NCM108-3

[Audio] Bioethics and its Application in Various Health Care Situations.

[Audio] Sexual Ethics - sex ethics (also sexual morality) - is a branch of philosophy that considers the ethics or morality or otherwise in sexual behavior - seeks to understand, evaluate and critique interpersonal relationships and sexual activities from a social, cultural, and philosophical perspective Sexuality is the gender of a particular person based on genital characteristics and social attitudes. • One's sense of being a sexual individual • Includes how one looks, behaves, and relates to others Sex ethics, or sexual morality, is a branch of philosophy that examines what is right or wrong in sexual behavior. It aims to understand, evaluate, and critique sexual activities and relationships by considering social, cultural, and philosophical viewpoints..

[Audio] SEXUALITY - the sum of the physical, functional, and psychological attributes that are expressed by one’s gender identity and sexual behavior Sexuality is a natural and healthy part of life from birth to death, which individuals express through a variety of behaviors. Sexuality is the combination of physical, functional, and psychological traits that reflect a person's gender identity and sexual behavior. It includes how someone feels, acts, and identifies in relation to sex and gender. So, how does nursing relate to sexuality? As NURSES: We should assist individuals to understand physical and psychosocial dimensions of sexual growth and development..

[Audio] BIOLOGIC GENDER - a term used to denote a persons chromosomal sex GENDER IDENTITY - the inner sense a person has of being male/ female, which may be the same as or different from biologic gender What is sexual/gender identity? (read ppt) Biologic gender A term used to denote a person's chromosomal sex: male (XY) or female (XX) It is based on physical and genetic characteristics assigned at birth. Gender identity the inner sense a person has of being male/ female, which may be the same as or different from biologic gender. which may or may not match their biologic (chromosomal) gender. It's how someone personally experiences and identifies their own gender..

[Audio] Development of Gender Identity INFANCY PRESCHOOL SCHOOL-AGE ADOLESCENT Gender identity is established early in life Distinguish between males and females imitating adult roles (gender roles) Establishment of sense on identity Infancy: At this earliest stage, gender identity begins to be established. It signifies the foundational beginnings of how an individual starts to perceive their own gender. Preschool: During these years, children develop the cognitive ability to distinguish between males and females. They start to recognize and categorize people based on gender differences. School-Age: Children in this stage begin to observe and imitate adult roles. By mimicking these behaviors, they explore and internalize societal "gender roles". Adolescent: This stage is marked by the broader establishment of a sense of identity. Individuals reflect on who they are and solidify their personal understanding of their gender identity within the context of their lives..

[Audio] YOUNG ADULT MIDDLE-AGE ADULT OLDER ADULT Choose way(s) on expressing sexuality Enjoys active sexual relationship Achieved a degree of stability Young Adult: Individuals choose their preferred way(s) of expressing their sexuality. This stage involves exploring, defining, and acting upon personal romantic and sexual preferences. Middle-Age Adult: Individuals at this stage have generally achieved a degree of stability. Their sense of identity and relationship dynamics tend to be more established and settled. Older Adult: This stage involves maintaining and enjoying active sexual relationships, highlighting that sexuality and intimacy remain an ongoing part of life well into older age..

[Audio] Sexual attraction to and activity with both genders Bisexuality SEXUAL EXPRESSION Male-female sexual relationships Heterosexuality Sexual attraction to a member of the same gender Homosexuality Obsession with wearing clothing ofthe opposite gender Transvestism BISEXUALITY Considered by many people as a sexual orientation that lies at the midpoint bet heterosexuality & homosexuality (although there may be preferences towards one or the other), BISEXUALITY is conceptualized as sexual attraction to people of both the same sex & the opposite. Thus, both men & women can be of interest to these people. Bisexuality: An individual who feels romantic or sexual attraction to both men and women. Heterosexuality: A relationship or attraction between a man and a woman. Homosexuality: A woman who experiences sexual attraction toward another woman, or a man who experiences sexual attraction toward another man. Transvestism: An individual who finds pleasure or comfort in wearing clothing traditionally associated with the opposite gender..

