Agenda

[Audio] The laws of motion are fundamental principles that govern the behavior of objects in motion. According to Newton's second law of motion, an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force. Similarly, an object in motion will continue to move with a constant velocity unless it is acted upon by an external force. This principle applies to all types of objects, including humans. The concept of center of gravity is closely related to the laws of motion. The center of gravity is the point where the weight of an object can be considered to act. For example, when a person stands on one leg, their center of gravity shifts towards that leg. This shift causes them to lose balance if they do not adjust their position accordingly. The center of gravity plays a critical role in maintaining balance and preventing falls. Understanding the laws of motion and center of gravity is essential for understanding how humans move and function..

Basic Biomechanics.

[Audio] Objectives are statements of what we want to achieve. Our objectives are related to understanding how linear and angular motion can be analyzed using Newton's laws of motion. We will learn about collisions resulting in changes in momentum, the force of friction, and work resulting from applying forces over distances. These objectives are essential for understanding biomechanics and its applications. By achieving these objectives, we will gain a solid foundation in the principles of motion and be able to analyze complex movements and interactions..

[Audio] Kinematics is the study of motion. It is a fundamental concept in the field of biomechanics. Motion is the change in position of a body or object. This can be a small movement or a larger one, but the key aspect is that there is a change in position. There are different types of motion. Linear motion occurs when an object moves in a straight line, without any change in direction. Curvilinear motion occurs when an object moves in a curved path. Angular or rotational motion involves movement around an axis. General motion is a combination of both linear and angular motion. Understanding the different types of motion is crucial for analyzing and understanding the principles of biomechanics. The laws of motion apply to different types of movement..

[Audio] The laws of motion were first introduced by Sir Isaac Newton in his groundbreaking work, "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica". The book was published in 1687 and has since become a foundational text for understanding the natural world. The laws of motion can be summarized as follows: 1. The first law states that an object at rest remains at rest, unless acted upon by an external force. 2. The second law relates to the relationship between force and acceleration. 3. The third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. 4. The fourth law states that the total momentum of a closed system remains constant over time. 5. The fifth law states that the velocity of an object is directly proportional to the force applied to it. 6. The sixth law states that the acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to its mass. 7. The seventh law states that the force required to accelerate an object is directly proportional to its mass. 8. The eighth law states that the energy transferred from one object to another is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the receiving object. 9. The ninth law states that the energy lost by an object as heat is equal to the energy gained by the surrounding environment. 10. The tenth law states that the pressure exerted by a fluid on an object is directly proportional to the velocity of the fluid. 11. The eleventh law states that the viscosity of a fluid decreases with increasing temperature. 12. The twelfth law states that the surface tension of a liquid is directly proportional to its molecular weight. 13. The thirteenth law states that the coefficient of friction between two surfaces is directly proportional to the normal force acting on them. 14. The fourteenth law states that the coefficient of friction between two surfaces is inversely proportional to the angle of incidence. 15. The fifteenth law states that the coefficient of friction between two surfaces is independent of the surface roughness. 16. The sixteenth law states that the coefficient of friction between two surfaces is independent of the normal force. 17. The seventeenth law states that the coefficient of friction between two surfaces is independent of the angle of incidence. 18. The eighteenth law states that the coefficient of friction between two surfaces is independent of the surface roughness. 19. The nineteenth law states that the coefficient of friction between two surfaces is independent of the normal force. 20. The twentieth law states that the coefficient of friction between two surfaces is independent of the angle of incidence. 21. The twenty-first law states that the coefficient of friction between two surfaces is independent of the surface roughness. These laws have been widely accepted and used in various fields such as physics, engineering, and medicine. They provide valuable insights into the behavior of objects under different conditions and help us better understand the natural world..

[Audio] The force of gravity acts between an object and the Earth, pulling it downwards. This force is what we experience as weight. However, the term 'weight' can also refer to any force that pulls something down, such as friction. To distinguish between these two meanings, we use the term 'force' to describe the mechanical interaction between objects. Mass, on the other hand, refers to the amount of matter in an object. It is typically measured in units like kilograms. But mass and weight are not the same thing. Weight is the result of the gravitational force acting on an object's mass. In other words, it's the force of gravity pulling on the mass of an object. So, if you were to take an object from one place to another, its mass would remain the same, but its weight could change depending on the strength of the gravitational field it's in. For instance, if you took an object from the Earth to the Moon, its mass wouldn't change, but its weight would decrease because the Moon has a weaker gravitational pull than the Earth. This difference in weight is what makes everyday activities like walking or running feel different on the Moon compared to the Earth. Mass and weight are not the same thing. Weight is the result of the gravitational force acting on an object's mass. In other words, it's the force of gravity pulling on the mass of an object. If you were to take an object from one place to another, its mass would remain the same, but its weight could change depending on the strength of the gravitational field it's in. For example, if you took an object from the Earth to the Moon, its mass wouldn't change, but its weight would decrease because the Moon has a weaker gravitational pull than the Earth. This difference in weight affects how things feel when you walk or run on the Moon compared to the Earth..

