PharmPrac7e-Chapter5-WLpresentation

[Audio] Welcome to the Pharmacy Practice for Technicians Seventh Edition presentation..

[Audio] Chapter Five: Routes of Drug Administration and Dosage Formulations.

[Audio] At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: Differentiate between the terms route of administration, dosage form, and drug delivery system. Identify different inactive and inert ingredients and various tablet coatings and their functions. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the varying routes of administration..

[Audio] Section five point one: Routes of Administration.

[Audio] Medications can be introduced into the body by several routes. A route of administration is a way to get a drug into or onto the body. Drugs are aimed at two kinds of therapeutic effects: a systemic effect, where the drug gets into the bloodstream to affect the whole body or a bodily system or a localized effect, where the drug is meant to exert its therapeutic action at or near the site of administration (for example, an ear drop in the ear)..

[Audio] A dosage form is the physical manifestation of a drug—such as a tablet, capsule, suspension, ointment, cream, patch, or injection—that is designed to deliver the medication by a specific route of administration. The dosage form selected is the one best suited to produce the desired systemic or localized effect in either an immediate or time-delayed manner. The routes of administration for drugs intended to have a systemic effect are: Oral enteral, which means into mouth and swallowed. Dosage forms include Tablets, capsules, syrups, and suspensions Transmucosal, or through mucous of inner linings. Dosage forms include Lozenges, sprays, troche tablets, and effervescent tablets. Topical transdermal, or absorbed through the skin. Dosage forms include Creams, ointments, pastes, patches, plasters..

[Audio] Inhalation/intrarespiratory, or breathed in. Dosage forms include Dry powder inhalers, metered-dose inhalers, and nebulizer solutionss Parenteral/injection, or injected into muscle, skin, or under the skin. Dosage forms include Injection shots, injectable pen solutions, and IV solutions. Rectal and vaginal, which may be transdermal and/or transmucosal. Dosage forms include Rings, suppositories, and solutions. And implants. Dosage forms include Pumps, radiation seeds, stents, and wound dressings..

[Audio] The routes of administration for drugs intended to have a localized effect are: Topical dermal, which means on or in the skin. Dosage forms include Creams, lotions, ointments, powders, and solutions. Inhalation, or breathed in. Dosage forms include Dry powder inhalers, metered-dose inhalers, and nebulizer solutions. Transmucosal, or through mucous membranes which may be through the nose, eyes, or ears. Dosage forms include Sprays, solutions, and suspensions And vaginal and rectal, which may be transdermal and/or transmucosal. Dosage forms include: Suppositories, solutions, creams, gels, and ointments..

[Audio] Section five point two: Active Versus Inactive Drug Ingredients.

[Audio] Oral drug compounds contain one or more active ingredients along with inert ingredients. Inert ingredients have no therapeutic effect but they fulfill functions of the compound that are not directly related to the medicinal purpose. A binder promotes adhesion of the materials in the tablet. An example would be methylcellulose. A coating Assists the patient's swallowing of the tablet and may improves the flavor. An example of a coating that would improve the flavor is saccharine. Coloring Provides tablet identification. Only FDA-approved coloring agents and dyes are allowed. A diluent Allows for appropriate concentration of the medication in the tablet. An example would be lactose. A disintegrant Helps break up the ingredients once the tablet has been consumed. An example would be starch. A lubricating agent Gives the tablet a slippery sheen. An example would be talc. And a solubilizer Maintains the ingredients in solution. An example would be cyclodextrin..

[Audio] Section five point three: Oral Routes of Administration.

[Audio] Solid dosage forms and oral liquids are swallowed and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Any medication administration that passes through the gastrointestinal tract for systemic circulation is referred to as an enteral route of administration. Enteral administration by drinking, swallowing whole, or chewing and swallowing is also known as the oral route of administration. The term oral can also refer to a medication applied topically to the mouth or to other dosage forms that are put into the mouth cavity. Oral dosage forms pass through the mouth and throat into the stomach; dissolve in the stomach or small intestine; metabolize, which is the transformation of food into energy, in the liver; and distribute to the tissue or target organ..

[Audio] Tablets are one of the most common forms of oral administration. The tablet is a solid dosage form produced by compressing dry drug ingredients of either powder or granules (small particles or crystals). On the whole, tablets are easier and less costly to produce in bulk than other forms, so they are often cheaper. For patients, tablets offer low cost, more precise dosing, and increased usability due to specialized coatings. Sugar coated tablets mask the bitter taste of some drugs. Film coated tablets are used to protect the stomach lining. A chewable tablet contains a base that is flavored and/or colored. The dosage form is designed to be chewed and absorbed quickly for a slightly faster onset of action. Chewing is preferred for antacids, antiflatulents, commercial vitamins, and tablets designed for children. Large pharmaceutical manufacturers use heavy tool and die machinery to make compression tablets. In the process, the powder or granular ingredients are compressed to produce a tablet as the end product..

