Name: Ointments-Definition-Classification-Preparation-and-Properties
Uploaded: 2026-02-05
Duration: 3 min 34 s
Description: Ointments: Definition, Classification, Preparation & Properties.

Ointments: Definition, Classification, Preparation & Properties. 

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Ointments: Definition, Classification, Preparation & Properties

A Professional Overview Based on Modern Dispensing Pharmacy Standards

FUNDAMENTALS. What Are Ointments?. Semisolid Preparations. 

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External application on skin or mucous membranes

Protective, therapeutic, or prophylactic functions

Medicaments dissolved, suspended, or emulsified in base

Local or systemic effects, avoiding first-pass metabolism

USP CLASSIFICATION. Classification of Ointments by Base Type. 

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United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standardised categorisation

Water-free, occlusive, emollient properties

Petrolatum White soft paraffin Highly occlusive

Hydrophilic ointment Vanishing cream Cosmetically elegant

Polyethylene glycol ointment No oleaginous components Non-staining

THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS. Classification by Therapeutic Use & Examples. 

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Classification by Therapeutic Use & Examples

Example: Petroleum jelly, emollient bases

Ketoconazole ointment, topical corticosteroids

Sulfacetamide sodium ointment, sterile preparations

Benzocaine ointment, haemorrhoid treatments

Candicidin ointment, Ipratropium bromide ointment

QUALITY STANDARDS. Ideal Properties of Ointments & Bases. 

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Modern pharmacy standards for optimal formulation

Smooth, elegant texture Non-greasy feel Non-staining formulation Non-gritty consistency Non-hygroscopic stability

Non-irritating to tissues Compatible with skin pH Miscible with skin secretions Low sensitisation potential Biocompatible components

Easily spreadable Efficient drug release High aqueous washability Prolonged contact time Uniform drug distribution

MANUFACTURING. Preparation Methods of Ointments. Incorporation. 

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Precise methodology ensures uniform drug distribution and stability

Added as finely divided powders for uniform dispersion

Added last at lower temperatures (~40°C) to prevent degradation

Tight containers, below 40°C, avoid freezing conditions

Advantages of Ointments. Enhanced Bioavailability. 

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Avoid first-pass hepatic metabolism, improving drug effectiveness

Suitable for patients unable to take oral medications or with bitter drugs

Site-specific drug delivery with reduced systemic side effects

More stable than liquid dosage forms, prolonged shelf life

Extended contact time with affected area improves therapeutic efficacy

Emollient and protective effects on skin barrier function

LIMITATIONS. Disadvantages of Ointments. N-3L,UNlO. 

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Lack precise dosage accuracy compared to tablets or capsules

Bases can oxidise over time, reducing shelf life and efficacy

Greasy, cosmetically less appealing; may stain clothing and linens

Bulky packaging, less convenient than solid or liquid forms

Potential microbial contamination from finger application

Risk of irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive patients

Visual Summary: Ointment Bases & Their Characteristics. 

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Visual Summary: Ointment Bases & Their Characteristics

Water-soluble — Greaseless, fully water-washable

Oleaginous — Occlusive, greasy, water-free

"Choosing the right base is key for drug release, stability & patient comfort"

Base selection directly influences therapeutic outcomes, patient adherence, and pharmaceutical stability. Understanding these characteristics enables informed formulation decisions in dispensing practice.

KEY TAKEAWAYS. The Role of Ointments in Modern Pharmacy. 

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Ointments remain vital topical preparations balancing therapeutic efficacy and patient acceptability

Base and preparation method customised to drug properties and clinical needs

Understanding advantages and limitations ensures optimal use in dispensing

Continuous quality control and pharmacopeial standards safeguard safety and effectiveness

Empowering pharmacists to deliver precise, effective topical therapy through evidence-based practice and pharmaceutical excellence

Ointments-Definition-Classification-Preparation-and-Properties

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