Artist Of Physiology

By/Ibrahim amr Contact me on Phone and What’s app : 01097902962 Artist Of Physiology Practical.

[Audio] Artist Of Physiology By/ibrahim Amr Dwarfism and Infantilism Cause: Deficiency of growth hormone during childhood Manifestations of dwarfism: (1) Short stature: Rate of growth is greatly decreased. )proportionate rate of growth) (2) Metabolic rate is lowered. (3) There is no mental retardation Why? no effect of GH on development of nervous system (4) no manifestations of thyroid deficiency or adrenocortical deficiency. (5) In one third of patients, the deficiency is of growth hormone alone. These Individuals mature sexually manifestations of infantilism: plus Two thirds of cases have insufficient quantity of gonadotropic hormone to develop adult sexual function, so they suffer from hypogonadism 1.

[Audio] Artist Of Physiology By/ibrahim Amr Gigantism cause: increased growth hormone secretion before adolescence Manifestations: (1) increase rate of growth of all body tissues (skeleton and soft tissues) (2) increase growth of bones and height of child may reach 8-9 feet (giant) (3) Infantile gonads (hypogonadism) why? due to pressure of tumor on gonadotropic cells leading to decrease secretion of GnTH (4) The giant has hyperglycemia, and May develop DM (5) bitemporal heminopia. why? Due to pressure of tumor on optic chiasma 2.

[Audio] Artist Of Physiology By/ibrahim Amr Acromegaly cause: increased growth hormone secretion after adolescence manifestations: (1) The bone can grow in thickness but not in length, so the person cannot grow taller (disproportionate growth) (2) over growth of membranous bones as skull, nose, supraorbital ridges, lower jaw So, the jaw protrudes forward, the forehead slants forward and nose increases twice normal size. (3) the foot requires larger shoe, the hand becomes twice normal. (4) kyphosis (5) Overgrowth of soft tissue and viscera such as the lips, tongue, nose, scalp, liver, heart and kidneys. (6) The skin becomes coarse, thick and the body hair is increased in amount. (7) hyperglycemia (25% of patients develop D.M) (8) in advanced cases, there is deficiency of other hormones of anterior pituitary due to pressure atrophy. it may be associated with hyperprolactinemia causing increased milk secretion and amenorrhea 3.

[Audio] Artist Of Physiology By/ibrahim Amr 4. ARTIST OF PHYSIOLOGY BY/IBRAHIM AMR 4.

[Audio] Artist Of Physiology By/ibrahim Amr Hyperthyroidism Manifestations: (1) goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) (2) exophthalmos: (protrusion of the eyeballs): Why? due to (a) swelling of retro orbital tissues (b) degeneration in extraocular muscles (3) Increased metabolic rate 60-100% above normal. This causes: Increased heat production Intolerance to heat Increased sweating soft wet skin skin becomes red warm weight loss in spite of increased appetite (4) muscle weakness: why? Due to Increased protein catabolism (5) on cardiovascular system: increased cardiac output, tachycardia and palpitation (6) on GIT: diarrhea and increased appetite (7) on nervous system : inability to sleep, nervousness, irritability, anxiety and restlessness . fine tremors of the out stretched fingers. 5.

[Audio] ARTIST OF PHYSIOLOGY BY/IBRAHim AMR Myxedema Cause: decreased secretion of thyroid hormones in adults Manifestations: (1) decrease in metabolic rate: which leads to: weight gain dry cold skin decrease tolerance to cold (2) yellowish coloration of skin, Due to hypercarotenemia (3) anemia, due to bone marrow activity and absorption of vitamin B12 (4) arteriosclerosis: why? Due to increased blood lipid especially cholesterol (5) muscle weakness, brittle nails and coarse sparse hair. why? Due to decreased protein anabolism (6) on Cardiovascular system: all cardiac properties are decreased (7) on Respiration: hypoventilation (8) 0n G-I-T--: constipation and loss of appetite . (9) on Nervous system: slow thinking, poor memory, he looks apathic, and fatigue rapidly with extreme somnolence with sleeping 14-16 hours/day. (10) swelling throughout the body (myxedema) : Bagginess under the eyes . swelling of the face. voice: husky and slow . 6.

[Audio] ARTIST OF PHYSIOLOGY BY/IBRAHim AMR Cretinism cause: decreased secretion of thyroid hormones in childhood Manifestations: (1) Low metabolic rate: causing sluggish movement. (2) Retarded physical growth : delayed eruption of teeth, sitting, walking and delayed closure of the fontanels Skeletal growth is more inhibited than soft tissues growth. (disproportionate rate of growth) (a) obese and stocky, short child . (b) In face, eyelids are swollen, nose is depressed with wide nostrils, tongue is enlarged and protrudes between thick lips . (c) Bulging abdomen (3) Retarded mental growth : Mental retardation leads to speech defects and incontinence of urine and feces. 7.

