[Audio] Planning And Laying Of Blocks Masonry And Wall Finishing Book:
Unit:
Pg:
1. 

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Book:
Unit:
Pg:
1
PLANNING AND LAYING OF BLOCKS
MASONRY AND WALL FINISHING

[Audio] Planning Of Laying Of Blocks
1. Aesthetic Appeal: Precise wall placement contributes to the overall visual harmony of a building. Misaligned walls can lead to uneven surfaces, affecting finishes and the look of the space.
4. Material Usage: Proper layout minimizes waste by ensuring materials are cut and used efficiently. This can significantly reduce costs.
5. M-E-P Integration: Accurate wall placement is essential for integrating mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems. Misalignment can complicate installations and lead to costly rework.
OBJECTIVES: The trainee should emulate competencies regarding the following:
2. Space Efficiency: Accurate measurements ensure that rooms are correctly sized and laid out, maximizing usable space and functionality.
3. Building Codes and Regulations: Compliance with local building codes often requires precise wall layouts. Incorrect layouts can lead to costly delays and legal issues.
6. Safety: Errors in wall layout can pose safety risks during and after construction. Structural deficiencies can lead to hazards for occupants.
7. Time Efficiency: An accurate layout saves time during the construction process by reducing the need for adjustments or corrections later on.. 

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PLANNING OF LAYING OF BLOCKS
OBJECTIVES: The trainee should  emulate competencies regarding the following:
1. Aesthetic Appeal: Precise wall placement contributes to the overall visual harmony of a building. Misaligned walls can lead 
to uneven surfaces, affecting finishes and the look of the space.
2. Space Efficiency: Accurate measurements ensure that rooms are correctly sized and laid out, maximizing usable space and 
functionality.
3. Building Codes and Regulations: Compliance with local building codes often requires precise wall layouts. Incorrect 
layouts can lead to costly delays and legal issues.
4. Material Usage: Proper layout minimizes waste by ensuring materials are cut and used efficiently. This can significantly 
reduce costs.
5. MEP Integration: Accurate wall placement is essential for integrating mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems. 
Misalignment can complicate installations and lead to costly rework.
6. Safety: Errors in wall layout can pose safety risks during and after construction. Structural deficiencies can lead to hazards 
for occupants.
7. Time Efficiency: An accurate layout saves time during the construction process by reducing the need for adjustments or 
corrections later on.

[Audio] Planning and laying of blocks Introduction Laying masonry work, physically laying the blocks in a manner that renders it plumb, level and square. Skilled masons are used to execute this function Part of the planning would be the setting out and laying of the masonry work. Setting out involves the physical execution of the scaled drawing done by the architect or structural engineer. Planning and laying of blocks Planning a construction project is important, it enables the contractor to assess the progress and keep track of the budget.. 

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Planning and laying of blocks
Introduction
• Planning and laying of blocks
• Planning a construction project is important, it enables the contractor to assess the progress and keep track of the budget.
• Part of the planning would be the setting out and laying of the masonry work.
• Setting out involves the physical execution of the scaled drawing done by the architect or structural engineer.
• Laying masonry work, physically laying the blocks in a manner that renders it plumb, level and square.
• Skilled masons are used to execute this function

[Audio] Planning And Laying Of Blocks Steps To Plan And Measure Wall Dimensions Before Construction.
Key Terms : Architectural plans: An important factor for production, architectural plans are used by masons to execute the construction process. Setting out: Is the process used to put into practice the design aspect that's drawn on paper, in other words, physically executing the design in real time. Profiles: Timber or steel members that are vertically(plumb) placed in strategic positions(corners). On the profiles levels are indicated as well as the block gauging, in other words, each level of each block is indicated on the profile. Profiles also determines the thickness of bed joints. Dry bonding: When the blocks are physically placed across the span of 2 profiles to determine the perpendicular joints between each block. Corner block: Used to string the builders line across profiles. Builders line: Used to span between profiles in order to maintain a level line when building.. 

