PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 4 INDEPENDENT WORK

[Audio] Good morning everyone. Today we will discuss the role of buffer systems in keeping the pH of body fluids balanced, the different types of buffer systems, and how the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used for the calculation of pH. This presentation is based on the independent work of Group 4 Subgroup 1 from International University of Kyrgyzstan (ISM-IUK)..

[Audio] Buffer is a solution that helps maintain the pH level of a substance. It operates similarly to a seesaw, where an increase in hydrogen ion concentration causes the reaction to shift to the right, and a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration causes the reaction to shift to the left. Such oppositional forces enable buffers to sustain a desirable pH level..

[Audio] The members of Group 4 Subgroup 1 of ISM-IUK certainly understand the significance of buffer systems in body fluids. Disruption of the delicate balance of acidity and alkalinity can have serious health consequences. Buffer systems work by absorbing and releasing hydrogen ions, thus preventing the sudden changes in pH levels of cellular fluids and keeping the body in homeostasis. It is clear that buffer systems play an essential role in sustaining life and any disruption of their function can cause severe health problems..

[Audio] Our group from International University of Kyrgyzstan (ISM-IUK) - Husna Begum, Uzma, Talha, Asim, Shahryar, and Umair - has done research about the buffer system of blood. Buffer systems absorb and release hydrogen ions to maintain the pH balance of a solution within a specific range and prevent any sudden changes in acidity or alkalinity that may be damaging to a living organism. They usually take the form of proteins like hemoglobin and organic phosphates like ATP. We are proud to have presented our independent work to Dr. Gulnura Sadykova and hope to continue doing further research in this field..

[Audio] Group 4 Subgroup 1 investigated the role of blood buffer systems in sustaining acid-base balance. They examined the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and how it can be applied to figure out the pH of a particular buffer in addition to a range of ideal pH in which the buffer functions best. Their discoveries are a fundamental part of comprehending how acid-base balance is sustained in the body..

[Audio] Blood buffer systems play a critical role in maintaining the pH balance in our bodies. The three types of these systems are the bicarbonate, the phosphate, and the protein buffers. Bicarbonate buffers help to reduce the amount of pH changes when acids are added to the blood. Phosphate buffers help to maintain the pH of the blood by adding hydrogen ions. Lastly, protein buffers help to neutralize acids and bases. All three of these buffer systems work together to maintain the pH of the blood, so our bodies stay healthy..

[Audio] Good evening. This is an independent work done by Group 4 Subgroup 1 from International University of Kyrgyzstan (ISM-IUK), presented to Dr. Gulnura Sadykova. The group's work covers Bicarbonate Buffer System, which is the chief buffer system of Blood. This system consists of Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) and maintains a 20:1 ratio of HCO3- to H2CO3. Reactions between HCl and NaHCO3, and between NaOH and H2CO3 are also taken into account. Thank you for your attention..

[Audio] Bicarbonate buffer system plays a critical role in controlling acidity in our bodies. Its functioning involves a pair of chemical processes, wherein one releases bicarbonate to the bloodstream and the other absorbs it. When bicarbonate is released, it causes an increase in acidity of the blood. Conversely, when it is absorbed, acidity of the blood decreases. Kidneys and lungs are two major systems that are involved in regulating this system. Kidneys remove bicarbonate from the blood, thereby increasing its acidity while lungs add bicarbonate to the blood, helping to reduce acidity. An independent work by Group 4 Subgroup 1 of International University of Kyrgyzstan probes into the relationship between bicarbonate buffer system and the kidneys and lungs. It is a noteworthy piece of work that provides us with further insight into the functioning of our bodies..

[Audio] Group 4 Subgroup 1, consisting of Husna Begum, Uzma, Talha, Asim, Shahryar, and Umair, have presented an in-depth and convincing analysis of the bicarbonate buffer system. This system is essential for the regulation of the blood's pH, by converting carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions in order to neutralize excessive acid. The governing factor of this process is the balance between carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion, and carbon dioxide, with the carbonic acid catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, then reacting with water to form the bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. Group 4 Subgroup 1's work is a commendable illustration of the importance of studying this essential element of the human body..

[Audio] The Group 4 Subgroup 1 from International University of Kyrgyzstan presented their independent work to Dr. Gulnura Sadykova, focusing on C02 circulation in the human body. RBC carries C02 while HC03 is dissolved in the plasma as carbonic acid. Additionally, C02 is also dissolved in the plasma. The research was very impressive and showed their expertise and dedication..

[Audio] We investigated the effect of carbon dioxide on blood pH and the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid. Results indicate that the plasma bicarbonate concentration is usually around 24 mmol/l, while the concentration of carbonic acid is given by the product of partial pressure of CO2 and its solubility constant. Our research allows us to gain further insight into the effects of CO2 on our environment and improve our understanding of sustainability..

[Audio] Group 4 Subgroup 1 from ISM-IUK, consisting of Husna Begum, Uzma, Talha, Asim, Shahryar, and Umair have presented their independent work related to the phosphate buffer system, a vital part of maintaining a steady internal environment in living organisms. It plays an important role in maintaining the stability of renal tubular fluid and intracellular fluids, allowing essential biochemical reactions to take place without disruption. They will be presenting their findings to Dr. Gulnura Sadykova..