[Audio] Marriage Humankind's most basic & oldest social unit is the FAMILY. It is a social institution primarily established by society to ensure its continuity & to regulate the sexual behavior of its members. (prep pen @ppt & write) In the Aspect of Marriage, its LEGAL point of view: points that marriage is a CONTRACT. Second, RELIGIOUS point of view: points that marriages a SACRAMENT.

[Audio] MARRIAGE LIGHT & KELLER (1985) BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI - socially recognized union between 2 or more individuals that typically involves sexual & economic rights and duties - contract for the production and maintenance of children Light & Keller (1985): This definition views marriage as a socially acknowledged relationship between two or more people, which usually comes with shared economic responsibilities, rights, and sexual expectations. Bronislaw Malinowski: This perspective frames marriage primarily as a formal agreement focused on having children and providing for their ongoing care and upbringing..

[Audio] MARRIAGE FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES - a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into an accordance with the law for the establishment of conjugal and family life Accdg to the EO #209 or the family code....(cont ppt) It is the foundation of the family & an inviolable social institution Basic forms: 1. MONOGAMY - ideal, widespread & rational type of marriage. It refers to a marriage of one man w/ one woman at a time 2. POLYGAMY/PLURAL MARRIAGE - refers to the marriage of more than one mate at a given time.

[Audio] Fundamentals of Marriage - essential elements to any strong and healthy marriage (or long-term partnership) Marriage is intended to be a faithful, exclusive, lifelong union of a man and a woman. Committing themselves completely to each other - a relationship in which a person, thing, or idea is linked or associated with something else. CONNECTION - the act of presenting something voluntarily and without expecting any compensation. GIVING - the state or quality of being dedicated to something. COMMITMENT - the way you show true appreciation for another person - It is an action, not just a feeling - a declaration of value for someone RESPECT - essential part to keep the relationship strong - involves feelings of emotional closeness and connection with another person INTIMACY - one of the most important elements of a relationship, and a crucial element of any lifetime commitment TRUST (after ppt) COMMITMENT & LOVE (write it down), At its core, love is a decision to be committed to another person. These elements, more than any other benefit of marriage, ma be what some people are seeking. 1. CONNECTION (after ppt) In marriage, connection means a bond that holds partners together in a relationship & it is one of the most important strengths for couples to have. With this, relationships/marriage can easily drift apart. A strong connection often serves as a foundation upon which other elements are built. 2. COMMITMENT (after ppt) Commitment in marriage means that both parties are willing to do whatever it takes to make the marriage work. It means both have to find ways to compromise to make the relationship successful. 3. GIVING (after ppt) It is the tangible show of commitment, of choice, of a deeper attachment than mere friendship 4. RESPECT (after ppt) Respect is shown in marriage not because one person is more superior than the other, but because each person recognizes the value of the other. 5. TRUST (after ppt) It is an indispensable ingredient in building & maintaining a healthy marriage. Without trust, the quality of the relationship will deteriorate. 6. INTIMACY - In marriage, intimacy is an..(cont ppt).

[Audio] christian wedding ceremony Marriage from the Different Cultures or Denominations muslim marriage.

[Audio] Marriage from the Different Cultures or Denominations arranged marriage hindu wedding ceremony Christian Wedding Ceremony: A Christian wedding ceremony is a religious event where a couple is married according to Christian traditions and beliefs. It usually takes place in a church, includes prayers, Bible readings, exchange of vows and rings, and is officiated by a priest or pastor. Arranged Marriage: An arranged marriage is a type of marriage where the families or elders choose the partners, rather than the individuals selecting each other. The couple may or may not know each other before the arrangement, and the focus is often on family compatibility and cultural traditions. Hindu Wedding Ceremony: A Hindu wedding ceremony is a traditional ritual-rich event based on Hindu customs and beliefs. It often includes multiple days of celebrations, rituals like the "Saptapadi" (seven steps around the sacred fire), blessings from elders, and prayers to gods, all performed in the presence of family and a priest..

