[Audio] Good morning everyone, ladies and gentlemen
I would like to present my research, this is part of my dissertation on chemical and biological traits of co-composted palm oil mill waste for bio-organic fertilizer to support global food security.
I am Jajang Supriatna, with my co-authors, Professor Mieke Rochimi Setiawati, Dr. Rija Sudirja, Dr. Cucu Suherman, and Xavier Bonneau PhD.
First, I'll go through the Introduction, The objectives of research, Methods and trial design, Result and discussion, and finally I'll outline the conclusion.. 

Scene 1

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF CO-COMPOSTED PALM OIL MILL WASTE FOR BIO-ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Jajang SUPRIATNA1*, Mieke Rochimi SETIAWATI2 , Rija SUDIRJA2, Cucu SUHERMAN3, and Xavier BONNEAU4  1 Doctoral Program of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Bandung 45363, Indonesia 2 Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Bandung 45363, Indonesia 3 Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Bandung 45363, Indonesia 4 Perennial Crops  Department, AbSys Research Unit, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier 34398 Cedex 5, France *jajang21002@mail.unpad.ac.id

VliKm
THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ONO
AGRICO AGRICULTUREä
"GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY: STOPPING CROP LOSSES"

Dwijendra University, Bali, Indonesia 18th-19th September 2023

[Audio] We know that Indonesia has been a key country for producing CPO with about 62%, this imply to high processing of oil palm fruit fresh bunches to generate high waste, such as liquid waste, POME and solid waste, EFB. The other parts according to Stichnothe and Schuchardt, 2010, and our experience during the last 15 years, working in palm oil plantation, this power plant station, which processed the fiber, shells, to get a power for mill electricity, will be generated ash, we called boiler ash, rarely to be used, we propose the idea to close all the waste into composting plant through co-composting process and convert it to become bioorganic fertilizer. 

Scene 2

Diesel
Pesticides
2 kg Fertilizer
Compost
Diesel
Water
230 kg
0.07 L
Diesel
• altemative
Plantation
Oil
EFB POME 650 kg
Compost
Bioga
Iant
FFB
mill
Fibre
CPO
Kernel
Energy
hells Electr. Steam
Biogas
lant
8.7 m3CHd
Compost 92 kg
system boundary
Power plant
carrier
Air
Water
Soil

Adapted source :  Stichnothe & Schuchardt, 2010

CPO Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Kambodia Nigeria Guatemala Honduras Papua New Guinea 42.5 19 2.8 1.53 1.02 0.85 0.57999999999999996 0.55000000000000004

[Audio] In the first study, we used modeling tools to estimate the potential outcome of these wastes, resulting in about 191 kg C, which can be returned to the soil and 38 kg N, from 1 ton of these raw materials with 21% EFB, 60% POME and the rest was Ash.. 

Scene 3

High Fertilizing Potential From Palm Oil Mill Waste

High fertilising potential and medium amending potential
Amending potential
Carbon retumed to the soil
191.96
Carbon as % Carbon
Labile carbon
32.4%
Carbon stable
67.6%
Fertilizing potential
Total mineralizable nitrogen
38.61 kgofN*/-35.34kgN
Nitrogen as % D Nitrogen
Mineral nitrogen

Modeling Tools design by INRAE with collaboration AAMF, France, 2021 ConceptDig (shinyapps.io): https://inraelbe.shinyapps.io/ConceptDig/

[Audio] These waste have a potential content of nutrients that are needed from soil fertility improvement, and nutritional plant growth, such as N, P, K, and Mg. The challenge is how to degrade lignin on the solid waste of EFB, and maximize nutrients recovery.
The other points that I would like to highlight is the heavy metal content that will be an issue. Let us analyze further on the result in the next slide.. 