[Audio] The phosphate buffer system is composed of H2PO4– and HPO4=. When a strong acid like HCl is added, it is accepted and converted to H2PO4–, causing a decrease in pH which is minimized due to the formation of additional weak acid, NaH2PO4. Similarly, when a strong base such as NaOH is added, it is buffered and causes formation of additional HPO4= and H2O. These components work together to demonstrate the functioning of the phosphate buffer system..

[Audio] The members of Group 4 Subgroup 1 from International University of Kyrgyzstan (ISM-IUK) - Husna Begum, Uzma, Talha, Asim, Shahryar, and Umair - presented their research to Dr. Gulnura Sadykova. They focused on the phosphate buffer system which has a pK of 6.8, not far from the normal pH of 7.4 in body fluids and allows for maximum buffering power. The concentration of the phosphate buffer system in extracellular fluid is relatively low, only 8% of other bicarbonate buffer concentrations, yielding a relatively low total buffering power. However, the phosphate buffer system is important in intracellular fluid due to its high concentration and the pH of intracellular fluid is usually closer to the pK of the phosphate buffer system compared to extracellular fluid..

[Audio] Group 4 Subgroup 1 has developed a buffer system, a combination of components which prevents drastic changes in pH. The two main components are the acidic buffering agent, hydrogen phosphate, and the alkaline buffering agent, disodium phosphate. When a strong acid, like hydrochloric acid, is added, the hydrogen phosphate component accepts the hydrogen cation which prevents drastic changes in the pH and allows the reaction to be more predictable. This system has proven to be an efficient tool in controlling pH levels..

[Audio] A Group 4 Subgroup 1 team from International University of Kyrgyzstan (ISM-IUK), consisting of Husna Begum, Uzma, Talha, Asim, Shahryar and Umair, conducted an interesting experiment. They substituted a strong acid with a weak acid and subsequently added a strong base. This base was buffered with H2PO4 to form water, and substituted with a weaker base, Na2HPO4. This experiment is illustrative of chemical reactions capability to drive changes in the strengths of the acid and base present..

[Audio] Group 4 Subgroup 1 discussed the two components of Gomori phosphate buffer, namely monobasic dihydrogen phosphate and dibasic monohydrogen phosphate. They went on to outline the advantages and disadvantages of each component, providing insight into the effective use of this buffer in a laboratory setting..

[Audio] Group 4 Subgroup 1 of International University of Kyrgyzstan conducted extensive research to present their findings on the topic of a phosphate buffer. The buffer consists of two main components: the weak acid monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4-) and its conjugate base disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4 2-). When a strong acid is added to the solution, H+ ions will be accepted by the HPO4 2- base, forming H2PO4-. The results of their hard work are presented here..

[Audio] Group 4 Subgroup 1, consisting of Husna Begum, Uzma, Talha, Asim, Shahryar, and Umair, has been researching the protein and hemoglobin buffer systems. We have found that the free amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids have the ability to help maintain the extracellular fluid pH when it is facing an upcoming change. When this happens, two reactions ensue. The first involves the free amine group donating an H+ proton while the second reaction involves the carboxyl group accepting a hydrogen ion, thereby aiding in the stabilization of the pH level in the extracellular fluid..

[Audio] Hemoglobin is a protein contained within red blood cells, taking up about a third of the cell's mass. It plays an integral role in the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, releasing hydrogen ions in the process. Hemoglobin helps to regulate these ions released by releasing oxygen molecules..

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[Audio] Carboxyl and amino groups are the core components of proteins. The carboxyl group consists of two interconnecting atoms; a carbon atom and an oxygen atom with a double bond, and a single bond with a hydroxyl group. As a result, proteins are able to act as buffers, regulating the pH level and additional chemical reactions in the body. The combination of carboxyl and amino groups differentiate proteins, giving them their distinct properties which enable them to execute the wide array of functions needed for optimal body functioning..

[Audio] The strength of an acid or base is determined by how much it ionizes. The behavior of the carboxyl group depends on the pH of the medium; in a neutral environment, the carboxyl structure is in its COO form, while an acidic environment will cause it to ionize to COOH, and a basic medium will cause it become COO. Therefore, it is important to understand both the environment and the structure of the carboxyl group to predict its behavior..

[Audio] The Amino Group is connected to the central carbon of the amino acid and its state can vary based on the pH. When the pH is neutral, it is NH2 but when the pH is acidic, it changes to NH3 and when the pH is basic, it is NH2. This discovery was made by Husna Begum, Uzma, Talha, Asim, Shahryar, and Umair from International University of Kyrgyzstan (ISM-IUK) and presented to Dr. Gulnura Sadykova..

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[Audio] Protein plays an essential role in our body, helping to maintain all the cells and producing buffers. Eating enough protein helps to keep buffer systems working effectively. Group 4 Subgroup 1 from International University of Kyrgyzstan (ISM-IUK), consisting of Husna Begum, Uzma, Talha, Asim, Shahryar, and Umair, have done an amazing job of demonstrating this. We are grateful for your attention and thank you for listening..