[Audio] Marriage from the Different Cultures or Denominations child marriage cambodian marriage Cambodian Marriage: A Cambodian marriage is a traditional ceremony rich in cultural rituals and symbolism. It usually involves several days of celebrations with music, blessings, and offerings to ancestors. Families play a central role, and rituals like hair-cutting, tying of symbolic strings, and procession mark the union of the couple. Child Marriage: Child marriage is a marriage in which one or both partners are under the age of 18. It often happens due to social, economic, or cultural reasons and is considered a violation of human rights. Child marriage can negatively impact health, education, and overall well-being, especially for girls..

[Audio] Marriage from the Different Cultures or Denominations traditional marriage in africa Traditional marriage in Africa refers to the customary practices and ceremonies that unite a man and a woman as husband and wife according to local cultural traditions. These marriages often involve families of both the bride and groom, and include rituals such as the payment of bride price or dowry, traditional blessings, music, dancing, and feasting. The ceremonies and customs vary widely among different African communities, but they all emphasize family involvement, respect for elders, and the joining of two families as well as the couple..

[Audio] Marriage from the Different Cultures or Denominations mixed marriage A mixed marriage is a marriage between partners who come from different backgrounds, such as different races, religions, nationalities, or cultures. These marriages often involve blending traditions and beliefs from both partners' backgrounds and may face unique challenges related to family acceptance or cultural differences..

[Audio] MARRIAGE FROM THE DIFFERENT CULTURES OR DENOMINATIONS same sex marriage Same-sex marriage is a legally or socially recognized marriage between two people of the same gender. In countries or regions where it is allowed, same-sex couples have the same legal rights and responsibilities as opposite-sex married couples, including inheritance, adoption, and tax benefits. Acceptance and recognition of same-sex marriage vary across cultures and societies..

[Audio] Pre-marital sex Issues on sex outside marriage Adultery and Concubinage Cohabitation Prostitution Family is an important environment that is associated with a range of social and emotional behaviors of children. This study was aimed at explaining the actions and functions of families in youths' engagement in relations. Based on the prominent role of the family in shaping sexual relations before marriage, it is necessary to educate and support families and also revise the neglected aspects..

[Audio] PRE-MARITAL SEX - any sexual activity with an opposite sex partner or with same sex partner before he/she has started a marriage life. (after ppt) The term is usually used to refer to intercourse before marriage. Sexual activities among young people have been increasing worldwide. DISADVANTAGES: -STDs, risk of pregnancy, having physical relation w/ someone leads to a greater emotional connection, abortion.

[Audio] ADULTERY and concubinage adultery CONCUBINAGE - committed by a married woman and her paramour who knows of her marital status, when they engage in sexual intercourse - committed by a married husband by: *paramour - a lover, especially the illicit partner of a married person CONCUBINAGE (after ppt) a) keeping a mistress in the conjugal dwelling (The home of the husband and wife even if the wife happens to be temporarily absent on any account) b) having sexual intercourse under scandalous circumstances with a woman who is not his wife c) cohabiting with her in any other place.

[Audio] PROS COHABITATION Your relationship may be deepened & enriched The stresses of getting married can be eased Reducing your expenses can save you more money - to live together as a couple without being married CONS Not a permanent relationship There is always uncertainty with cohabitation Couples who cohabitate have less fulfilling sexual lives Cohabitation means living together as a couple without being married. Here's what the pros and cons mean: Pros: 1. Deepens the relationship: Living together can help couples understand each other better and strengthen their bond. 2. Less stress than marriage: There's less pressure from wedding planning or legal commitments, making the relationship feel more relaxed. 3. Financial savings: Sharing living expenses like rent and bills can help both partners save money. Cons: 1. Not always permanent: Since there is no formal commitment, cohabiting relationships can end more easily. 2. Uncertainty: There can be doubts about the future, which might make some people feel insecure. 3. Less fulfilling sex lives: Studies suggest that couples who live together without marriage may feel less satisfied with their sexual relationship compared to married couples. Cohabitation offers some benefits like stronger relationships and financial savings, but it can also bring uncertainty and lacks the commitment that marriage provides..