Scene 4

Psychochemical of EFB, POME and Boiler Ash

Parameter Result   Method BOD5 5,300 mg/l IKW-05 (Trimetri) COD 42 mg/l SM23rd 5220 B2017 N 1,384.32 mg/l SNI 06-6989.52-2005 P 916 mg/l SNI 06-6989.31-2005 K 12.947 mg/l SM 23rd Ed. 3111-2017 Mg 520 mg/l SM 23rd Ed. 3111-2017 pH 5.84   SNI 06-6989.11-2004 As <0,73 ppm AAS Hg <0,06 ppm AAS Pb <0,03 ppm AAS Cd 0.42 ppm AAS Cr <0,07 ppm AAS Ni 2.81 ppm AAS Na 9.07 ppm AAS Cl 647.61 % Trimetri Escherichia coli < 3.0 MPN/mL MU 7.2/ML/05 (MPN) Salmonella sp. < 3.0 MPN/mL MU 7.2/ML/05 (MPN)

Parameter Result   Method Water holding Capacity 67.09 %w/w Perkolasi Electrical conductivity 3.51 mS/Cm Conductivity meter Lignin 30.55 % DM Gravimetri Selulosa 24.73 % DM Gravimetri Hemiselulosa 22.82 % DM Gravimetri N 1.01 % IKK-04 Kjeldahl P 0.05 % IKK-07 Spectrophotometry K 0.93 % IKK-08 Flamephotometry Mg 0.17 % IKK-10 AAS C/N 54.43     pH 6.7   IKK-05 Electrometry Escherichia coli 460 MPN/g MU 7.2/ML/05 (MPN) Salmonella sp. < 3.0 MPN/g MU 7.2/ML/05 (MPN)

Parameter Result   Method As 2.6 ppm AAS Hg ttd ppm AAS Pb ttd ppm AAS Cd ttd ppm AAS Cr 18.2 ppm AAS Ni 2.4 ppm AAS Na 108.5 ppm AAS Cl 0.06 % Trimetri N 0.65 % IKK-04 Kjeldahl P 2.24 % IKK-07 Spectrophotometry K 2.49 % IKK-08 Flamephotometry Mg 2.31 % IKK-10 AAS C/N 57.12

 pH 10.57

[Audio] This research aims to convert all palm oil mill waste to organic fertilizers through the co-composting process that meets the standard regulation of Indonesian Organic Fertilizer Regulation, by the Minister of Agriculture Decree no. 261/2019, SNI-2004, and the international standard.. 

Scene 5

The attributes of the nutrient content of EFB, POME and post-processing waste make them exceptionally suitable for conversion to organic fertilizers through composting, providing an alternative avenue to reduce the dependence on inorganic fertilizers.  This research produces top-tier bioorganic compost that adheres to Indonesian national standards (SNI), Ministry of Agriculture regulations, and international compost standard.

Bioorganic Fertilizer

 Kepmentan No.261/KPTS/SR.310/M/4/2019

 SNI 19-7030-2004

 The International Compost Standards (European Community, 1998)

[Audio] The research was carried out in the Belitung island, part of the Indonesian province, Bangka-Belitung Province, the position is between Kalimantan/Borneo Island, and Sumatera Island, and is actually quite popular as a second of Bali.
The average rainfall here is 2500-3000 mm per year, air temperature 27-35 0C, 100 m above sea level, mostly podzols soil, and the composting system we used in the trial was open circulation with a roof system.. 

Scene 6

Pakistan
Delhi
Jaipur
Jeddah
Eritrea
VKuwiit
Riyadh
uni Emirat
Arab Saudi
Yaman
liger
Nepal
Bangladesh
India
M u"" bai
Haiderabåd
—Chennai
Co.mbatorec;
Sri Lanka
-Chongqing,
Hanoi _
Myanmar
(Burma)
Laos
Thailand
Republik
Tiongkok
Hong Kong
Djibouti Aden
Somaliå
Mombasa
Lou,s
adagaskar
Arab
Seng gala
Laul Andaman :
Caut Cina
Vietnam
Kamboja'
Kota Ho
t k Thailand
Chi Minh
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
Singapura
Jakarta
Laut Jawa
Surabaya
Laul Filipina
Filipina
Indonesia
Laut Banda
Lau' Atalura
Laut Timor
urARA
Laut Bismarck
Papua
Nugini
Port Moresby
Go gle

Tanjong
Pandan
Nasik
LimaumaniS
Simnangpesa
Orpuh
Mangqar
Ganlung
Tandjungbatuaajer