[Audio] Section five point four: transmucosal Routes of Administration.

[Audio] Some drugs are administered in the mouth but not swallowed. These oral drug forms are absorbed by the inner linings of the mouth through the mucous layers. Any drugs absorbed by the mucus layers are called transmucosal. The two oral transmucosal routes of administration are the sublingual route of administration, where a medication is dissolved and absorbed under the tongue, and the buccal route of administration, where a medication is dissolved and absorbed between the cheek and gums. These transmucosal drug forms are considered different from the general oral dosage forms because the medications are absorbed directly in the mouth rather than going through the digestive system. Medications for transmucosal administration in the eye, or the ocular route of administration, are manufactured as solutions, suspensions, or ointment formulations—all of which must be sterile..

[Audio] Nonsterile drug solutions or suspensions that are administered into one or both ears through the ear canal are using the otic route of administration. The intranasal route of administration is the application of a drug into the nose or nasal passages..

[Audio] Section five point five: Topical Routes of Administration.

[Audio] The topical route of administration typically refers to applying a drug directly to a specific area on the skin surface. There are two routes of topical administration: dermal and transdermal. Dermal routes of administration refer to those topical applications that provide a localized effect on the skin layers. The transdermal routes of administration refer to drugs applied to a specific place on the skin and absorbed through both the dermal and muscle layers into the bloodstream..

[Audio] Section five point six: Inhalation Routes of Administration.

[Audio] inhalation route of administration, also known as the intrarespiratory route of administration, is defined as the application of a drug through inhalation, or breathing, into the lungs, typically through the mouth or the nose. Inhalation dosage forms are primarily aerosols and sprays intended to be inhaled by simple unaided breathing. However, sterile solutions, volatile medications, and micronized powders require special inhalation devices to be properly delivered. An aerosol is a pressurized container that dispels a mist or spray. A metered-dose inhaler (MDI) is a handheld, aerosol-driven device that dispels a single "puff " dose of a drug into the patient's mouth to be breathed in. Inhalation drugs are also delivered via a nebulizer, which transforms sterile liquid drug solutions into a mist to be breathed through a mouthpiece or a face mask. The nebulizer blasts compressed air or oxygen through a dose of prescribed solution to break the liquid into misted particles..

[Audio] Section five point seven: Parenteral Routes of Administration.

[Audio] A parenteral route of administration is one that uses injection to reach its destination in the bloodstream, muscle, skin, or intestine. A sterile, or microbial-free, solution is administered by means of a hollow needle or catheter inserted through one or more layers of the skin. The primary dosage forms include: subcutaneous, where medication is administered under the skin Intramuscular, where medication is administered directly into a muscle Intravenous, where medication is administered into a vein And intradermal, where medication is administered into the skin.

[Audio] Section five point eight: Drug Delivery Systems.

[Audio] Oral dosage forms with specialized drug delivery systems include the disintegrating tablet, the sublingual tablet, and the buccal lozenge. These products have modified absorption and distribution phases in order to enhance their therapeutic effects. Other tablets and capsules have been formulated with an enteric coating to delay their release and protect the stomach or extend their release over a 12- to 24-hour period. A drug has a calculated delivery system when a pair of letters follow the name of the drug. These abbreviations are: CD, which stands for Controlled delivery CR, which stands for Controlled release DR, which stands for Delayed release LA, which stands for Long acting SR, which stands for Sustained release TR, which stands for Timed release XL, which stands for Extended length/release XT, which stands for Extended time release Because these delivery systems distribute the drugs in a therapeutic manner, patients are advised not to split one of these tablets in two unless directed by their prescriber..

[Audio] Liquids consist of one or more active ingredients in a liquid vehicle. Liquids have several advantages as a dosage form, including a faster onset of action than oral tablets or capsules, easy administration, and individualized dosing according to a patient's body weight. Most medicinal liquids are commercially available as: Solutions, such as syrups and elixirs), which are liquids where the active ingredients are completely dissolved in a liquid vehicle so that they appear transparent Suspensions, liquid medications created by reconstituting granules with water. The solid particles of the substance remain undissolved in the liquid even after mixing, so the medication appears murky or cloudy. Most antibiotic suspensions have a limited shelf life. In fact, the expiration date for most reconstituted antibiotic suspensions or those mixed with water is 7 to 10 days at room temperature and 14 days if stored in the refrigerator. Emulsions, a mixture of two unblendable substances, such as an oil-and-vinegar salad dressing. It must be shaken well to mix it evenly before use. Colloids, a mixture having physical properties between those of a solution and a fine suspension..

[Audio] This concludes the Pharmacy Practice for Technicians Seventh Edition presentation for Chapter Five..