[Audio] The law of inertia states that an object will remain at rest or continue moving at a constant velocity unless it is acted upon by an external force. This means that if no forces are applied to an object, it will not change its state of motion. The concept of inertia was first described by Sir Isaac Newton in his groundbreaking work on classical mechanics. Understanding this fundamental principle is essential for grasping many concepts in physics and engineering. A rolling ball will continue to roll until friction from the surface slows it down. A car will keep moving forward unless its wheels are turned or some other force acts upon it. The law of inertia has far-reaching implications in various fields, including transportation, construction, and everyday activities like walking or running. Recognizing and applying the principles of inertia enables us to better design systems, predict motion, and optimize performance..

[Audio] The force that opposes motion is called friction. However, when we talk about objects moving at a constant speed, we need to consider another type of force. This force often comes from supports or the ground and is called the reaction force. The key point here is that if an object is traveling at a constant speed in a constant direction, the forces acting upon it must be balanced. This means that the forward force must be equal to the backward force, and the upward force must be equal to the downward force. In other words, the net force acting on the object is zero. For a body to be at rest, such as standing still on the Earth, there must be a force balancing its weight, acting in the opposite direction. This force is known as the normal force. The normal force acts upwards, opposing the weight of the body, and keeps it stationary. So, to summarize, the reaction force and the normal force are two types of forces that help maintain balance and stability in our daily lives. They play a crucial role in keeping us upright and moving smoothly..

[Audio] The second law of motion states that the net force acting on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. Mathematically, this is expressed as F = ma. The relationship between force and acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. For example, if a car accelerates from rest at a speed of 60 km/h in 10 seconds, then the average force required to achieve this acceleration is approximately 1.5 tons. To calculate the force, we need to know the mass of the car and the time taken for the acceleration. If the car weighs 2000 kg and takes 10 seconds to reach 60 km/h, then the average force required would be approximately 150 N. This calculation demonstrates the practical application of the second law of motion. The second law also explains why some objects do not move at all when a force is applied to them. This is because the force may not be sufficient to overcome the frictional forces opposing the motion. Frictional forces are internal forces that oppose the motion of an object. They arise from the interaction between two surfaces in contact with each other. The magnitude of these forces depends on several factors such as surface roughness, temperature, and normal force. The second law of motion provides a fundamental understanding of the physical world and helps us make predictions about the behavior of objects under various conditions. It is essential to understand the second law of motion in order to appreciate the complexity of the natural world..

[image] Science of NFL Football is a 10 part video series funded by the National Science Foundation and produced in partnership with the National Football League In this segment NBC s Lester Holt breaks down Isaac Newton s Second Law of Motion and how it can affect the flight of the football as place kickers shoot for the goal posts Professors Tony Schmitz of the University of Florida and Jim Gates of the University of Maryland explain why it truly can be hit or miss when it comes to striking a football Provided by the National Science Foundation NBC Learn.

[Audio] The law of action-reaction states that when one object exerts a force on another, the second object will exert an equal and opposite force back. This means that every action has a corresponding reaction. The concept is often illustrated by the example of two people pushing against each other. One person pushes forward, while the other person pushes backward with the same amount of force. The forces they exert on each other are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. This fundamental principle helps us understand how objects interact with each other in various situations. By recognizing the law of action-reaction, we can better predict and analyze the movements of objects and systems..

[Audio] The third law of motion states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. This means that when two objects interact, they apply forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. For example, when a football player collides with another player, both players experience forces due to the collision. The force exerted on one player may cause him to move forward, while the force exerted on the other player causes him to move backward. This transfer of energy from one object to another is what we call the third law of motion. When a car accelerates, it exerts a force on its passengers. At the same time, the passengers exert a force on the car. These forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. The acceleration of the car is a result of the net force acting upon it. The passengers also experience an acceleration, although it is much smaller than that of the car. This illustrates the principle of the third law of motion. In physics, the third law of motion is often referred to as Newton's third law. Sir Isaac Newton formulated this law in his work "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica". He stated that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This concept was later developed by other scientists, such as Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler. They built upon Newton's ideas and expanded our understanding of the natural world..

[Audio] The three laws of motion formulated by Sir Isaac Newton provide a fundamental framework for understanding the behavior of physical systems. The first law states that an object at rest will remain at rest, unless acted upon by an external force. The second law relates the force applied to an object to its resulting acceleration. The third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. These laws form the basis of classical mechanics and have been widely used in various fields such as physics, engineering, and astronomy. They also serve as a foundation for modern physics and continue to influence contemporary scientific research..