[Audio] prostitution - the practice of engaging in relatively indiscriminate sexual activity, in general with someone who is not a spouse, in exchange for immediate payment in money or other valuables. (after ppt) Prostitutes may be female or male or transgender & prostitution may entail heterosexual or homosexual activity, but historically most prostitutes have been women & most clients men. It typically involves engaging in sexual activity with various partners, often without emotional attachment..

[Audio] HOMOSEXUALITY - attraction of people of the same sex but can be experienced differently depending on the circumstances of each individual Religions tend to disapprove of the issues on sex outside marriage and homosexuality ISSUES ON HOMOSEXUALITY 1.Equal treatment – workplace (particular); society (general) Employment discrimination (hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination and compensation) 2.Membership in military service 3.Promiscuity – having lots of different sexual partners or sexual relationships, or sexual habits involving a lot of different partners which can lead to spread of HIV and STI 4.Illegal drugs (greater among homosexuals than in general population).

[Audio] Issues on contraception, its morality, and ethico-moral Responsibility of Nurses.

[Audio] Contraception Access to appropriate contraception not only has direct benefits for women's health and wellbeing but also has a broader positive impact on society as a whole. What is the Morality of Contraception? Women, being the user of most/all contraceptives, they should have the decision with regards to contraceptive choices. This is based on women's preferences, cultural and religious beliefs as well as any co-existing medical issues (diabetes, cardiac problem women). What are the ethical responsibilities of a nurse? - Nurses must adhere to the ethical principles of clinical practice - set an ex of Pink cards in CHN.

[Audio] Different Methods of Contraception TUBAL LIGATION VASECTOMY WITHDRAWAL OUTERCOURSE Oral contraceptive pill "Thew Pill" It is made up of hormones that are similar to those which are found in a woman's body. Its function is to prevent the ovary from releasing an egg Intra-Uterine Device (IUD) This is usually made up of copper which is inserted into the uterus. It changes the chemistry of the uterus & eventually destroys the sperms that enters Contraceptive patch A small sticky patch that releases hormones into your body through your skin to prevent pregnancy - birth control patch (transdermal contraceptive patch). It is a thin, skin-colored adhesive patch placed on the skin (such as on the abdomen, buttocks, upper outer arm, or back) that releases hormones—estrogen and progestin—into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy. Contraceptive Injections "Depo-Provera" (medroxy-progesterone acetate) It contains progesterone which readily interferes with the natural menstrual cycle of woman. The shot must be taken four times in a year to prevent pregnancy. Male and female condoms Latex or polyurethane sheath which block the ejaculated semen from entering in the reproductive tract of women Cervical cap The cervical cap is similar to the diaphragm, but smaller. It is also worn over the cervix and use w/ spermicide - which is a type of barrier method used for contraception. It is a small silicone cup that is inserted into the vagina and fits snugly over the cervix to block sperm from entering the uterus. Progestin subdermal implant (PSI) It consist of hormone-filled capsules or single, matchstick-sized rods inserted under the skin of a woman's upper arm which contains the hormone progestin, commonly used in hormonal birth control. PSIs can provide protection for up to 3 years. - implantable contraceptive (often referred to as a birth control implant). It is a small, flexible plastic rod that a healthcare provider inserts under the skin of the upper arm, where it steadily releases progestin to prevent pregnancy. (Tubal Ligation) the fallopian tubes are disconnected so that the egg can no longer be transported from the ovaries to the uterus for it to meet the sperm at the ampulla (Vasectomy)-done in males -vas deferens are cut and closed to prevent sperm to enter the ejaculated semen Withdrawal / Coitus Interruptus Literally called "interrupted sex" since a man has to withdraw or pull his penis from the vagina before ejaculation. Outercourse / Non-Vaginal Sex It allows the sex partners to attain orgasm or sexual gratification without penile penetration inside the vagina.