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PLANNING AND LAYING OF BLOCKS
STEPS TO PLAN AND MEASURE WALL DIMENSIONS BEFORE CONSTRUCTION.
KEY TERMS :
• Architectural plans: An important factor for production, architectural plans are used by masons to execute the 
construction process.
• Setting out: Is the process used to put into practice the design aspect that’s drawn on paper, in other words, physically 
executing the design in real time.
• Profiles: Timber or steel members that are vertically(plumb) placed in strategic positions(corners). On the profiles levels 
are indicated as well as the block gauging, in other words, each level of each block is indicated on the profile. Profiles also 
determines the thickness of bed joints.
• Corner block: Used to string the builders line across profiles.
• Builders line: Used to span between profiles in order to maintain a level line when building.
• Dry bonding: When the blocks are physically placed across the span of 2 profiles to determine the perpendicular joints 
between each block.

[Audio] Planning And Laying Of Blocks Vocabulary Materials Cement: A powdery substance that, when mixed with water and aggregates, hardens to bind materials together. Concrete: A composite material made from cement, water, aggregates, and sometimes additives. Aggregate: Materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used to create concrete. Masonry Units: Blocks or bricks made from concrete, clay, or stone. Mortar: A mixture of cement, sand, and water used to bond masonry units. Admixtures: Chemicals added to concrete to alter its properties (for example, accelerators, retarders). Tools and Equipment Trowel: A hand tool used for spreading and shaping mortar. Level: A tool used to check for horizontal or vertical alignment. Concrete Mixer: Equipment for mixing concrete ingredients. Formwork: Temporary molds used to shape concrete until it sets. Vibrator: A device used to remove air bubbles from freshly poured concrete.. 

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PLANNING AND LAYING OF BLOCKS
• VOCABULARY
• Materials
• Cement: A powdery substance that, when mixed with water and aggregates, hardens to bind materials together.
• Concrete: A composite material made from cement, water, aggregates, and sometimes additives.
• Aggregate: Materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used to create concrete.
• Masonry Units: Blocks or bricks made from concrete, clay, or stone.
• Mortar: A mixture of cement, sand, and water used to bond masonry units.
• Admixtures: Chemicals added to concrete to alter its properties (e.g., accelerators, retarders).
• Tools and Equipment
• Trowel: A hand tool used for spreading and shaping mortar.
• Level: A tool used to check for horizontal or vertical alignment.
• Concrete Mixer: Equipment for mixing concrete ingredients.
• Formwork: Temporary molds used to shape concrete until it sets.
• Vibrator: A device used to remove air bubbles from freshly poured concrete.

[Audio] (setting out a building) youtu Importance of accurate wall layout Accurate Wall Layout To execute this function the following is require: Be able to read a plan/blue print. Be able to calculate areas and volumes. Read a tape measure. Do setting out, in other words, be able to execute the directives on an architectural drawing. Identify pre-scribed levels and do the necessary calculations. youtu (quantifying material). 

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Importance of accurate wall layout
• ACCURATE WALL LAYOUT
• To execute this function the following is require:
• Be able to read a plan/blue print.
• Be able to calculate areas and volumes.
• Read a tape measure.
• Do setting out, in other words, be able to execute the 
directives on an architectural drawing.
• Identify pre-scribed levels and do the necessary 
calculations.
• https://youtu.be/EcDi07RGUX4
• (quantifying material)
• https://youtu.be/07Mr8I38SxM
• (setting out a building)

[Audio] Steps to plan and measure wall dimensions before commencing construction Before commencing any construction work, its important to do the following: Create a GANNTT Chart to track the construction process. Consult architectural/structural blue prints. Identify where on site the construction will be taking place. Make all necessary arrangements for heavy vehicles to access the site, identify the needs eg, concrete /cement batching plant, cranes et cetera Quantify volumes and areas of materials needed for construction. Setout the relevant area where construction will take place and clear the area. 

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Steps to plan and measure wall dimensions before commencing construction
• Before commencing any construction work, its important 
to do the following:
• Create a GANNTT Chart to track the construction process.
• Consult architectural/structural blue prints.
• Identify where on site the construction will be taking place.
• Make all necessary arrangements for heavy vehicles to 
access the site, identify the needs eg, concrete /cement 
batching plant, cranes etc.
• Quantify volumes and areas of materials needed for 
construction.
• Setout the relevant area where construction will take place 
and clear the area

[Audio] Steps to plan and measure wall dimensions Site plan Architectural plan. 

