RURAL - URBAN MIGRATION

RURAL - URBAN MIGRATION.

INTRODUCTION. The movement of people from rural to urban areas caused by many factors like high demands of labour in urban areas, low job opportunities in rural areas, unbalanced pattern of development between urban and rural areas. Urbanisation often arises through rural to urban migration. Rural means the countryside and the urban means the city as people migrate from the countryside to the city. An increasing proportion of the inhabitants of a country live in a city.

STATES WITH THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF MIGRANTS 2011. Maharashtra 5.73 cr sce Tarnil Nadu 3.13 cr Uttar Pradesh 5.91 cr V'Vest Bengal 3.33 cr Andhra Pradesh 3.32 cr.

HOW MIGRATION AFFECTS THE ENVIRONMENT. Migration fulfils the demand of labour and skills in economic activities but on the other hand it also degrades the quality of natural environment. The results show an increasing trend of migrants during the last decade (2001-2011). The students and employment aspirants are predominant among migrants, thus the pressure on infrastructural facilities such as education and economic sectors is increasing day by day and it affects the quality of natural environment. Rapid growth of population due to in-migration has created lots of environmental problems regarding aircontamination (air pollution), ground water scarcity, heap of solid waste etc..

RURAL AND URBAN POLLUTION. HOW IT HAPPENS AND WHY IT HAPPENS.

RURAL AREAS: POLLUTION. We often think that the rural areas are not polluted but pollution in rural areas is just as large concern as of urban areas. As we see the pollution in rural areas is affected by unique sources and theconsequences of not controlling them can be very severe. In rural areas the major source of pollution is excess use ofchemicals in agriculture. Firstly, those chemicals causes soil pollution and then they penetrate through the soil and causes groundwater pollution. Air is polluted in rural areas by burning of solid fuels for preparation of food.All these things leads to pollution in rural areas..

URBAN AREAS: POLLUTION. Generally in urban area the pollution level is high due the increasing urbanization, higher use of automobiles, no proper system for garbage disposal, no proper sewage treatment, etc. Increase in population is also the major cause of pollution in urban areas because more population leads to more demand of products due to which industrialization increases which leads to no proper treatment of chemical waste. Automobiles and electrical appliances which produces harmful gases plays major role in polluting urban areas..

DIFFERENT KINDS OF POLLUTION CAUSED BY DIFFERENT AGENTS IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS.

LAND POLLUTION. Urban Areas INDUSTRIAL WASTE: it causes soilpollution by the chemical of industry.Urban waste: The garbage is dumped inany free space. Sewer sludge: The sewage is not treated before their disposal. Nuclear sources: Radioactive elements produces radiation which emits gamma rays which contribute in soil pollution..

RURAL POLLUTION Pesticides: Pesticides mixes in the soil and pollutes the ground water Animal waste: Impropermanagement of livestock waste can cause surface and ground waterpollutions. Disposal of clay idols: clay idols made of harmful chemicals are disposed in water causes damage to marine life.

RURAL AREAS Dependency on solid fuels: The burning of solid fuels releases carbon monoxide. Slash and burn farming: Burning andclearing trees for farming causespollution. Use of chemical agent: chemicalagents combines with oxides ofnitrogen which forms ozone gas and that leads pollution..

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION BY URBANIZATION.

IMPACT OF URBANIZATION OVER ENVIRONMENT. Probably most of the major environmental problems of the next century will result from the continuation and sharpening of existing problems that currently do not receive enough political attention. The problems are not necessarily noticed in many countries or then nothing is done even the situation has been detected. The most emerging issues are climate changes, freshwater scarcity, deforestation, and fresh water pollution and population growth. These problems are very complex and their interactions are hard to define. It is very important to examine problems trough the social-economic-cultural system. Even the interconnections between environmental problems are now better known, we still lack exact information on how the issues are linked, on what degree they interact and what are the most effective measures. One problem is to integrate land- and water use planning to provide food and water security (UNEP 1999)..

FLOWCHART. Birth rate popu at ion v e 10 Cc:» I apse b rid harm_ks up re a strict p ive air.

Impacts of migration I .social-poor housing condition and much higher crime rates 2. Economic -low wages or unemployment environmental. 3.Polluted drinking water and lack of sanitation.

Data 0/0 I .About 450 million of I .2 billion Indians migrated within the country. 2.According to recently released census 2011 data of this 78 million or 15.6%of all domestic migrants, moved from rural to urban areas. 3.0ut of about 98 million, total intra-state and inter state migrants in the Country during last decade 61 million have moved to rural areas and 36 Million to urban areas 5 Fsn• Utm.

Migrants by plxe birot Data% • Out of thel.02 in the country, 307 melllon m) were reported as migrants by place of birth Thts Inda (excludrq J&K) is slot•tty than what was r«xyted in 191 (27.4%). • Th«e has a in the n.rtry me rrugrmts Whereas in ISI there were 144 rrumn mgrants by plæe 2W1 Wyartts by TC*d Frem cm.as t.Q86 4 2161 181.7 423 c.ms.n us 2298 69 • As per 2Ø1 Census. Maharashtra received largest nurnb« of migrants (7.9.