[Audio] Artist Of Physiology By/ibrahim Amr Hyperparathyroidism Effects on Bone : bone is decalcified. Multiple fractures can result from slight trauma. Radiographs of bone show that bone may be eaten away and filled with multiple cysts (Osteitis fibrosa cystica) Effects of hypercalcemia : (1) Depression of central and peripheral nervous system (2) Muscular weakness . (3) Constipation, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite because of depressed contractility in GIT (4) Depressed relaxation of heart during diastole . (5) If the calcium level in plasma rises to very high level, calcium phosphate crystals may be deposited in many tissues (metastatic calcification) for example alveoli of the lung, thyroid gland, tubules of kidney (renal stones) and in walls of arteries, this effect can be fatal. 8.

[Audio] Artist Of Physiology By/ibrahim Amr Hypoparathyroidism Effects of hypocalcemia: when calcium plasma level falls below normal (8.5-10.5 mg/dl), nervous system becomes more excitable causing Tetany Causes of Tetany: (causes of decreased Ca level) (1) Hypoparathyroidism (2) Low calcium content in diet (3) Vitamin D deficiency (4) Renal failure (rarely) (5) Alkalosis Types and manifestations of Tetany : (1) Manifest Tetany (2) Latent Tetany It occurs if the plasma calcium level falls below 7 ملليغرام % it occurs if the plasma calcium level is about 7 ملليغرام% (7-9 ملليغرام %) . it does not occur spontaneously but it needs certain tests to provoke it: (1) Chvostek's sign: It occurs spontaneously during rest carpo pedal spasm generalized convulsions may occur. contraction of important muscles such as laryngeal muscles leading to laryngeal stridor and death (carpal spasm) (2) Trousseau's sign: 9.

[Audio] Artist Of Physiology By/ibrahim Amr Cushing syndrome cause: increased secretion of cortisol Manifestations: (1) Mobilization of fat from lower part of body, to thoracic and upper abdominal regions giving rise to "buffalo" torso and moon face. (2) acne and hirsutism (excess growth of facial hair) (3) 80% of patients have hypertension (4) Increased blood glucose concentration leads to (adrenal diabetes) resulting from increased gluconeogenesis. (5) loss of the muscle mass and severe weakness. (6) suppressed immune system so many of these patients die from infections . (7) osteoporosis (8) the protein poor thin skin of abdomen Becomes overstretched by excessive underlying fat deposits resulting in development of large purplish striae (9) poor wound healing (10) Mental changes as euphoria. 10.

[Audio] Artist Of Physiology By/ibrahim Amr Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome) (1) hypernatremia: causes hypertension (2) hypokalemia: leads to muscle weakness and paralysis (3) alkalosis: Adrenogenital Syndrome cause: increased secretion of androgens In children: rapid development of male sexual organs and premature onset of puberty. In females: she develops virile characteristics (virilism) including growth of a beard, a much deeper voice, masculine distribution of hair on the body and on the pubis,. Addison’s disease cause: decreased secretion of cortisol adrenogenital insufficiency could be: (1) primary adrenocortical insufficiency: (Addison disease) caused by autoimmune destruction of the cortex by antibodies in such case, both aldosterone and cortisol are deficient while A-C-T-H level is increased (2) secondary adrenogenital insufficiency: may occur due to a pituitary or hypothalamic abnormality resulting in insufficient A-C-T-H secretion. in this case, only cortisol is deficient as aldosterone does not depend on A-C-T-H stimulation 11.

[Audio] Artist Of Physiology By/ibrahim Amr Manifestations of Addison disease: Mineralocorticoid manifestations: (the most dangerous) (1) hyponatremia: causes hypotension (2) hyperkalemia: leads to cardiac arrythmia (3) acidosis: Glucocorticoid manifestations: (1) hypoglycemia: it impossible for the person with Addison's disease to maintain normal blood glucose concentration between meals (2) muscle weakness (3) Anemia. Why? – as cortisol increases R-B-C-S formation (4) The person with Addison's disease is highly susceptible to stress, and even a mild respiratory infection can sometimes cause death. (5) Melanin pigmentation of mucous membranes and skin, especially in lips and thin skin of nipples. As decreased cortisol level leads to increased secretion of A-C-T-H and MSH 12.

[Audio] Artist Of Physiology By/ibrahim Amr Diabetes Insipidus cause: deficiency of ADH manifestations: (1) Polyuria: Excretion of large amount of diluted urine. urine output is usually 4 to 6 liters per day (2) Polydepsia: The rapid loss of fluid in urine creates a constant thirst. Diabetes Mellitus It is defined as disruption of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from hyposecretion or non action of insulin its classic signs and symptoms are ‘the three poly’ (1) polyuria: Why? due to osmotic effect of glucose in the renal tubules as glucose is lost in urine when blood glucose level rises over 180 ملليغرام/dL (2) polydipsia: Why? As a result of dehydration caused by polyuria (3) polyphagia: Why? as satiety center needs insulin for uptake of glucose three clinical signs revealed from blood and urine tests: (1) hyperglycemia (2) glycosuria (3) ketonuria, Why? Due to increased lipolysis in absence of insulin DM is usually associated with vascular and nervous complications. 13.