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Steps to plan and measure wall dimensions
• Site plan
• Architectural plan

[Audio] Steps to plan and measure wall dimensions before commencing construction Single door size for toilets, bath & stores = 600 millimeters by 2100 millimeters or 0.6 meters by 2.1 meters Window sizes = 0.6 meters by 0.6 meters, 0.9 meters by 0.6 meters, 0.9 meters by 1.2 meters, 1.2 meters by 1.2 meters, 1.5 meters by 1.2 meters, 1.8 meters by 1.2 meters, 2.4 meters by 1.2 meters, et cetera Wall height = 3 meters Assume opening height to be 2100 millimeters or 2.1 meters Single door size for rooms and kitchen= 900 millimeters by 2100 millimeters or 0.9 meters by 2.1 meters Quantifying material Size of wall = 225 millimeters by 450 millimeters or 0.225 meters by 0.45 meters In this calculation, horizontal walls are measured in full while vertical walls are measured in between the horizontal walls Standard height of doors is 2100 millimeters or 2.1 meters Standard height of windows is 1200 millimeters or 1.2 meters Double door size = 1800 millimeters by 2100 millimeters or 1.8 meters by 2.1 meters, 1.2 meters by 2.1 meters, et cetera. 

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Steps to plan and measure wall dimensions
before commencing construction
• Quantifying material
• Size of wall = 225mm by 450mm or 0.225m by 0.45m
• In this calculation, horizontal walls are measured in full while vertical walls are measured in between the horizontal walls
• Standard height of doors is 2100mm or 2.1m
• Standard height of windows is 1200mm or 1.2m
• Double door size = 1800mm by 2100mm or 1.8m by 2.1m, 1.2m by 2.1m, etc.
• Single door size for rooms and kitchen= 900mm by 2100mm or 0.9m by 2.1m
• Single door size for toilets, bath & stores = 600mm by 2100mm or 0.6m by 2.1m
• Window sizes = 0.6m by 0.6m, 0.9m by 0.6m, 0.9m by 1.2m, 1.2m by 1.2m, 1.5m by 1.2m, 1.8m by 1.2m, 2.4m by 1.2m, 
etc.
• Wall height = 3m
• Assume opening height to be 2100mm or 2.1m

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[Audio] MixMortar:Preparemortaraccordingtospecifications,ensuringtherightconsistency. SettheFirstCourse:Laythefirstrowofblocks,usingaleveltoensurealignmentandstability. LayingBlocks StaggerJoints:Offsettheblocksineachsubsequentrowtoenhancestrengthandstability. CheckAlignment:Regularlycheckverticalandhorizontalalignmentasyoulayeachblock. CutBlocksasNeeded:Useamasonrysawtocutblockstofitaroundcornersandopenings. 4.Finishing Pointing:Finishthemortarjointstoenhanceappearanceandpreventmoistureinfiltration. Curing:Protectthenewlylaidmasonryfromextremeweatherandensurepropercuringforstrength. 5.QualityCheck InspecttheWork:Evaluatethemasonryforstructuralintegrityandaestheticquality. MakeAdjustments:Correctanymisalignmentsorimperfectionsbeforethemortarsets.
Planningandlayingofblocks SiteAssessment:Evaluatethesiteconditions,includingsoiltypeanddrainage. MaterialsSelection:Chooseappropriateblocks(for example,concrete,CMUs)andmortarbasedonprojectrequirements. DesignLayout:Createadetailedplan,includingdimensions,blockarrangement,andreinforcementneeds. 2.Preparation GatherToolsandMaterials:Assemblenecessarytools(for example,trowels,levels,mixers)andmaterials. FoundationPreparation:Ensurethefoundationislevelandcompactedtoprovideastablebase Summary 1.Planning DefineObjectives:Determinethepurposeofthemasonryproject(for example,wallconstruction,foundation).. 