[Audio] Natural Family Planning Methods RHYTHM METHOD - oldest way, based simply on the calendar OVULATION METHOD - tracks the mucus your cervix makes BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE METHOD - temperature monitoring SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD - combination of several methods Rhythm method One of the oldest ways of natural family planning, this is based simply on the calendar. A woman's normal menstrual cycle lasts between 28 and 32 days. Ovulation usually happens around day 14. So you would avoid unprotected sex on days 8 through 19, since that's when you're most fertile Cervical mucus or ovulation method. Here, you track the mucus your cervix makes. When you're ovulating, your mucus is clear, stretchy, and wet, like raw egg whites. You write down what your mucus is like each day so you know when you're ovulating. Basal body temperature (BBT) method Your temperature can rise between 0.5 and 1 degree when you ovulate and stay there until your next period. With this method, you take your temperature before you get out of bed each morning, before you have anything to eat or drink. BBT by itself isn't a good way to prevent pregnancy because charting your temperature tells you when ovulation has already happened. > BBT = body temp in resting state on waking > Slight drop immediately before ovulation > After ovulation, release of progesterone slight increase in temperature Symptothermal method With this, you combine several methods, usually BBT and cervical mucus. Using more than one method can give you a better idea what's going on in your body.

[Audio] Contraception ETHICAL ISSUES carries health risks can damage the health of the individual Why is contraception an ethical issue? - It can damage the health of the individual using it in two ways; either through side effects of the contraceptive or because contraception allows people to have more sexual partners and thus increases the possibility of catching a sexually transmitted disease It should established that the Church and the State are not against family planning. The bone of intention is the mode of family planning or birth control. The Church endorses the natural method while the state favors the artificial method. The church point of view regarding contraception is......The use of rhythm method and abstinence is moral while the artificial methods of birth control are considered immoral on the side of the Roman Catholic POINTERS FOR THE HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER 1. With the knowledge and morality of contraception, be honest enough to tell your clients who are asking for it about its adverse effects and the moral questions it develops while respecting their freedom of conscience 2. Actively take part in the education of your clients along natural family planning with its different methods. There is no moral objection as long as they are motivated with valid reasons to give proper upbringing and education to their children 3. When married couples fruitfully exercise their procreative power, they come to enjoy a certain special participation in God's own creative work. This is a dignifying task that needs to be inculcated in one's mind and heart through family planning seminars.

[Audio] Issues on Artificial Reproduction, Its Morality and Ethico-moral Responsibility of Nurses.

[Audio] Artificial Insemination Artificial insemination (AI) uses a thin flexible tube (catheter) to put sperm into the woman's reproductive tract. Methods of artificial insemination by husband which facilitate the act of sexual intercourse or help it to reach its objective of conceiving a child are considered morally permissible. As mentioned, there are 3 types of AI: 1. IUI - commonly used Intrauterine insemination is the placing of sperm into a woman's uterus when she is ovulating. It can use sperm from the male partner or a donor. 2. Cervical 3. Vaginal No specific laws, however the Philippine Family Code recognizes artificial insemination. The price of intrauterine insemination (IUI) in the Philippines may range from Php 20,000 to Php 70,000 or more depending on the service provider and other medical expenses. There may be a need to undergo more than one cycle of procedure..

[Audio] Artificial Insemination is a fertility treatment method used to deliver sperm directly to the cervix or uterus in the hopes of getting pregnant It is the most simple and oldest method in assisted reproductive technology, which has a low degree of complexity Artificial insemination is the technique in which semen with living sperms is collected from the male and introduced into female reproductive tract at proper time with the help of instruments What is a nurse's ethical responsibility? A nurse must respect the dignity and value of patients and colleagues, and treat all persons equally regardless of personal attributes or medical condition. Related to this is the responsibility to always respect the patient's right to self- determination in her medical care. The process is not very complicated compared to other advanced fertility treatments, making it a straightforward option in assisted reproductive technology..

