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MEMBERS:PREVISHA            :TVISHA                     :PRISHANTHINI

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Earthquake occurs in areas, with frequent volcanic activities. When boiling lava tries to break through the surface of the earth, with the increased pressure of gases, certain movements caused in the earth’s crust. Movement of lava beneath the surface of the earth can also cause certain disruptions. This sends shockwaves through the earth, causing damage. These earthquakes are mild. Their range is also limited. However, there have been certain exceptions, with volcanic earthquakes bring havoc and death to thousands of people

The surface of the earth consists of some plates, comprising of the upper mantle. These plates are always moving, thus affecting the earth’s crust. These movements categorized into three types: constructive, destructive, and conservative. Constructive is when two plates move away from each other, they correspond to mild  earthquakes . When two plates move towards each other and collide, this is known as destructive plate boundaries.  This is very destructive.  Conservative corresponds to passing by of plates of crust. Earthquakes of this type have varying intensities.

A geological fault is known as the displacement of plates of their original plane. The plane can be horizontal or vertical. These planes are not formed suddenly but slowly develop over a long period. The movement of rocks along these planes brings about tectonic earthquakes. These faults occur due to the impact of geological forces. The displacement of plates creates the fracturing of rocks, which releases a lot of energy. This type of earthquake can be disastrous.

The interference of man with nature can also become a cause of the earthquake. The disturbance of crustal balance due to heavy clubbing of water in dams can cause earthquakes.  Nuclear bombing  can send specific types of shockwaves throughout the surface of the earth, which can disturb the natural alignment of tectonic plates. Mining can also cause disturbance due to the extensive removal of rocks from different areas.

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Shaking of the ground caused by the passage of  seismic waves , especially surface waves near the  epicentre  of the earthquake are responsible for the most damage during an earthquake When an earthquake event occurs, ground rupture is only where the  fault zone  moves. Those constructions built adjacent to the fault will survive while structures built across these zones will collapse. Ground shaking Faulting and Ground Rupture Landslides and ground   Damage to man-made structures Fires

.Avalanches, landslides, slumps and rock slides are triggered by ground shaking. These landslides are often more destructive than the earthquakes. A residential area in Alaska (Turnagain Heights) was destroyed by a shock induced landslide as well as are  i n downtown Anchorage.

Damage to man-made structures, such as roads, bridges, dams and buildings from ground motion depends on the type of construction: concrete and masonry structures are brittle and thus more susceptible to damage and collapse; damage to wood and steel structures is far less because of its flexibility.

Fires, often associated with broken electrical and gas lines, is one of the common side effects of earthquakes. Gas is set free as gas lines are broken and a spark will start bringing "inferno". To complicate things water lines are broken and so there is no water to extinguish the fire. The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 caused 90% of damage by fire.

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HOW TO PREVENT EARTHQUAKE? We cannot prevent natural earthquakes from occurring but we can significantly mitigate their effects by  identifying hazards , building safer structures, and providing education on earthquake safety.

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Geohazard Phenomena 9.4 

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 The surface of the earth consists of some plates, comprising of the upper mantle. These plates are always moving, thus affecting the earth’s crust. These movements categorized into three types: constructive, destructive, and conservative. Constructive is when two plates move away from each other, they correspond to mild  earthquakes . When two plates move towards each other and collide, this is known as destructive plate boundaries.  This is very destructive.  Conservative corresponds to passing by of plates of crust. Earthquakes of this type have varying intensities.

Geohazard Phenomena 9.4

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