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PLANNING AND LAYING OF BLOCKS
•
SUMMARY
•
1.Planning
•
Define Objectives: Determine the purpose of the masonry 
project (e.g., wall construction, foundation).
•
Site Assessment: Evaluate the site conditions, including soil 
type and drainage.
•
Materials Selection: Choose appropriate blocks (e.g., 
concrete, CMUs) and mortar based on project requirements.
•
Design Layout: Create a detailed plan, including dimensions, 
block arrangement, and reinforcement needs.
•
2. Preparation
•
Gather Tools and Materials: Assemble necessary tools (e.g., 
trowels, levels, mixers) and materials.
•
Foundation Preparation: Ensure the foundation is level and 
compacted to provide a stable base
•
Laying Blocks
•
Mix Mortar: Prepare mortar according to specifications, 
ensuring the right consistency.
•
Set the First Course: Lay the first row of blocks, using a level 
to ensure alignment and stability.
•
Stagger Joints: Offset the blocks in each subsequent row to 
enhance strength and stability.
•
Check Alignment: Regularly check vertical and horizontal 
alignment as you lay each block.
•
Cut Blocks as Needed: Use a masonry saw to cut blocks to fit 
around corners and openings.
•
4. Finishing
•
Pointing: Finish the mortar joints to enhance appearance and 
prevent moisture infiltration.
•
Curing: Protect the newly laid masonry from extreme 
weather and ensure proper curing for strength.
•
5. Quality Check
•
Inspect the Work: Evaluate the masonry for structural 
integrity and aesthetic quality.
•
Make Adjustments: Correct any misalignments or 
imperfections before the mortar sets.

PLANNING AND LAYING OF CONCRETE BLOCKS

Planning And Laying Of Blocks Masonry And Wall Finishing Book:
Unit:
Pg:
1

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Planning Of Laying Of Blocks
1. Aesthetic Appeal: Precise wall placement contributes to the overall visual harmony of a building. Misaligned walls can lead  to uneven surfaces, affecting finishes and the look of the space.
4. Material Usage: Proper layout minimizes waste by ensuring materials are cut and used efficiently. This can significantly  reduce costs.
5. M-E-P Integration: Accurate wall placement is essential for integrating mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems.  Misalignment can complicate installations and lead to costly rework.
OBJECTIVES: The trainee should  emulate competencies regarding the following:
2. Space Efficiency: Accurate measurements ensure that rooms are correctly sized and laid out, maximizing usable space and  functionality.
3. Building Codes and Regulations: Compliance with local building codes often requires precise wall layouts. Incorrect  layouts can lead to costly delays and legal issues.
6. Safety: Errors in wall layout can pose safety risks during and after construction. Structural deficiencies can lead to hazards  for occupants.
7. Time Efficiency: An accurate layout saves time during the construction process by reducing the need for adjustments or  corrections later on.

Planning and laying of blocks Introduction 
 Laying masonry work, physically laying the blocks in a manner that renders it plumb, level and square.

 Skilled masons are used to execute this function 
 Part of the planning would be the setting out and laying of the masonry work.

 Setting out involves the physical execution of the scaled drawing done by the architect or structural engineer.

 Planning and laying of blocks 
 Planning a construction project is important, it enables the contractor to assess the progress and keep track of the budget.

Planning And Laying Of Blocks Steps To Plan And Measure Wall Dimensions Before Construction.
Key Terms :

 Architectural plans: An important factor for production, architectural plans are used by masons to execute the  construction process.

 Setting out: Is the process used to put into practice the design aspect that's drawn on paper, in other words, physically  executing the design in real time.

 Profiles: Timber or steel members that are vertically(plumb) placed in strategic positions(corners). On the profiles levels  are indicated as well as the block gauging, in other words, each level of each block is indicated on the profile. Profiles also  determines the thickness of bed joints.

 Dry bonding: When the blocks are physically placed across the span of 2 profiles to determine the perpendicular joints  between each block.  
 Corner block: Used to string the builders line across profiles.

 Builders line: Used to span between profiles in order to maintain a level line when building.

Planning And Laying Of Blocks

 Vocabulary

 Materials 
 Cement: A powdery substance that, when mixed with water and aggregates, hardens to bind materials together.

 Concrete: A composite material made from cement, water, aggregates, and sometimes additives.

 Aggregate: Materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used to create concrete.

 Masonry Units: Blocks or bricks made from concrete, clay, or stone.

 Mortar: A mixture of cement, sand, and water used to bond masonry units.

 Admixtures: Chemicals added to concrete to alter its properties (for example, accelerators, retarders).