Rainfall average: 2500-3000 mm per year Air Temperature: 27 – 35 0C Air Humidity: 75-90% Altitude: ± 100m  Coordinate: 3°0'1.48" S, 107°52'29.50" E Soil Type: Podzols Composting plant: open circulation with roofing system

Belitung Island,  Bangka-Belitung Province,  Indonesia

[Audio] Following Baron et al. (2019), all raw materials were combined in pile system (pyramidal shape), generally there would be several activities here, microbial, CO2 emission, gases emission, heat, and leachate, eventually, until 60 days processed, will get stabilized product as compost, which we called bioorganic fertilizer, due to the rich of organic compound and rich of beneficial microbes. We analyze with the guidance of Indonesian regulation and international standards.. 

Scene 7

Organic Matter

 C, Energy, Protein, N

 Mineral

 N, other nutrients

Water

 POME

 Microorganisms

 Aerobic microbes

Organic Matter (Including C, Chemical, Energy, Protein, N, Humus); Minerals; Water; Microorganisms

Stabilized and free phytotoxic agents and pathogens (Mustin, 1987)

Source: Adapted from several references and experts’ discussion, Composting Process (Baron et al., 2019)

[Audio] By randomized block design, we combined raw material of waste, with and without boiler ash, with and without additional microbes with increasing doses. Three replications, 8 combination treatments, 1 pile was 1 ton volume, 2: 1 POME rasio of spraying every day until 45 days, and turning interval every 10 days until 40 days.. 

Scene 8

1 Pile = 1 ton Volume ( EFB+Boiler Ash) Rasio POME 2.0 m3 : 1 Ton EFB, Baron et al. (2019) Spraying POME = Every day during 45 days Turning = every 10 days of interval until day 40.

Replication : 3 Treatment Combination: 8 Total unit plot : 8 x 3 = 24 unit plot

A0: Without Boiler Ash A1: With Boiler Ash 100 kg ton-1 EFB D0: Without Additional Decomposer D1: Decomposer of Bacterial base (50 ml ton-1 EFB) + Fungi base (50 gr ton-1 EFB) D2: Decomposer of Bacterial base (75 ml ton-1 EFB) + Fungi base (75 gr ton-1 EFB) D3: Decomposer of Bacterial base (100 ml ton-1 EFB) + Fungi base (100 gr ton-1 EFB)

Bacterial decomposer: Bacillus subtillis Bacillus megaterium

Fungi decomposer: Trichoderma harzianum Aspergillus niger Coprinopsis lagopus

[Audio] This was the condition of the piling system of the composting trial. Day 1 and Day 60 (product).. 

Scene 9

Pile Composting Trial under Roofing and Open Aeration System

[Audio] Let us move on to the result.
As I highlighted earlier about the heavy metal content, we concluded that all heavy metal content in the raw material was below the standard. Therefore, the product is safe for the environment and trees. 

Scene 10

Element Unit POME Boiler Ash SNI Standard Decree of The Minister of Agriculture (261/2019) European Standard As ppm <0,73 2.6 Max. 13 Max. 10 10-25 Hg ppm <0,06 Not Detected Max. 0.8 Max. 1 0.7-25 Pb ppm <0,03 Not Detected Max. 150 Max. 50 120-1200 Cd ppm 0.42 Not Detected Max. 3 Max. 2 1-40 Cr ppm <0,07 18.2 Max. 210 Max. 180 70-750 Ni ppm 2.81 2.4 Max. 62 Max. 50 20-400 Na ppm 9.07 108.5 Not Specified Max. 2000 Not Specified Cl % 647.61 0.06 Not Specified Max. 2000 Not Specified

[Audio] You can see here that there were several conditions during the composting process. The first 2 days, the piling was still in the mesophilic stage, then follow by the thermophilic phase, we see an increase in the temperature pick, up to 62 degrees, after 10 days we turned and slowly decreased the temperature, up to 35 degrees, in the cooling phase, and 30 degrees during the maturation process. crossing correlation with pH, the compost product gradually increased in pH, making it alkaline (pH 9).. 