Data% Delhi (5.6 million) and West Bengal (5.5 million). In 1991 Ca•tsus, tte corresponding nurnber of migrants to Maharashtra was 4.3 millim, Delhi 3.7 million and West Bengal 5.1 mdlim, indicating a sharp rise in rngratj.cn over the decade. During the last decade the rumber migrants n Inda (exciudng J&K) rose by 29%, high in to India's ppulation, which recor±d a growth of 21.5% during this decade. Reasons (d•ruvg last • by bst (0-9 yrs) Beason': WoOJEmployment Business Education Moved after birth Moved with household 14.4 mUiion (14.7%) 1.1 million (1.2%) 2.9 million (3.0%) 43.1 million (43.8%) 6.5 million (6.7%) 20.6 million (21.0%) 9.5 million (9.7%).

DataO/o Migratim streMts the laM &cade) • • • • • • streans (im n" nn. rural to j.gbm nn urb&" to i.n•ban atez) assoaaed me Oegee emrur•c preswe on lmd. wot@. a vy" irri•xirtg case mrtrbute to to a rurd i.gbm yea R" to rural migt*im within the co•mtry R" to utbm miVMion to Urbm to urban migration 53.3 miUion 20S 6.2 mBUon 14.3 million may be to note in cag migrants majority tt. migr*ion is trom rural yea to another. due to marriage in case of females md in search of work in case of males. For migrmts, ho—vet, the is towards urban reas..

Case study. STORY OF RAMESH.

Ramesh has been working in the contract as a welder on construction sit in talcher (coal region of Odisha)..

He moved with the contractor to various places like Surat,Mumbai,Gandhi nagar,Bharuch,Jamnagar and so on ..

He remits Rs 20,000 per year to his father in his native village. The remittances have been mainly used for daily consumption, healthcare, schooling of children, etc ..

Part of money is also used in agriculture,purchasing of land and building of houses,etc.The standard living of Ramesh family improves significantly..

15 YEARS AGO. LONG LONG' TIME.

Fifteen years ago, the situation was not the same. The family was passing through very tough times. Three of his brothers and their families had to survive on three acres of land. The family was highly in debt. Ramesh had to discontinue his studies after ninth standard. He was further hard pressed when he got married..

Simultaneously, he was also impressed by some successful out-migrants of his village who had been working in Ludhiana and supporting their families in village by sending money and some consumer goods. Thus, due to abject poverty in the family and perceived job promises at Ludhiana, he made a move to Punjab with his friend. He worked there in a wooden factory for six months at the rate of only Rs . 20 per day in 1988..

Apart from the crisis of managing his personal expenditure from this meagre income, he was also facing difficulty in assimilation to the new culture and environment. Then he decided to change his place of work from Ludhiana to Surat under the guidance of his friend..

He learnt the skills of welding in Surat and after that he has been moving to different places with the same contractor. Though the economic condition of Ramesh‘s family at village improved, he is bearing the pain of separation of his near and dear ones. He cannot shift them with him, as the job is temporary and transferable..

Urbanisation-A pessimistic vision (smigrationastepforhealthh'.+ environment? Indiamllalways strenghenanyeflcrtfllt• sustainable •Migrationisaladomenforou countlforpuformefor Lathandevetylivingcr ilsmyationgoingtoeffectany achievement oals??.

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Consequences of Unbalanced Urbanization. The Consequences of Unbalanced Urbanization the consequences are more severe and it lead to The process of urbanization is preceding a pace without commensurate growth in industrialization and the rise in the level of overall economic development. Unplanned urban growth, for instance causes growth of slums and squatter settlements, varying affects on environmental degradation and increased burden on existing infrastructure. The general problems which are the by product of certain kind of urbanization characteristic of low income countries are: 1. Shortage of houses 2. Critical inadequacies in public utilities viz, power, water, health facilities, sanitation etc 3. Deteriorating urban environment, urban unemployment, congestion etc 4. Acute poverty 5. Slums proliferation..

not natural environment. It is artificial ellirollmellt Ilifidunugtamsfromhkstanare livingirthendional(ipitalin *andunhealty density of population and conditions' rapid industrialization have polluted the urban to a great The problem of environ Ill en lal poll Illi011 Ill s become a serious threat to the urban environment, The II II II y gien ic con d i I i o II s ill which lilljority of the urban pcoplc arc living because of the high cost of installing pollution coil I rol devices are expected to bring the paradoxical trap of poverty and polluti011 ill the long Cilli The Indian Express Migrants from Pak living in unhygienic condition in Delhi: P I Hi.

Urbamzation is the most populous city ill India, and the eighth most populous cityil refers to the population shift the world, with d from rural to the totalmetropolitall area population of corresponding decrease ill the approximately 18,5 millon, proportion of people living in rural areas, It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people beginlivingålldworkingin central areas,.