultural beliefs and practices, including superstitious belief and traditional practices gained from society. FAMILY VALUES – This pertains to a person’s values developed in his family upbringing. It reflects how one deals with his family and how he relates with his parents, wife, children and relatives. HEALTH VALUES – This pertains to one’s concern of his physical as well as mental health and his habits related to matters affecting his own health. POLITICAL VALUES – This reflects one’s orientation towards political power and influence, and perceptions regarding politics and government..

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GUIDANCE TO SUBORDINATES SUBORDINATE – A person under the authority or control of another within an organization. Someone who works for someone else. Placed in or occupying a lower class, rank or position; inferior, a subordinate officer..

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The Leader – can best be described by his leadership qualities, character and values and reflects the success of leadership in a given situation. The Followers – are the people whom Leadership is applied to. Since Leadership is the ability to influence the followers, leaders must understand that each follower has his own qualities, character, needs and values to deal with. Followership involves: Willingness to submit to superior authority Ability to understand and follow the leader and his instructions Willingness to work and cooperate with a team.

The Situation – can be classified as either normal (routine), operational (operation, equipment and function), behavioral (people and attitude) or critical (emergency). In situational leadership, the type of leadership to be applied depends on the situation on hand. Normal situation – planning daily tasks, safety meeting, safety drills, navigation at sea, watchkeeping, etc. Operational Situation – mooring operation, loading/discharging, engine maintenance, bunkering, etc. Behavioral situation – fatigue and stress, crew conflict, drunkenness, psychological imbalance, etc. Critical situation – engine breakdown, power failure, collision, explosion, etc..

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EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE TEAMWORK Open communication to avoid conflicts. Effective coordination to avoid confusion and the overstepping of boundaries. Efficient cooperation to perform the tasks in a timely manner and produce the required results, especially in the form of workload sharing. High levels of interdependence to maintain high levels of trust, risk-taking and performance. NEEDS AND MOTIVATION FACTORS Needs are the personal requirements that must be satisfied in individuals or followers in order for them to respond or submit to leadership..

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Is a model for understanding the motivations for human behavior. It maps different motivations onto a pyramid, with each level representing a different human need..

THE ATTITUDE FACTOR Attitudes are usually defined as a disposition or tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain thing (idea, object, person, situation). “OUR ATTITUDES DETERMINE ON HOW WE REACT.” The 90/10 Principle was popularized by Stephen Covey, the amazing author of The Seven habits of Highly Effective People. It states that 10% of life is made up of what happens to you and 90% of life is decided by how you react. We truly have no control over the 10% of what happens to us. Video Clip: This Simple 90/10 Principle Affects Your Whole Life.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS The purpose of communication is to get your message across to others clearly and unambiguously. Doing this involves effort from the sender of the message and the receiver. Effective communication involves the ability to transmit and receive information with a high probability that the intended message is passed from sender to receiver. It is however a process that can be accompanied with error, with messages often misinterpreted by the recipient. When this isn’t detected, it can cause tremendous confusion, wasted effort and missed opportunity. WHY DO WE NEED TO DISCUSS ACTIVE LISTENING? Active Listening enables us to connect effectively with other people, maximize positive responses and minimize negative ones..

WHAT IS ACTIVE LISTENING? It is the manner of listening attentively to another person and responding appropriately to his message, questions or directions. Active listening is much more than simply hearing. It involves a number of skills that can be developed and applied in your relationships onboard and at home. HOW TO LISTEN ACTIVELY?.

Maintain eye contact – use an appropriate level of eye contact, not a challenging stare..

Have relaxed, open body language – Communicate interest by facing the speaker, keeping an open stance, and listening attentively..

Avoid distractions – Do not get distracted by your own ideas or by events going on in your surroundings..

Respond Actively – The real work of listening is manifested in the manner you respond verbally to the speaker..

Good listening – involves a combination of various types of responses to the speaker’s message..

Why is it difficult to give critical feedback? One of the reasons why seafarers have problems giving feedback is that they quite don’t know what to say or how to say it. What is a corrective feedback? Corrective feedback is also known as “treatment of error” wherein you change or improve an unsatisfying or unacceptable action by informing the learner of the fact of error without offending him. What is a feedback Model? It helps you communicate performance feedback in an organized way. Though which, you will be able to determine whether or not your feedback is concise, direct and formulated to generate the best possible impact..

How to give feedback? You can give feedback in accordance with the two different models as follows:.

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CONFLICT MANAGEMENT Why should we learn about Conflict Management? Is crucial in handling conflicts at work, such as disagreements, in a fair, sensible and efficient manner. If not managed properly, disagreements which is usually related to personal interest or values, can lead to irritation, sorrow, anger, violence or insubordination, if not managed properly. What is Conflict? Is a clash; a state of disharmony between two persons or groups due to incompatibility of ideas, interests, etc. Conflict Perception Conflicts are not a problem – the problem is our perception of the conflict. Because we hate conflict, we want it to just fade away..

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONFLICTS Technical Conflicts – refers to concrete targets, means, methods, structures, etc. Interests Conflicts – refers to limited resources such as money, work, space, materials and time. Values Conflicts – refers to personal and cultural values. Personal Conflicts – refers to identity, self esteem, loyalty, breaking one’s trust and rejection..

The Conflict Step Model It shows how conflict escalates as shown in the following 1. Disagreement 2. Personalizing 3. Problem grows 4. Dialogue disappears 5. Hostility takes place 6. Open war 7. Po/arizing How to handle conflicts? • Conflict Management Thinking dealing with problem without going against another person • conflict Language 1. The "YOU'& 'anguage makes another person feel that he is being judged or blamed on something he did. The YOU language is basically aggressive and non-constructive. and should thus be avoided. the.

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What defines a Team Leader? A Team Leader must be a working member Ot the team who contributes significant outputs. makes convnstrnents. and is ava/8ab& withjn reach to his members- o Types Of leader roles and conducts • Task leader • Liaison provider • Front figure • Work Leader Negotiator • Informer • Captain • Coord•nator • Conflict rt•vanager.

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LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES Know yourself and seek improvement Be a competent leader Know your people and look out for their welfare Keep your people informed Set the example Ensure tasks are understood, supervised and accomplished Train your subordinates to work as a team Make sound and timely decisions Develop a sense of responsibility among your subordinates Take responsibility for your actions and actions of your subordinates.