 Tools and Equipment 
 Trowel: A hand tool used for spreading and shaping mortar.

 Level: A tool used to check for horizontal or vertical alignment.

 Concrete Mixer: Equipment for mixing concrete ingredients.

 Formwork: Temporary molds used to shape concrete until it sets.

 Vibrator: A device used to remove air bubbles from freshly poured concrete.

(setting out a building)

 youtu Importance of accurate wall layout 
 Accurate Wall Layout

 To execute this function the following is require:

 Be able to read a plan/blue print.

 Be able to calculate areas and volumes.

 Read a tape measure.

 Do setting out, in other words, be able to execute the  directives on an architectural drawing.

 Identify pre-scribed levels and do the necessary  calculations.

 youtu

 (quantifying material)

Steps to plan and measure wall dimensions before commencing construction 
 Before commencing any construction work, its important  to do the following:

 Create a GANNTT Chart to track the construction process.

 Consult architectural/structural blue prints.

 Identify where on site the construction will be taking place.

 Make all necessary arrangements for heavy vehicles to  access the site, identify the needs eg, concrete /cement  batching plant, cranes et cetera

 Quantify volumes and areas of materials needed for  construction.

 Setout the relevant area where construction will take place  and clear the area

Steps to plan and measure wall dimensions 
 Site plan 
 Architectural plan

Steps to plan and measure wall dimensions before commencing construction 
 Single door size for toilets, bath & stores = 600 millimeters by 2100 millimeters or 0.6 meters by 2.1 meters 
 Window sizes = 0.6 meters by 0.6 meters, 0.9 meters by 0.6 meters, 0.9 meters by 1.2 meters, 1.2 meters by 1.2 meters, 1.5 meters by 1.2 meters, 1.8 meters by 1.2 meters, 2.4 meters by 1.2 meters,  et cetera

 Wall height = 3 meters 
 Assume opening height to be 2100 millimeters or 2.1 meters 
 Single door size for rooms and kitchen= 900 millimeters by 2100 millimeters or 0.9 meters by 2.1 meters 
 Quantifying material 
 Size of wall = 225 millimeters by 450 millimeters or 0.225 meters by 0.45 meters 
 In this calculation, horizontal walls are measured in full while vertical walls are measured in between the horizontal walls 
 Standard height of doors is 2100 millimeters or 2.1 meters 
 Standard height of windows is 1200 millimeters or 1.2 meters 
 Double door size = 1800 millimeters by 2100 millimeters or 1.8 meters by 2.1 meters, 1.2 meters by 2.1 meters, et cetera

MixMortar:Preparemortaraccordingtospecifications,ensuringtherightconsistency.


SettheFirstCourse:Laythefirstrowofblocks,usingaleveltoensurealignmentandstability.


LayingBlocks

StaggerJoints:Offsettheblocksineachsubsequentrowtoenhancestrengthandstability.


CheckAlignment:Regularlycheckverticalandhorizontalalignmentasyoulayeachblock.


CutBlocksasNeeded:Useamasonrysawtocutblockstofitaroundcornersandopenings.


4.Finishing

Pointing:Finishthemortarjointstoenhanceappearanceandpreventmoistureinfiltration.


Curing:Protectthenewlylaidmasonryfromextremeweatherandensurepropercuringforstrength.


5.QualityCheck

InspecttheWork:Evaluatethemasonryforstructuralintegrityandaestheticquality.


MakeAdjustments:Correctanymisalignmentsorimperfectionsbeforethemortarsets.
Planningandlayingofblocks


SiteAssessment:Evaluatethesiteconditions,includingsoiltypeanddrainage.


MaterialsSelection:Chooseappropriateblocks(for example,concrete,CMUs)andmortarbasedonprojectrequirements.


DesignLayout:Createadetailedplan,includingdimensions,blockarrangement,andreinforcementneeds.


2.Preparation

GatherToolsandMaterials:Assemblenecessarytools(for example,trowels,levels,mixers)andmaterials.


FoundationPreparation:Ensurethefoundationislevelandcompactedtoprovideastablebase

Summary


1.Planning

DefineObjectives:Determinethepurposeofthemasonryproject(for example,wallconstruction,foundation).