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Chemistry Project – Physical and Chemical Properties of Metals and Non-Metals

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Contents: Physical properties of Metals  Chemical  properties of Metals  Physical properties of Non-Metals Chemical  properties of Non-Metals

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Physical properties of Metals:                                             Physical  properties are an important way of distinguishing one material to another. In the study and application of metallurgy (study of physical and chemical behaviour of metallic elements), physical properties are often considered a broader category than mechanical properties, but not all properties overlap. Physical properties are most easily distinguished from mechanical properties by the method of testing. While mechanical properties require force to be applied to obtain a measurement, physical properties can be measured without changing the material.

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Physical properties do change in different environments. For example, most metals have a higher density at lower temperatures due to the principles of  thermal expansion  (tendency of matter to change it’s shape, area, volume & density in response to a change in temperature)  and contraction  (the decrease in size of atoms and ions on the elements). Colour and appearance, which are also physical properties, change based on a number of environmental properties .

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Physical properties of metals  include:  Corrosion Resistance  Density Melting Point Thermal Properties:    Heat Capacity  Thermal Conductivity Thermal Expansion Electrical Conductivity Magnetic Properties

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Corrosion Resistance:                                      Corrosion is a process in which a material is reduced to a more stable state by chemical reaction, often related to the atmosphere service conditions. Many types of corrosion occur. Rust, a common sight on the unprotected products made of ferrous metals, is one of the most common forms of corrosion.  Corrosion resistance , on the other hand, is the material’s ability to resist the reaction to move towards a more stable state in its environment. Raw aluminium, silicon, titanium and their alloys are naturally corrosion resistant due to an  unreactive  layer that quickly forms on their surfaces. A common alloy for many applications requiring corrosion resistant is stainless steel. Unlike carbon steel, stainless steel alloys are able to resist surface corrosion when exposed to environments that would normally cause corrosion, including wet, acidic or high heat.

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Density:             The density of an object is determined by a simple formula: the object’s mass (M) divided by it’s volume (V). At first, the practical application of density was to determine the authenticity (quality) of gold, as in the story of the golden crown. Gold is an excellent candidate for testing density, because it is a much denser material than other metals, with an average density of 1,206 lbs (547 kg). per cubic foot.  Alloys more commonly used in manufacturing have lower densities. Steel averages around 494 lbs (224 kg). per cubic foot, while stainless steel is a bit  less.Titanium  is about half the density of steel and aluminium is  about one-third. Practically speaking, this means that a part made  of steel will weigh approximately three times more than the exact same part of aluminium. However, steel has other  advantages like hardness and strength, and so lower  volumes or thicknesses of material can provide the  same or better performance, comparatively. Eagle Alloy  and Eagle Precision often produce complex, thin-walled  castings from different carbon and stainless steel alloys.  The alloy affects the design, production process and  finishing techniques used to manufacture each cast part.

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Melting Point:                         The melting point of a material is defined as  the temperature in which it changes form solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure.  Melting point can be a major factor in deciding if an alloy will be possible to use for  particular product. Different alloys have different melting point ranges, as determined by the elements of their chemical makeup. For example, an alloy with a high percentage of tin or aluminium will melt at a much lower temperature than an alloy made of mostly tin and nickel. Melting point is an important consideration for metal manufactures. Many casting facilities utilize sand casting methods like air set or shell mould casting because the non-metal modes can withstand higher temperatures required to metal steel. Aluminium, on the other hand, can be cast using reusable steel moulds, since it has a much lower melting point than steel.

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Chemical properties of Metals:    The density of metals usually high.  Metals are malleable and ductile Metals form an alloy with other metals or non –  metals.  Some metals react with air and corrode. For e.g. Iron. Metals are good conductors of electricity. Lead is an exception.  Generally, metals are in solid state at room  temparature Except  for Mercury, as it is in a liquid state.  Many metals produce metal oxide by burning in the oxygen of the air.  Highly reactive metals react  violently when they’re burnt in oxygen .   Metals  like sodium and potassium are stored in oil as they react with air in seconds. They’re highly reactive metals.     Less  reactive metals like gold, silver, platinum, etc do not tarnish easily. They stay shiny and lustrous .   Metals  produce metal oxide and  hydrogen gas while reacting with water.

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Soluble metal oxides dissolve in water and create metal hydroxide.  Not all metals react with water.  However , highly reactive metals like sodium and potassium react with water  violently and an exothermic reaction  takes places where the hydrogen immediately catches fire . Salt and hydrogen are produced when a metal reacts with an acid . Generally, a metal displaces a less reactive metal in a metal salt solution.

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Physical properties of Non-Metals:     Non-metals  have high ionization energies. They  have high  electro negativities . Non-metals  are insulators which means that they’re poor conductors of electricity. They  are dull, they do not have lustre like metals. Non-metals  are poor conductors of heat. They’re poor  thermal  conductors. They  are very weak and brittle. They tend to easily break or shatter. Non-metals  have a low density. They’re light for their size. They aren’t good conductors of sound and do not make sounds when they are hit. They tend to gain electrons easily. Non-metals  maybe solid, liquids or gaseous. Non-metals  form acidic oxides. They’re good oxidizing agents. Generally,  Non-metals  have four to eight electrons in the outer shell.

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Chemical properties of Non-Metals :  Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Graphite and Gas carbon are exceptions. Unlike metals, non-metals aren’t malleable and ductile. Non-metals react more with metals than with non-metals. Usually, non-metals react with other non-metals in high temperature. Most non-metals do not react with air in room temperature. White phosphorus is the only non-metals that reacts with air to form its oxide by burning. Usually, non-metals do not react with water. Except for Chlorine, chlorine dissolves in water to form an acidic solution. Non-metals have a low density. They do not form alloys. However, non-metals like carbon, silicon and phosphorous. Non-metals exist in all states of matter at room temperature. Different non-metals have different reactions. Chlorine is the most reactive metal in the halogen family i.e. Chlorine ( Cl ), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), and Fluorine (F). The reactivity order of the halogen family is  Cl  > Br > I. Therefore, Chlorine ( Cl ) can displace Bromine (Br) and Iodine (I) from solutions of bromides ( NaBr ) and Iodides ( NaI ). Ionic solids are formed when  non-metals  with high  electro negativity  react with alkali and alkaline earth metals.

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