Scene 11

Temperature 35.666666666666664 51 51 61.666666666666664 61.666666666666664 47.666666666666664 57.333333333333336 58 58.333333333333336 57.333333333333336 47.666666666666664 50 52 51.666666666666664 51 52.333333333333336 50.333333333333336 51 47 47 46.333333333333336 46.333333333333336 46.333333333333336 46 45.333333333333336 45.333333333333336 40 40 45.333333333333336 45.333333333333336 45.333333333333336 42.333333333333336 42.333333333333336 41 43.666666666666664 42.666666666666664 45 45 41 41 40.333333333333336 40 40 36.666666666666664 36.666666666666664 36.666666666666664 37.666666666666664 36 35 35.333333333333336 34 32.666666666666664 31.666666666666668 32 32 31.333333333333332 31 30.666666666666668 31.666666666666668 31.666666666666668 PH 6.9733333333333336 6.97 6.97 6.9933333333333332 8.5233333333333334 8.5233333333333334 8.6033333333333335 8.7199999999999989 8.8966666666666665 8.8666666666666654 8.8966666666666665 8.8666666666666654 8.7199999999999989 8.6733333333333338 8.7533333333333321 8.836666666666666 8.6733333333333338 8.7533333333333321 8.836666666666666 8.93 8.93 8.61 8.65 8.93 8.61 8.7533333333333321 8.8466666666666676 8.7799999999999994 9.0166666666666657 8.93 8.8666666666666654 8.8966666666666665 8.8666666666666654 8.7199999999999989 8.8666666666666654 8.8966666666666665 8.74 8.5933333333333337 8.5933333333333337 8.74 8.7866666666666671 8.7866666666666671 8.7166666666666668 8.9666666666666686 8.5933333333333337 8.74 8.7866666666666671 8.7866666666666671 9.1100000000000012 9.1566666666666663 9.18 9.1566666666666663 9.18 9.1566666666666663 9.1566666666666663 9.1633333333333322 9.1633333333333322 9.18 9.1133333333333315 8.9966666666666661

Mesophilic: Hydrolysis of sugar, amino acid and lipids Bacteria and fungi decomposer
 Thermophilic: Pathogen elimination Hydrolysis of polymers (Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and protein) Actinobacteria Leachate: H2O, NH4+ Evaporated: CO2, H2O, NH3
 Cooling: Recolonization of mesophilic microbiota Antibiotic activity
 Maturation: Formation of precursors of humic substances

Source: Research data, 2023 Reference: Mustin, 1987; Day and Shaw, 2001

Temperature and pH evolution during composting process and corresponding microbial communities at optimal humidity and aeration

[Audio] It is interesting here that from the mass budget of 1 ton raw material, during the 60 day composting process, 16 –19 % of weight (wet bases) reduced. Once we add boiler ash and more additional microbes, systematically decrease of microbial activity compared to without addition microbes and low dosage of additional microbes, high population of microbial activity here in A1D0 and A1D1 treatment.. 

Scene 12

EFB A0D0 A0D1 A0D2 A0D3 A1D0 A1D1 A1D2 A1D3 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 -19.23% -19.03% -19.27% -19.37% -17.17% -16.37% -16.03% -16.87% Compost A0D0 A0D1 A0D2 A0D3 A1D0 A1D1 A1D2 A1D3 807.67 809.67 807.33 806.33 838.33 836.33 839.67 831.33

Result A0D0 A0D1 A0D2 A0D3 A1D0 A1D1 A1D2 A1D3 5 5.33 5.33 5.67 8 7.33 3.67 3.33

Weight Reduction of EFB to compost during 60 day of composting process

Values with the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at the 95% confidence interval based on Duncan's test

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF CO-COMPOSTED PALM OIL MILL WASTE FOR BIO-ORGANIC FERTILIZER


Scene 0

Good morning everyone, ladies and gentlemen

I would like to present my research, this is part of my dissertation on chemical and biological traits of co-composted palm oil mill waste for bio-organic fertilizer to support global food security.

I am Jajang Supriatna, with my co-authors, Professor Mieke Rochimi Setiawati, Dr  Rija Sudirja, Dr  Cucu Suherman, and Xavier Bonneau PhD.