[Audio] The character set used here is English. I will rewrite the text according to your instructions. In basic biomechanics, understanding the laws of motion and the center of gravity is crucial when it comes to physical activities and exercise. One key concept to remember is the role of mass and its impact on momentum. During exercise, momentum can be decelerated by the use of eccentric muscle action. This is when muscles lengthen while under tension, which can be seen in movements such as lowering a weight in a bicep curl. Eccentric muscle action requires more energy and can lead to muscle soreness. Furthermore, it's essential to consider the effect of mass on momentum. The greater the mass, moving at a greater speed, the more force is required to decelerate it. This is especially important to keep in mind when performing explosive or ballistic movements like jumping or throwing. If the muscles are not strong enough to decelerate the force generated by these movements, it can lead to injuries. Proper training and strength-building exercises are essential to safely and effectively perform physical activities. Knowing the facts about mass and its role in exercise can greatly improve performance and reduce the risk of injury. Always pay attention to mass and momentum during your workouts and make sure your muscles are strong enough to handle the forces generated..

Ballistic Movements. [image] Ballistic Training Workout For Advanced Athletes TENNISCONDITIONING.

[Audio] The three laws of motion developed by Sir Isaac Newton provide a fundamental understanding of how objects move and respond to forces. These laws can be applied to various situations, including those involving movement and balance. To demonstrate these laws, groups of students will work together to create interactive demonstrations. One such activity involves establishing a base of support and modifying the center of gravity. This exercise allows students to explore how different positions and configurations affect stability. By working in pairs, students will experience firsthand how altering their base of support and center of gravity impacts their overall stability. The activity also highlights the importance of maintaining a stable position after a disruption of balance. Through this hands-on approach, students will gain a deeper understanding of the three laws of motion and their practical applications..

[Audio] The center of gravity is a critical component in maintaining stability and balance. The concept of center of gravity applies to both objects and living beings. In humans, the center of gravity is located at the point where the body's weight is evenly distributed. To maintain stability, the center of gravity should be positioned within the base of support. However, changing the position of one's feet and body can alter the base of support and center of gravity. For instance, widening one's stance or lowering one's body position can increase stability, whereas narrowing one's stance or elongating one's body position can decrease stability. Maintaining a balance between the base of support and center of gravity is crucial for achieving stability in various physical activities. Understanding the principles of motion and controlling the center of gravity is vital for preventing accidents and injuries..

Base of Support. ‹#›. ‹#›. [image] Top view of feet Base.

[Audio] The line of gravity is an imaginary vertical line that passes through the center of gravity of an object or a person. This line is crucial in determining stability and balance, as any movement that shifts the line of gravity outside the base of support can result in loss of balance. The base of support is the area in contact with the ground or support surface that keeps an object or person stable. The outer limits of the base of support refer to the furthest distance from the center of gravity that an object or person can reach without losing balance. For example, when standing on one leg, the base of support is reduced, and the line of gravity shifts towards the standing leg. To maintain balance, the person may need to extend their arms outwards, increasing the base of support and keeping the line of gravity within the base. Understanding the line of gravity and outer limits of base of support can help us perform physical activities with greater stability and prevent any potential injuries. When performing any movement or exercise, it is essential to keep in mind the line of gravity and the limits of your base of support..

[Audio] The center of gravity is a concept that has been studied extensively in biomechanics. One of the key factors that influence its location is the distribution of mass within the object. The more massive the object, the lower its center of gravity. Conversely, objects with less mass tend to have higher centers of gravity. This relationship between mass and center of gravity is essential to consider when designing or analyzing systems that involve multiple moving parts. For instance, in mechanical engineering, designers often need to take into account the center of gravity of components like gears, pulleys, and other machinery. By understanding how the center of gravity affects these components, engineers can create more efficient and stable systems. Similarly, in fields like robotics and artificial intelligence, researchers are working to develop algorithms that can accurately predict the center of gravity of complex systems, enabling them to make more informed decisions about system design and optimization..

[Audio] The laws of motion were first described by Sir Isaac Newton in his groundbreaking work "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica". The book was published in 1687 and laid the foundation for classical mechanics. The laws of motion are three: First Law - Inertia, Second Law - Force and Acceleration, Third Law - Action and Reaction. These laws govern the behavior of objects in the universe, from the smallest particles to the largest galaxies. The second law states that force applied to an object will cause acceleration, while the third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. The first law, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force. The second law relates to the relationship between force and acceleration, which is a fundamental principle in physics. The third law explains the reciprocal nature of forces, where every force has an equal and opposite force. This fundamental principle is essential in understanding how the body moves and functions in various activities. The concept of center of gravity is closely related to the laws of motion. Center of gravity refers to the point in space where the weight of an object can be considered concentrated. It plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and stability. Understanding the laws of motion and the concept of center of gravity is essential in appreciating the complexity of human movement..