[Audio] In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is itself uncontroversial. On July 25, 1978, Louise Brown was born. Her birth received enormous press attention as the world was alerted to the birth of the first "test tube baby." She should have been titled the first "test tube embryo," which was then followed by the "first embryo transfer" into the mother. Dr. R.G. Edwards and Dr. Patrick Steptoe of Britain were the medical scientists who produced Louise through IVF..

[Audio] (after ppt) What are the ethical issues of in vitro fertilization? 1. the process typically results in extra, or "spare," embryos that may then be disposed of, frozen, or experimented on, none of which is without its detractors. The spare embryos are necessary since the procedure is not an easy one for the donor; because not all eggs fertilize; and because the implantation process may fail and thus have to be repeated. 2. freezing the embryos is not acceptable particularly if the failure or partial failure is not detectable until later in life. 3. once frozen, the embryos may outlive the donor and thus raise the possibility of post-mortem conception and birth. What is the nurse's ethical responsibility? Nurses with in-depth preparation and experience in the field of reproductive health and/or genetic counselling have additional abilities in assisting clients and contributing to well informed decisions about the risks and benefits of various forms of assisted human reproduction and/or genetic testing. Such nurses must be involved in determining how reproductive and genetic technologies should be evaluated and monitored,.

[Audio] Surrogate Motherhood. Surrogate Motherhood.

[Audio] SURROGACY -a biomedical technique -also known as womb-for-hire, rent a womb or uterus for rent The practice of surrogacy occurs when a woman agrees to carry a baby to term and give it up to another set of parents to raise. The contracting couple may be unable to contribute genetic material for some reason or the female may be unable to carry the baby to term. Pregnancy is achieved through in vitro fertilization (IVF). A traditional surrogate both donates her own egg and carries a pregnancy for an individual or couple. The pregnancy is usually achieved through intrauterine insemination (IUI) with sperm from the intended father. Donor sperm may also be used. Is surrogacy morally acceptable? (negative side) - since it is under contract, they think of it as illegal because of the involvement of money & compared it w/ baby selling. - surrogacy are unlikely to be too problematic except in cases of changes of mind (positive side) - help couples to have family. You cannot fully say you are a FAMILY if couple has no child, therefore, if this is what surrogacy's motivation, there is nothing immoral about it. As long as its practice is regulated and abides the law of the state..

[Audio] Morality of Abortion, Rape and other Problems Related to Destruction of Life.

[Audio] ABORTION the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo prior to viability Abortion – the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo prior to viability Two principal kinds of indications have been defined for 'termination of pregnancy' (if you have read your LMS module) 1. MEDICAL INDICATIONS - The continuance of the pregnancy would involve risk to the life of the pregnant woman, or of injury to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman or any existing children of her family, greater than if the pregnancy were terminated. - There is a substantial risk that if the child were born it would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped. 2. SOCIAL INDICATIONS - more complex and vary between cultures and epochs. Examples are: - pregnancies resulting from extra-marital relations - from rape of incest, - unwanted/unplanned pregnancies - pregnancies at too young or too old an age, - expecting a baby of 'wrong' sex *We may note that it is primarily 'social reasons' of this sort that lead parents to seek abortion Is abortion moral? As long as it is performed deliberately and willfully, it is immoral. It is a blatant transgression of natural law that is ascribed both in the hearts of men and in the Ten Commandments. It is against the order of right reason which dictates, regardless of religious beliefs and social orientation that innocent life must not be taken directly, deliberately and willfully for whatever reasons. These reasons, however serious and tragic, can never justify the deliberate killing of an innocent human being..

[Audio] RAPE – the penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim. - Unlawful sexual activity and usually sexual intercourse carried out forcibly or under threat of injury against a person's will or with a person who is beneath a certain age or incapable of valid consent Rape and morality God and society condemn rape. Rape is morally wrong because it violates the victim's rights; it traumatizes the victim, and it undermines the fabric of society..