First, I'll go through the Introduction, The objectives of research, Methods and trial design, Result and discussion, and finally I'll outline the conclusion.

avatar

 Jajang SUPRIATNA1*, Mieke Rochimi SETIAWATI2 , Rija SUDIRJA2, Cucu SUHERMAN3, and Xavier BONNEAU4  1 Doctoral Program of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Bandung 45363, Indonesia 2 Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Bandung 45363, Indonesia 3 Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Bandung 45363, Indonesia 4 Perennial Crops  Department, AbSys Research Unit, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier 34398 Cedex 5, France *jajang21002@mail.unpad.ac.id


slide1-hotlink3

We know that Indonesia has been a key country for producing CPO with about 62%, this imply to high processing of oil palm fruit fresh bunches to generate high waste, such as liquid waste, POME and solid waste, EFB

The other parts according to Stichnothe and Schuchardt, 2010, and our experience during the last 15 years, working in palm oil plantation, this power plant station, which processed the fiber, shells, to get a power for mill electricity, will be generated ash, we called boiler ash, rarely to be used, we propose the idea to close all the waste into composting plant through co-composting process and convert it to become bioorganic fertilizer

In the first study, we used modeling tools to estimate the potential outcome of these wastes, resulting in about 191 kg C, which can be returned to the soil and 38 kg N, from 1 ton of these raw materials with 21% EFB, 60% POME and the rest was Ash.

 Modeling Tools design by INRAE with collaboration AAMF, France, 2021 ConceptDig (shinyapps.io): https://inraelbe.shinyapps.io/ConceptDig/


slide3-hotlink12

These waste have a potential content of nutrients that are needed from soil fertility improvement, and nutritional plant growth, such as N, P, K, and Mg

The challenge is how to degrade lignin on the solid waste of EFB, and maximize nutrients recovery.

The other points that I would like to highlight is the heavy metal content that will be an issue

Let us analyze further on the result in the next slide.

This research aims to convert all palm oil mill waste to organic fertilizers through the co-composting process that meets the standard regulation of Indonesian Organic Fertilizer Regulation, by the Minister of Agriculture Decree no

261/2019, SNI-2004, and the international standard.

The research was carried out in the Belitung island, part of the Indonesian province, Bangka-Belitung Province, the position is between Kalimantan/Borneo Island, and Sumatera Island, and is actually quite popular as a second of Bali.

The average rainfall here is 2500-3000 mm per year, air temperature 27-35 0C, 100 m above sea level, mostly podzols soil, and the composting system we used in the trial was open circulation with a roof system.

Following Baron and others (2019), all raw materials were combined in pile system (pyramidal shape), generally there would be several activities here, microbial, CO2 emission, gases emission, heat, and leachate, eventually, until 60 days processed, will get stabilized product as compost, which we called bioorganic fertilizer, due to the rich of organic compound and rich of beneficial microbes

We analyze with the guidance of Indonesian regulation and international standards.

By randomized block design, we combined raw material of waste, with and without boiler ash, with and without additional microbes with increasing doses

Three replications, 8 combination treatments, 1 pile was 1 ton volume, 2

1 POME rasio of spraying every day until 45 days, and turning interval every 10 days until 40 days.

This was the condition of the piling system of the composting trial

As I highlighted earlier about the heavy metal content, we concluded that all heavy metal content in the raw material was below the standard

Therefore, the product is safe for the environment and trees

You can see here that there were several conditions during the composting process

The first 2 days, the piling was still in the mesophilic stage, then follow by the thermophilic phase, we see an increase in the temperature pick, up to 62 degrees, after 10 days we turned and slowly decreased the temperature, up to 35 degrees, in the cooling phase, and 30 degrees during the maturation process

crossing correlation with pH, the compost product gradually increased in pH, making it alkaline (pH 9).

It is interesting here that from the mass budget of 1 ton raw material, during the 60 day composting process, 16 –19 % of weight (wet bases) reduced

Once we add boiler ash and more additional microbes, systematically decrease of microbial activity compared to without addition microbes and low dosage of additional microbes, high population of microbial activity here in A1D0 and A1D1 treatment.